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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Compact substructure is expected to arise in a starless core as mass becomes concentrated in the central region likely to form a protostar. Additionally, multiple peaks may form if fragmentation occurs. We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Cycle 2 observations of 60 starless and protostellar cores in the Ophiuchus molecular cloud. We detect eight compact substructures which are >15 '' from the nearest Spitzer young stellar object. Only one of these has strong evidence for being truly starless after considering ancillary data, e.g., from Herschel and X-ray telescopes. An additional extended emission structure has tentative evidence for starlessness. The number of our detections is consistent with estimates from a combination of synthetic observations of numerical simulations and analytical arguments. This result suggests that a similar ALMA study in the Chamaeleon. I cloud, which detected no compact substructure in starless cores, may be due to the peculiar evolutionary state of cores in that cloud.

Lancée pour la première fois en 1994, la mesure des ((projets pilotes » du programme Léonardo da Vinci encourage le développement de produits et de pratiques innovantes pour améliorer la qualité de la formation, stimuler l'innovation et plus globalement transformer les svstèmes euroupéens de formation professinnnelle. L 'enjeu de cette thèse est d'étudier l'innovation en tant que processus d'apprentissage collectif à visée de transformation de ces systèmes, en privilégiant une approche « complexe » des projets européens d'innovation. Entendus comme des systèmes composés d'une variété d'éléments et d'acteurs en interaction, ils génèrent une dynamique d'innovation incertaine, aux formes émergentes difficilement identifiables et prédictibles. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le paradigme de la « Pensée complexe » (Edgar Morin 1990). En cela, elle conduit à mobiliser des éclairages pluriels, à relier des sources empiriques, multi et pluridisciplinaires, pour en modéliser les connaissances produites. La démarche derecherche ainsi mise en oeuvre est d'essence qualitative. Elle allie et relie une compréhension des perceptions et des expériences des acteurs européens de terrain et celle d'une chercheure engagée pour les projets LEONARDO etEQUAL. Les principaux résultats de cette recherche montrent que les projets européens d'innovation en formation professionnelle peuvent être compris comme des espaces d'interactions transnationales pour la création de réponsesexpérimentales de formation: en reliance des niveaux macro, méso et micro de l'ingénierie de formation et de conceptions et usages singuliers. Ces projets-espaces-temps peuvent être appréhendés comme des systèmescomplexes d'apprentissages collectifs et transformateurs à grande échelle, reliant au moins quatre niveaux de complexité : des collectifs humains, des temporalités, des échelles spatiales, et des processus d'innovation émergents. Cette étude met également en lumière un processus d'européanisation de systèmes hétérogènes de formation et ouvre sur la question de l'émergence d'un espace européen de la formation tout au long de la vie. / Launched for the first time in 1994, the LEONARDO DA ViNCI European programme, more specifically its pilot projects measures, seeks to encourages the design, development and experimenting of innovative products andpractices in vocational training and education. The stated goals of the projects are to improve the quality of training, stimulate innovation in vocational training and transform European training systems. This thesis considers the phenomenon of innovation as a collective leaming process aimed at transforming European training systems via European innovation projects, viewed as "complex", that is to say as systems of various elements and actors in interaction. European innovation projects generate an unpredictable dynamic of innovation with emerging forms that are difficult to identify and anticipate. The theoretical fiamework of this doctorate is Edgar Morin's (1990) "Complex Thinking" that enables a combination of different points of views, and an interlinking of empirical data and multi- andpluridisciplinary approaches that creates models of knowledge produced. The doctoral research uses a qualitative method that harnesses an understanding of perceptions and experiences of European actors in the field, and that of theresearcher involved in promoting LEONARDO and EQUAL projects. The main results of the research show that European innovation projects for Adult Professional Training can be understood as transnational spaces of interactionsto create experimental training response that interconnects macro-, meso- and micro-levels of training engineering, design and singular uses. These projects-spaces-time can be seen as complex transformative learning systems on alarge scale consisting of at least four interconnected levels of complexity: human collectives, temporalities, spatial scales and emerging innovation processes. The study also highlights a Europeanization process of different educationand training systems and in doing this raises the question of an emerging European space for lifelong learning.

A range of new mixed metal carboxylate ((M(O2CR)n) glasses has been prepared. Typically, Mn+ = alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Zn2+, Pb2+, Sn2+, Co2+ and Cu2+. R increases from CH3 to C7H15 and higher. The alkyl chain can also be branched or aromatic. The properties of these glasses are affected by both the metal cations and carboxylate anions. Densities range from 1.2 to 2.7 g cm-3 and refractive indices from 1.4 to 1.6. Transparency has been shown to extend from 250 to 1400 nm. The carboxylate mixtures could be maintained in the molten state, at temperatures ranging from 100-200°C for prolonged periods without decomposition. Glass transition temperatures have been determined; these generally extended from 30°C up to 60°C. The melts were excellent solvents for a wide range of organic compounds. These dissolved in the carboxylate melts with no appreciable decomposition. The melts could then be quenched to give monolithic glass matrices. By choosing specifically designed organic compounds, the glasses have potential application for photochromism, electrochromism and non-linear optics. Investigation of the solubility of the glasses in water indicated the dependence on cation combination and chain length of the carboxylate ion. These investigations were made to explore the use of the glasses as host media for the release of agrochemical and other compounds with biological activity. It has been shown that Culex quinquefasciatus gives a positive ovipositional response to pheromone that is released from doped glasses over an extended time period. An investigation of the glass structure and the environment it provides for guest materials was undertaken using selected analyses. The structures of zinc carboxylates were determined by X-ray crystallography to provide information pertinent to the nature of the coordination of zinc in these glasses. Organotin compounds were dissolved in carboxylate glasses and studied by 119Sn NMR and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Anion exchange reactions readily occurred in the melts; there was also evidence of Sn-C bond cleavage with certain species. The potential of using Mossbauer spectroscopy as a probe into the glass "structure" is discussed.

Le but de cette étude est de comprendre les relations entre les roches carbonatées et les paléofluides qui les traversent. Les études paléogéographiques et les descriptions géologiques ainsi que les analyses géochimiques des roches réservoirs ont été réalisées sur la Formation de Mishrif dans le champ pétrolier de Nasiriya (sud-est de l’Iraq). Les données de 5 forages carrotés (NS-1 à NS-5), les rapports de prospections et les données de production du champ de Nassiriya, ont été utilisés. Les analyses des microfaciès montrent que la Formation de Mishrif contient une grande variété d’organismes tels que des formaminifères, des coraux, des rudites ainsi que des algues, microbialites, des pellets, des peloides, des grains aggrégé et des grains arrondis. Par conséquent, la formation de Mishrif serait représentative d’un environnement d’eau de subsurface de la zone évaporitique jusqu’à la zone de récif arrière. Le système de transport des fluides dans la Formation de Mishrif se fait au travers des réseaux de stylolite, des fractures ainsi que du réseau poral. Les inclusions des fluides aqueuses sont composées du système H2O-MgCl2. Les températures homogènes des inclusions des fluides aqueuses varient entre 150 et 175 °C. Les températures homogènes des inclusions des fluides pétrolières représentent les degrés élevés de 225 à 250 °C. Les processus de cimentation indiquent quatre phases d’évènements. La première phase a eu lieu avant la migration d’hydrocarbure. La seconde phase s’est produite pendant la migration de ces hydrocarbures. La troisième phase arrive après le processus de migration. Enfin, la quatrième phase est représentée par la distribution du bitume. / The aim of the present study is related to understand the paleofluid-rock interactions in carbonate rocks and its relation with oil potential during upper Cretaceous. Paleogeography studies, geological descriptions and geochemistry analyses of the reservoir rocks were conducted on the Mishrif Formation of the Nasiriah oil field (south-east of Iraq). The data of drill cores from 5 drillholes (NS-1 to NS-5), exploration reports and production data of the Nasiriyah oil field have been used. The microfacies analyses show that Mishrif includes foraminifera, coral, ruddiest, algae, microbialite, favreina microcoprolite, pellets, peloids, aggregate grains and rounded clastic grains. Therefore, shallow-water environments represent Mishrif paleoenvironments, included evaporitic zone to the back-reef zone of the interior carbonate platform shelf. Transport system in the Mishrif contains stylolite networks, fractures and porosity systems. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows the balanced distribution of the transport systems regardless of the microfacies type. The aqueous fluid inclusions are mainly composed of H2O-MgCl2 system. Homogeneous temperatures of the aqueous fluid inclusions range from 150 to 175°C. Homogeneous temperatures of the petroleum fluid inclusions in the latter fractures represent high degrees from 225 up to 250°C. Cementation process exhibits four phases of the cementation events. The first phase took place before the hydrocarbon migration. The second occurred during the hydrocarbon migration. Third phase happened after process of the hydrocarbon migration and the last phase represented the thermochemical sulfate reduction by the distribution of bitumen.

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