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The occurrence and ecology of the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii in arctic wildlife is not well understood. Transmission cycles, especially in terrestrial systems, are enigmatic because environmentally resistant oocysts, shed by felid definitive hosts, might be less responsible for transmission in the Arctic than in more southern latitudes. Toxoplasma gondii can also be transmitted through the food web by carnivory, and by transmission from mother to fetus during gestation, and these routes are thought to play a large role in the ecology of T. gondii in the Arctic. In this thesis, I examine T. gondii in a well-described part of the food web at Karrak Lake, Nunavut, in the central Canadian Arctic and through experimental infections of domestic waterfowl. In the field over 3 years, I sampled generalist carnovires (arctic foxes), migratory herbivores (Ross’s Geese and Lesser Snow Geese), and resident herbivores (lemmings). Using an occupancy modeling approach that accounted for imperfect detection, I compared commonly used serological assays to estimate prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in sera from arctic foxes and eluted blood on filter paper from Ross’s geese and Lesser Snow Geese and compared commonly used serological assays. I also used a naïve estimator to determine prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in sera from Ross’s Geese and Lesser Snow Geese, and blood on filter paper from lemmings. I detected antibodies against T. gondii in sera from arctic foxes (47-60%, depending on age category), Ross’s Geese (32%) and Lesser Snow Geese (28%). I also detected antibodies in blood on filter paper from Ross’s Geese (39% seropositive) and Lesser Snow Geese (36% seropositive) but not in lemmings. These findings suggest that light geese might introduce T. gondii to the Karrak Lake ecosystem with the annual spring migration and that oocyst transmission might not occur in the terrestrial system, because the parasite was not detected in resident rodents. For the in vivo experimental infections, we used a novel application of a multi-scale occupancy framework to determine within-host detection probability of T. gondii in experimentally inoculated domestic geese and then used those results to guide tissue sampling in wild Ross’s Geese and Lesser Snow Geese. In the experimental inoculation trial, the heart and brain had the highest detection probability for T. gondii through a real-time PCR with melt-curve analysis. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was not detected in tissues from wild geese, suggesting that the parasite was either not present, or methodological difficulties prevented its detection. The research presented in this thesis forms the groundwork for further T. gondii studies in this region.

Thesis (doctoral)--Faculté des lettres, Université de Helsinki, 1981. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 253-261) and index.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Harding University Graduate School of Religion, 2000. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-162).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Harding University Graduate School of Religion, 2000. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-162).

Thesis (M.A.I.S.)--Oregon State University, 2006. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-119). Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-116).

Thesis PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis, which focusses on the relationship between Lord Holland and Portugal, investigates aspects of political, diplomatic and cultural history. It covers the period between 1793 and 1840 and traces the evolution of Holland's views on Portugal from the time of his first visit to Spain to his later contribution to the establishment of a constitutional regime in Portugal. Particular attention is given to the Hollands' visits to Portugal in 1804-5 and 1808-9. Their journals and correspondence reveal their impressions of the people, culture and history of Portugal. On their travels, they met a number of prominent Portuguese, notably Palmela, who were to remain in contact with Holland House - especially during periods of exile - for many years into the future. The Portuguese journeys and the continuing contact with people like Palmela were to play an important part in the development of Lord Holland's views, not only on Portugal but also on broader political and constitutional issues. Thus the thesis investigates Lord Holland's influence on ' the establishment of a constitutional regime in Spain in 1809-10 and - indirectly and unintentionally - in Portugal in 1820-23, It includes a study of Holland's contribution to the settlement of a government in Brazil in 1808 - that is at the time the Bragancas moved from Portugal to Rio de Janeiro - and his indirect influence on the establishment of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in 1815, as well as his role in the abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade and the effects of abolition on Anglo-Portuguese relations. Lord Holland's contribution to the establishment of a Liberal regime in Portugal in 1834 is examined at some length. It includes a study of the extent of Holland's support for the Portuguese Liberal Cause after Dom Miguel's usurpation of the throne in 1828 and of his subsequent role in the 'Liberal invasion' of Portugal. To this end it investigates relations between Portuguese emigres and the Holland House Circle, Holland's role in the triangular diplomacy between Lisbon, St James and South Audley Street in 1828 and later. Finally, it considers Holland's contribution to the end of the Portuguese Civil War in 1834 and to the subsequent establishment of a constitutional regime in that country.

William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877), the inventor of photography on paper, was given crucial support by his colleague Sir John Herschel (1792- 1871). Fellows of The Royal Society, the two men made fundamental contributions to optics, chemistry, light, and mathematics. Both were humanists of diverse interests and had strong role models in women. For Talbot, it was his mother, Lady Elisabeth Feilding. Herschel learned some of his earliest science from his Aunt, Caroline Herschel; his wife, Margaret, was an active participant in his work. During the pre-history of photography, Mrs. Fulhame, Thomas Wedgwood, Sir Humphry Davy, and Nicephore Niepce demonstrated its potential. The question is why, rather than how, was photography invented and announced in 1839? The camera and the chemistry necessary for the art's invention co-existed for many decades. Frustrated in trying to sketch with Wollaston's camera lucida, Talbot conceived of photography; Herschel avoided making photographs because he was an expert draughtsman adept with the camera lucida. Herschel, following inductive reasoning, made seminal contributions to the field of photochemistry; he invented the cyanotype process and was the first to apply hypo to fix photographs. Talbot learned from his own photographs and grew into being the first photographic artist. Talbot and his rival, Louis Daguerre, mirrored the competitive economic race and differences in support of science and art between France and Great Britain. By the Great Exhibition in 1851, Herschel and Talbot had been forcefully removed from work in photography. Herschel's health was broken in service as Master of the Mint. He remained an important influence on other photographers, including Anna Atkins, Charles Piazzi Smyth, and Julia Margaret Cameron. Talbot learned from experience in photographic book publishing that silver photographs could never be made permanent. He applied his efforts to perfecting photoglyphic engraving, a forerunner of photogravure; he also invented the photographic halftone.