Thesis--University of Turku, 1993. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-85).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-85). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-69)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-96).

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The injury of chest belongs to most frequented injuries. As far as 70 per cent of injuries of thorax is connected with injury of other organs. The relevance of injury of chest increases with age. The prognosis of polytraumatized patients with injury of thorax is aggravated in combination with craniocerebral injury. 50 per cent of death caused by injuries is connected with trauma of chest. The trauma of thorax are most frequently blunt. The open injuries are heavier. The main reason of blunt injuries of chest are road traffic accidents. 80 per cent of open injuries are created by shooting weapons or by stabbing. The fractures of ribs belong to most frequent types of fractures and simultaneously to the most types of injuries of thorax. The multiple fractures of ribs are serious. From 10 to 20 per cent of fractures of ribs have the manifestation of paradox breathing. The unstable fractures of ribs are classified after Pate and Eschapasse-Gailard. The conservative and operative types of treatment are used for stabilization of chest wall. The opinion on usage of this treatment are not unified. The artificial lung ventilation with low PEEP is used during conservative treatment. Operative treatment utilizes the external or internal fixation of unstable fragments of chest wall. At the Department of Surgery,...

To ensure secure geological storage of carbon dioxide it is necessary to establish the integrity of the overlying sealing rock. Seal rock fractures are key potential leakage pathways for storage systems; understanding their behaviour in the presence of CO2 under reservoir conditions is therefore of great importance. This thesis presents experimental investigations into the hydraulic behaviour of discrete fractures within low permeability seal rocks during single phase supercritical CO2 flow, under varying mechanical and thermal conditions representative of in-situ conditions. An experimental rig was designed and built to enable the controlled study of supercritical CO2 flow through 38 mm diameter samples under high pressures and temperatures. Samples are placed within a Hassler-type uniaxial pressure cell and CO2 flow is controlled via high precision syringe pumps. Flow experiments with supercritical CO2 within the pressure range 10-50 MPa were undertaken at temperatures of 38°C and 58°C with confining pressures of 35-55 MPa. The effects of stress loading and temperature change on the hydraulic properties of the fractured sample were studied; continuous differential pressure measurement enabled analysis of hydraulic response. Experiments were undertaken on a pre-existing Wissey field Zechstein Dolomite fracture and three artificial fractures (two East Brae field Kimmeridge Clay samples and one Cambrian shale quarry sample). Fracture permeabilities ranged from 8 X 10-14 m2 to 6 X 10-11 m2 with higher permeabilities observed within the harder rock samples. A broadly linear flow regime, consistent with Darcy's law, was observed in the lowest permeability sample (East Brae). A Forchheimer-type non-linear flow regime was observed in the other samples. Transmissivity variations during experiments were used to infer the mechanical impact of stress and temperature changes. An increase in effective stress resulted in transmissivity reduction, suggesting fracture aperture closure. During initial stress loading cycles, and subsequent higher temperature stress loading, a component of this transmissivity reduction was found to be inelastic, suggesting permanent modification of fracture geometry during closure. Pre- and post-experiment fracture surface characterisation provides further evidence for the occurrence of plastic deformation. Transmissivity-stress relationships were elastic during subsequent external stress-loading cycles, suggesting elastic closure and opening of fractures without additional permanent fracture geometry changes. The impact of fluid property variations on fracture hydraulic conductivity, Kfrac, was also analysed. Under constant effective stress Kfrac was found to be higher within high temperature and low fluid pressure scenarios, due to higher density/viscosity ratios. However, under constant confining pressure, fluid pressure changes are coupled both to mechanical effects (from effective stress alteration) and hydraulic effects (from viscosity variation), with opposing impacts on fracture hydraulic conductivity. At lower effective stresses mechanical effects were found to be dominant, with fluid pressure increase resulting in a notable increase to Kfrac due to aperture opening. At higher effective stresses, mechanical changes are much smaller due to increased contact area between fracture surfaces, and thus increased stiffness of fractures. Under such conditions hydraulic effects may be dominant and result in a small Kfrac reduction as fluid pressure increases, due to a reduction in the density/viscosity ratio. These results highlight that CO2 fluid property variation can have a notable influence on hydraulic conductivity under certain in-situ conditions. The single phase CO2 fracture flow experiments undertaken during this study were designed to enable a study of hydraulic and mechanical processes in isolation, without the influence of chemical processes. In-situ, the additional presence of brine and thus multiphase fluid behaviour and associated chemical processes makes the hydraulic behaviour of fractures considerably more complex. Coupled process modelling enables the relative influence of these processes to be simulated, but relies on experiments for validation. These unique experimental findings are of great value for enabling validation of such models as well as for informing analyses of geological and field studies.

Orientador: Renato Mazzonetto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T05:52:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodriguezChessa_JaimeGiuseppe_M.pdf: 1416977 bytes, checksum: 2b782ab4c409f0bfb1fc8e34d43c205b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar a resistência mecânica à flexão de placas e parafusos metálicos e reabsorvíveis para fixação interna rígida. Foram utilizadas hemimandíbulas sintéticas de poliuretano, nas quais se realizou uma osteotomia entre o segundo pré-molar e o primeiro molar inferior, simulando uma fratura de corpo mandibular. Foram estabelecidos dois grupos para placas e parafusos metálicos e dois grupos para reabsorvíveis de acordo com a seguinte disposição: duas placas metálicas mantidas com parafusos monocorticais de 6 mm na zona de tensão e outra com parafusos bicorticais de 12 mm de comprimento na zona de compressão. Após a fixação rígida, foi realizado o teste de resistência à flexão em máquina de ensaio universal (Instron®, modelo 4411) programada com velocidade de deslocamento linear de 1 mm/min e com célula de carga de 500N para obtenção do valor da resistência à flexão em quilograma-força com incidência de carga em região de incisivo e pré-molar em cada um dos grupos estudados. Os resultados demonstraram não existir diferença estatisticamente significante entre os sistemas de fixação interna rígida de titânio e reabsorvível, quando avaliadas as variáveis deslocamento (em mm) e a carga de pico (em kgf) para os 4 grupos amostrais. / Abstract: The meaning of this study was to evaluate and compare the resistance to flexion between metallic and absorbable plates and screws for rigid internal fixation. It was used synthetic hemimandible of polyurethane, in which one was performed a straight cut between second premolar and first molar, simulating a breaking of mandibular body. It was established two groups for metallic plates and screws and two groups for absorbable according to following disposal: two metallic plates kept with 6mm monocortical screws in the tension zone and another one with 12mm bicortical screws in the compression zone. After the rigid fixation, it was carried out the flexion resistance test thru a universal assay machine (Instron®, model 4411) performed with 1mm/minute linear displacement speeding with 500N of bearing cell for attainment the flexion resistance value in kilogram-force with the load incidence in the incisor and premolar regions on each group studied. The results had demonstrated to not exist statistical significant difference between the titanium and absorbable systems, when evaluated the variable displacement (in mm) and the peak load (in kgf) for the 4 groups tested. / Mestrado / Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco-Maxilo-Faciais / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

M.Sc. (Geology) / Analyses show that the effect of inter-panel lag on hanging wall instability is an important factor affecting rock-fall accidents and production losses in gold mines utilising segmented longwall mining methods. The study emphasises the effect of inter-panel lag on the development of mining-induced fractures which are considered a major contributor to hangingwall instability in geologically undisturbed ground. The geology and mining geometry at Western Deep Levels, Limited, particularly at the selected research site, is outlined. The data collection, which is facilitated by the use of stereo-photogrammetry and computer-aided data handling, is described. Three types of mining-induced fracture are evident. The effects of inter-panel lag and geological inhomogeneity on the orientation and density of the mining-induced fractures are illustrated and discussed. The effects of inter-panel lag length on energy release rate are demonstrated and discussed. Microseismic event location data analyses are used to elucidate the fracturing process that takes place in the rock ahead of the mine face. Practical suggestions regarding the reduction in number and length of inter-panel lags are made, in the light of recent developments in the field of rock-burst control.