Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), are dynamic cells, constantly extending and retracting their processes as they contact and functionally regulate neurons and other glial cells. There is far less known about how microglia interact with the CNS vasculature, particularly under healthy steady-state conditions. Here, I provide the first extensive characterization of juxtavascular microglia in the healthy, postnatal brain and identify a molecular mechanism regulating the timing of these interactions during development. Using the mouse cerebral cortex, I show that microglia are intimately associated with the vasculature in the CNS, directly contacting the basal lamina in vascular sites that are devoid of astrocyte endfeet. I demonstrate a high percentage of microglia are associated with the vasculature during the first week of postnatal development, which is concomitant with a peak in microglial colonization of the cortex and recruitment to synapses. I find that as microglia colonize the cortex, juxtavascular microglia are highly motile along vessels and become largely stationary as the brain matures. 2-photon live imaging in adult mice reveals that these vascular-associated microglia in the mature brain are stable and stationary for several weeks. Further, a decrease in microglia motility along the vasculature is tightly correlated with the expansion of astrocyte endfeet along the vasculature. Finally, I provide evidence that the timing of these microglia-vascular interactions during development is regulated by the microglial fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1). Together, these data support a model by which microglia use the vasculature as a scaffold to migrate and colonize the developing brain and the timing of these associations is modulated by CX3CR1. This migration along the vasculature becomes restricted as astrocyte vascular endfoot territory expands and, upon maturation, vascular-associated microglia become largely stationary.

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La physiopathologie de la GVHa implique de nombreux mécanismes aboutissant à ces lésions tissulaires responsables d'une comorbidité majeure en allo-CSH. L'objectif principal de notre étude a été d'identifier des marqueurs précoces de GVHa et d'explorer leurs rôles dans la physiopathologie de ce phénomène. Quarante-deux cytokines ou chémokines, ont été étudiés à J0 dans le sérum de 109 patients allogreffés avec un conditionnement d'intensité réduite. Nous avons complété ce travail par une étude cinétique à différents temps de l'allo-CSH et une étude histologique de biopsies coliques de patients atteints de GVHa. A J0 de l'allo-CSH, seule la mesure de CX3CL1 J0 était significativement plus élevée chez les patients développant par la suite une GVHa en comparaison aux patients indemnes de GVHa (P=0 ,04). Cette observation persistait à J30 et J50 post allo-CSH mais pas à J100 (P=0,02, P=0,03 et P=0,12, respectivement). L'étude des dosages sériques avant le conditionnement (J-30) ne retrouvait pas de différence significative entre ces 2 groupes. L'analyse phénotypique des différents types cellulaires a mis en évidence une augmentation signification de la proportion de lymphocytes CD8+CX3CR1+ chez les patients présentant une GVHa (P=0,01). L'analyse histologique de biopsies coliques (n=12) montrait une nette augmentation de l'expression de CX3CL1 au niveau des cellules épithéliales de la muqueuse intestinale en cas de GVHa ainsi que la présence de cellules mononuclées CX3CR1+ aux contacts de ces cellules épithéliales. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent fortement l'implication de CX3CL1 et de son récepteur CX3CR1 dans la physiopathologie de la GVHa. / This study investigated the role of cytokines and chemokines in acute graft-versus host disease (aGVHD) incidence and severity in 109 patients who underwent reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Among the 42 cytokines tested at day 0, only CX3CL1 levels at day 0 was significantly associated with grades II to IV aGVHD development (P=0.04). Increased levels of CX3CL1 at day 30 and day 50 post-HSCT were also significantly associated with aGVHD (P=0.02 and P=0.03, respectively). No such association was found before conditioning regimen or at day 100 post-HSCT. Because the receptor for CX3CL1 is CX3CR1, the number of CX3CR1+ cells was determined by flow cytometry. The CX3CR1+CD8+T cell proportion was significantly higher in patients with aGVHD than those without aGVHD (P=0.01). To investigate the distribution of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in the anatomic sites of aGVHD, CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 levels were studied using an in situ immunohistochemical analysis on gastro-intestinal biospsies of patients with intestinal aGVHD. CX3CL1 expression was significantly increased in the epithelial cells and mononuclear cells of the lamina propria. CX3CR1+ cells mononuclear cells were identified in close contact with epithelial cells. These findings strongly suggest the implication of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in the pathogenesis of aGVHD.