D.Phil. (Electrical & Electronic Engineering Science) / Recent advancement in optical fibre communications technology is partly due to the advancement of optical thin-film technology. The advancement of optical thin-film technology includes the development of new and existing deposition and optical filter design methods. Genetic algorithm is one of the new design methods that show promising results in designing a number of complicated design specifications. The research is entirely devoted to the investigation of the genetic algorithm design method in the design of producible polarised and non-polarised edge filters for optical fibre communication applications. In this study, a number of optical filter design methods such as Fourier Transform and refining are investigated for their potential in designing those kinds of structures. Owing to the serious limitations to which they are subject, they could not yield the kind of results anticipated. It is the finding of this study that the genetic algorithm design method, through its optimisation capability, can give reliable and producible designs. This design method, in this study, optimises the thickness of each layer to get to the best possible solution. Its capability and unavoidable limitations in designing polarised and non-polarised beam splitters, edge filters and reflectors from absorptive and dispersive materials are well demonstrated. It is observed that the optical behaviour of the non-polarised filters designed by this method show a similar trend: as the angle of incidence increases the inevitable increase in the percentage of polarisation, stop bandwidth and ripple intensity is well controlled to an acceptable level. In the case of polarised designs the S-polarised designs show a better response to the optimisation process than the P-polarised designs, but all of them are kept well within an acceptable level. It is also demonstrated that polarised and non-polarised designs from the genetic algorithm are producible with great success. This research has accomplished the task of formulating a computer program using genetic algorithm in a Mathlab® environment for the design of producible polarised and non-polarised filters from materials of absorptive and dispersive nature.

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This study focuses on the characterization of InAs and InAs1-xSbx epitaxial layers by infrared reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy and Hall measurements. Reflectance measurements were performed in order to obtain the dielectric parameters and to extract from these information about the electrical properties (mobility and carrier concentration) of this important III-V material system. The transmittance measurements were used to determine the bandgap of InAsSb. Infrared reflectivity and transmittance measurements were performed in the wavelength range 200 – 2000 cm-1 on InAs and InAsSb layers grown on three types of substrates. A classical two oscillator model that takes into account both the free carriers and the lattice, was used to analyse the reflectance data using the BMDP® computer curve fitting software. The dielectric parameters and the electrical properties (carrier concentration and mobility) were extracted from the simulations. Due to the low free carrier concentration in the epitaxial structures, the plasma resonance frequency (ωp) values obtained from the simulations of reflectance spectra measured above 200 cm-1, were in the order of 20-30 cm-1. These low values were confirmed by direct measurements of ωp in reflectance spectra obtained in the range 15-200 cm-1. The simulated carrier concentration and mobility values determined optically were compared to the values determined by Hall measurements at room temperature and previously reported values by other researchers. The simulated values obtained were in reasonable agreement with the Hall values. The simulated and measured carrier concentrations obtained for InAs layers were significantly higher than the intrinsic carrier concentration for InAs at room temperature, indicating notable concentrations of donors resulting from the growth process.

Due to the amount of flow simulation and measurement data, automatic detection, classification and visualization of features is necessary for an inspection. Therefore, many automated feature detection methods have been developed in recent years. However, one feature class is visualized afterwards in most cases, and many algorithms have problems in the presence of noise or superposition effects. In contrast, image processing and computer vision have robust methods for feature extraction and computation of derivatives of scalar fields. Furthermore, interpolation and other filter can be analyzed in detail. An application of these methods to vector fields would provide a solid theoretical basis for feature extraction. The authors suggest Clifford algebra as a mathematical framework for this task. Clifford algebra provides a unified notation for scalars and vectors as well as a multiplication of all basis elements. The Clifford product of two vectors provides the complete geometric information of the relative positions of these vectors. Integration of this product results in Clifford correlation and convolution which can be used for template matching on vector fields. Furthermore, for frequency analysis of vector fields and the behavior of vector-valued filters, a Clifford Fourier transform has been derived for 2 and 3 dimensions. Convolution and other theorems have been proved, and fast algorithms for the computation of the Clifford Fourier transform exist. Therefore the computation of Clifford convolution can be accelerated by computing it in Clifford Fourier domain. Clifford convolution and Fourier transform can be used for a thorough analysis and subsequent visualization of vector fields

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Yes / A new wavelet transform (WT) is introduced based on the fractional properties of the traditional Fourier transform. The new wavelet follows from the fractional Fourier order which uniquely identifies the representation of an input function in a fractional domain. It exploits the combined advantages of WT and fractional Fourier transform (FrFT). The transform permits the identification of a transformed function based on the fractional rotation in time-frequency plane. The fractional rotation is then used to identify individual fractional daughter wavelets. This study is, for convenience, limited to one-dimension. Approach for discussing two or more dimensions is shown.

No / Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy was evaluated as a non-destructive analytical tool for assessing the degradative state of archaeological and forensic hair samples. This work follows the successful application of FT-Raman spectroscopy to studies of both modern hair and ancient keratotic biopolymers, such as mummified skin. Fourteen samples of terminal scalp hair from 13 disparate depositional environments were analysed for evidence of structural alteration. Degradative change was evidenced by alteration to the amide I and III modes near 1651 and 1128 cm−1, respectively, and loss of definition to the (CC) skeletal backbone and the impact of environmental contaminants was noted.

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