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Hollow glass microspheres have been used extensively in the automotive and marine industries as an additive for reducing weight and saving material costs. They are also added to paints and other materials for their reflective properties. They have shown promise for weight critical applications, but have thus far resulted in materials with low fracture toughness and impact resistance when combined with thermosetting resins in syntactic foam. The advent of commercially available microspheres with a wide range of crushing strengths, densities and adhesive properties has given new impetus to research into syntactic foam with better fracture behaviour. Current research suggests that the beneficial effects on fracture and impact resistance gained by the addition of solid reinforcements such as rubber and ceramic particles are not seen with the addition of hollow glass microspheres. The research presented in this paper has examined the mechanisms for fracture resistance in glass microsphere filled epoxy (GMFE) syntactic foams, as well as determined the effect microsphere crushing strength and adhesion strength has on the material???s fracture toughness. The flexural properties of various GMFE have also been determined. GMFE were manufactured with varying microsphere volume fraction up to 50%, and with variances in microsphere crushing strength and adhesion. The specimens were tested for Mode I fracture toughness in a three point single edge notched bending setup as described in ASTM D5045 as well as a three point flexural setup as described in ASTM D790-3. Fracture surfaces were inspected using scanning electron microscope imaging to identify the fracture mechanisms in the presence of microspheres. Results indicate a positive effect on fracture toughness resulting from new fracture areas created as tails in the wake of the microspheres in the fracture plane. Results also indicate a negative effect on fracture toughness resulting from weak microspheres or from interfacial disbonding at the fracture plane. These two effects combine to show an increase in GMFE fracture toughness as the volume fraction of microspheres is increased to between 10 ??? 20% volume fraction (where the positive effect dominates), with a reduction in fracture toughness as microspheres are added further (where the negative effect dominates).

Conservative endodontic cavity (CEC) may improve fracture resistance of teeth but compromise instrumentation of canals. Extracted human intact maxillary incisors, mandibular premolars and molars were imaged with micro-CT and assigned to CEC or traditional endodontic cavity (TEC) groups (n=10/group/type). Canals were prepared and post-treatment micro-CT images obtained. These teeth along with the negative controls were then loaded to fracture. Mean proportion of untouched canal-wall was significantly higher only in distal canals of molars with CEC compared to TEC. Mean dentin volume removed was significantly smaller for CEC in all tooth types. Mean load-at-fracture for CEC was significantly higher in premolars and molars without differing significantly from the negative controls. While CEC was associated with compromised canal instrumentation only in the distal canals of molars, it conserved coronal dentin in all three tooth types and increased resistance to fracture in the mandibular molars and premolars.

Conservative endodontic cavity (CEC) may improve fracture resistance of teeth but compromise instrumentation of canals. Extracted human intact maxillary incisors, mandibular premolars and molars were imaged with micro-CT and assigned to CEC or traditional endodontic cavity (TEC) groups (n=10/group/type). Canals were prepared and post-treatment micro-CT images obtained. These teeth along with the negative controls were then loaded to fracture. Mean proportion of untouched canal-wall was significantly higher only in distal canals of molars with CEC compared to TEC. Mean dentin volume removed was significantly smaller for CEC in all tooth types. Mean load-at-fracture for CEC was significantly higher in premolars and molars without differing significantly from the negative controls. While CEC was associated with compromised canal instrumentation only in the distal canals of molars, it conserved coronal dentin in all three tooth types and increased resistance to fracture in the mandibular molars and premolars.

Hollow glass microspheres have been used extensively in the automotive and marine industries as an additive for reducing weight and saving material costs. They are also added to paints and other materials for their reflective properties. They have shown promise for weight critical applications, but have thus far resulted in materials with low fracture toughness and impact resistance when combined with thermosetting resins in syntactic foam. The advent of commercially available microspheres with a wide range of crushing strengths, densities and adhesive properties has given new impetus to research into syntactic foam with better fracture behaviour. Current research suggests that the beneficial effects on fracture and impact resistance gained by the addition of solid reinforcements such as rubber and ceramic particles are not seen with the addition of hollow glass microspheres. The research presented in this paper has examined the mechanisms for fracture resistance in glass microsphere filled epoxy (GMFE) syntactic foams, as well as determined the effect microsphere crushing strength and adhesion strength has on the material???s fracture toughness. The flexural properties of various GMFE have also been determined. GMFE were manufactured with varying microsphere volume fraction up to 50%, and with variances in microsphere crushing strength and adhesion. The specimens were tested for Mode I fracture toughness in a three point single edge notched bending setup as described in ASTM D5045 as well as a three point flexural setup as described in ASTM D790-3. Fracture surfaces were inspected using scanning electron microscope imaging to identify the fracture mechanisms in the presence of microspheres. Results indicate a positive effect on fracture toughness resulting from new fracture areas created as tails in the wake of the microspheres in the fracture plane. Results also indicate a negative effect on fracture toughness resulting from weak microspheres or from interfacial disbonding at the fracture plane. These two effects combine to show an increase in GMFE fracture toughness as the volume fraction of microspheres is increased to between 10 ??? 20% volume fraction (where the positive effect dominates), with a reduction in fracture toughness as microspheres are added further (where the negative effect dominates).

Orientador: Marcelo Ferrarezi de Almeida / Banca: Leonardo Buso / Banca: Maria Salete Machado Cândido / Resumo: A reabilitação de raízes fragilizadas é um procedimento complexo com prognóstico duvidoso. Este estudo, avaliou por meio de compressão, a resistência à fratura e o padrão de fratura de raízes fragilizadas reabilitadas com diferentes técnicas de construção de núcleos intra-radiculares. Quarenta incisivos bovinos hígidos foram divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com a técnica de construção de pinos intra-radiculares: Grupo 1- raízes fragilizadas reabilitadas com núcleo metálico fundido; Grupo 2- raízes fragilizadas reabilitadas com pinos de fibra de vidro e pinos acessórios de fibra de vidro; Grupo 3- raízes fragilizadas reabilitadas com pino anatômico direto (resina composta + pino de fibra de vidro) ; Grupo 4- raízes fragilizadas reabilitadas com pino anatômico indireto de fibra de vidro. Todos os grupos tiveram seus núcleos cimentados com o cimento resinoso Multilink e as porções coronárias padronizadas por uma matriz de resina acrílica. Os corpos de prova forma submetidos à Máquina de Ensaio Universal à uma velocidade de carga de 0,5mm/min até sua fratura numa angulação de 135° em relação ao longo eixo do dente sobre a face palatina. Os valores médios de resistência à fratura foram: Grupo 1- 575,54N; Grupo 2- 400,49N; Grupo 3- 483,39N; Grupo- 4 559,19N. A análise de variância (ANOVA) (p<0,05) a um critério mostrou diferença estatisticamente. O grupo 1 e 4 médias diferentes, porém estatisticamente iguais, mas maiores estaticamente que o grupo 2 e 3. Os percentuais de raízes com prognóstico favorável após a fratura foram: Grupo 1- 0%; Grupo 2- 80%; Grupo 3- 100% ; Grupo 4- 100%. Os pinos anatômicos direto e indireto mostraram ser uma nova opção para reabilitação de raízes fragilizadas. / Abstract: The rehabilitation of weakened roots is a complex procedure with an unpredictable prognosis. This study evaluated by compression to fracture resistance and the fracture pattern of weakened roots restored with different construction techniques of intra-radicular posts. Forty hygid bovine incisors were divided into four groups according to each technique of construction of the intra-radicular posts: Group 1- weakened roots restored with metallic posts,; Group 2- weakened roots restored with glass fiber posts and accessory glass fiber posts; Group 3- weakened roots restored with direct anatomic posts (composite resin + glass fiber post); Group 4- weakened roots restored with indirect anatomic post (glass fiber post). All the groups were cemented with dual resinous cement (Multilink) and the coronal portions were patterned by an acrylic resin matrix. The specimens were submitted to a Universal Testing Machine at 0,5mm/min speed until its fracture at an angulation of 135° in relation to the long axis of the tooth. The mean values of fracture resistance were: Group 1- 575,54N; Group 2- 400,49N; Group 3- 483,39N; Group 4- 559,19N. The ANOVA values were (p<0,05) to one criteria showed statistic difference. Group 1 and the 4 different means were statistically the same, but statistically more than the ones of groups 2 and 3. The percentage of roots with favorable prognosis after fracture were: Group 1- 0%; Group 2- 80%; Group 3- 100%; Group 4- 100%. The direct and indirect anatomic post of glass fiber showed a new option to rehabilitate weakened roots. / Mestre

Orientador : Luis Roberto Marcondes Martins / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-28T01:38:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Worschech_ClaudiaCia_M.pdf: 487323 bytes, checksum: 63eea6a7fe297dfbe424400140e629bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000 / Resumo: O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência à fratura de pré-molares superiores com extensos preparos cavitários e restaurados com sistemas adesivos e não adesivos. Trinta pré-molares superiores extraídos e livres de cáries ou fendas foram aleatoriamente divididos em 6 grupos com 5 dentes cada. Os dentes do grupo 1 não receberam preparos cavitários mésio-oclusais (controle positivo). No grupo 2, os dentes receberam preparos cavitários, mas não receberam restaurações (controle negativo). Os grupos 3, 4, 5 e 6 receberam os preparos cavitários e foram restaurados de acordo com os respectivos grupos experimentais: G3: Single Bond + Solitaire; G4: Single Bond + Z250; G5: Amálgama (Dispersalloy); G6: Amálgama (Dispersalloy) + Panavia. Todos os grupos foram submetidos ao teste de resistência à fratura numa Máquina de Ensaio Universal (Instron). O carregamento foi aplicado verticalmente através de uma esfera metálica de 4,7 mm de diâmetro, posicionada sobre as vertentes das cúspides dos pré-molares, numa velocidade de 0,5 mm/ min. As médias de carregamento necessárias para fraturar as amostras em cada grupo foram (em kgf), G6 = 168,46 (A) ; G5 = 155,19 (A) ; G1 = 153,54 (A) ; G4 = 148,86 (A); G3 = 80,08 (B) ; G2 = 20,51 (C). Os resultados do teste de TUKEY revelaram diferenças entre os grupos mostrados acima com letras diferentes. Assim, pôde-se concluir que os pré-molares restaurados através dos materiais citados foram capazes de resistir à fratura tanto quanto um dente íntegro, exceto aqueles restaurados com resina composta Solitaire / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of maxillary premolars with large cavities preparations. Thirty extracted maxillary premolars, sound and free from cracks were randomly assigned to six groups of five teeth each. The teeth from group 1 did not receive cavity preparations (positive control). In group 2, the teeth received preparations but did not receive restorations (negative control). From groups 3 to 6, the teeth received MO preparations and were restored according to the following techniques: G3: single Bond + Solitaire; G4: Single Bond + Z250; G5: Amalgam; G6: Amalgam + Panavia. All groups were submitted to fracture resistance test in a Universal Test Machine (Instron). The load was applied vertically through a metallic sphere of 4,7 mm diameter, touching only the cusps and never the restorations or cavity margins. The average load necessary to fracture the samples in each group was (in Kgf), G6= 168,46 (A); G5 = 155,19 (A) ; G1=153,54 (A) ; G4= 148,86 (A); G3= 80,08 (B) ; G2= 20,51 (C). The data were submitted to Tukey¿s test that revealed differences among some groups showed above with different letters. These results show that all materials tested can recover the fracture resistance of maxillary premolars as much as a sound tooth, except Solitaire resin / Mestrado / Dentística / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

Microwave processing, thermoplastic modification with reactive poly(arylene ether sulfone)s and improved flame retardance of di- and higher functionality epoxy resins were investigated. The influence of curing temperature and time on morphological development and fracture behavior was also studied. Arylamine functionalized poly(arylene ether sulfone)s of controlled molecular weight were synthesized as soluble, but reactive thermoplastic modifiers for aromatic amine cured epoxy resins. These materials were characterized via spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dilute solution viscosity, potentiometric titration of their end groups and model chain extension reactions. Thermoplastic modification of the epoxy networks was demonstrated to afford materials with improved fracture resistance. Two glass transition temperatures were detected in the modified network systems via DSC. Scanning electron microscopy further confirmed the development of a two phase morphology in modified systems and that it could be controlled from a dispersed thermoplastic in a continuous epoxy phase, to a phase inverted morphology as the modifier increased from approximately 15 to 30 weight percent. Improvements in adhesive strength to titanium and fracture toughness were also attributed to the utilization of reactively endcapped polysulfone modifiers and the highest values were obtained with the phase inverted morphology. / Ph. D.

Student Number : 8701355N - MDent research report - School of Oral Health Sciences - Faculty of Health Sciences / Purpose: The aim of this research project was to determine the fracture resistance to linear vertical compressive forces of acrylic and metal-reinforced acrylic fixed implant supported prosthesis cantilever arms. Methods: Ten non-reinforced and 10 reinforced acrylic superstructures were secured on five evenly distributed implants and subjected to linear axial compressive forces utilising an Instron® materials testing machine. The reinforcement consisted of commercially available preformed titanium metal strengthener bars. Force was applied to the cantilever arms 15mm distal to the distal most implant and two tests were conducted on each sample. The first drop in load recorded was noted as a fracture of the sample. Results: Fracture of the acrylic was noted at the distal most implant in both non-reinforced and the reinforced samples. The mean fracture value for the non-reinforced samples was 679N and for the reinforced samples, 628N. Conclusion: No significant difference between the fracture resistance of the two designs was noted.

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