In the search for energy many proposals have been made to harness the rivers of British Columbia, but the one for the Moran canyon on the Fraser River has the widest implications. A dam on this site, 800 feet high and 2400 feet wide, could produce initially 4 million horsepower of electricity at low cost. In addition it would hold the key to flood control on the Fraser River and to expansion of navigation, industrial location and agriculture. It would be located on part of the river believed by many to have considerable potential for future salmon runs. While each of these aspects of the dam is important when considered by its proponents, together they indicate a unique possibility of widening the economic base of the province. One aspect, the effect of the dam on agriculture, is the subject of this study. Moran Dam, it is believed, will affect agriculture in three major ways: (1) It will flood the Fraser Valley for a distance of 172 miles north of Moran to a maximum elevation of 1540 feet; (2) it will provide low cost hydro-electric power for use in pumping irrigation water and for rural electrification; (3) it will provide low cost energy which may act as a factor in the location of electrically-oriented industries, and in turn through an increased work force create larger markets for agricultural products. It is these influences on agriculture related to the land and people of British Columbia that concerns this thesis. To collect the necessary data four week-long trips were made to the agricultural areas of the Fraser Basin in the fall of 1957. Land-use was mapped and location of farms, ranches and significant landforms upon which agriculture could be undertaken were mapped. Later airphotos and maps were studied. The reasons for proposing the Moran Dam along with a comparison between this dam and others within the province were reviewed. Next followed a description of the landforms, climate, soils, vegetation and hydrology, the components of the Physical Geography. A consideration of the present value, location and nature of agricultural activity and the extent to which foodstuffs have been imported into the province was made. Another aspect studied was the human geography. As the Fraser River Basin was found too large to study as a whole a sub-regional breakdown was made within which the various aspects of the problem were discussed. The sub-regions were Lytton to Moran, Moran to Williams Lake River, Williams Lake River to Quesnel and the adjacent areas of the Thompson Valley, Chilcotin and Cariboo plateau. Flooding was found to be restricted because of the physical nature of the valley with its steep slopes rising from the river to a more or less continuous series of benches 100 to 800 feet above its present bed. Thus only about 3000 acres of arable land, now chiefly utilized for winter grazing would be flooded, while about 45,000 acres could be intensively cultivated with irrigation water pumped from the reservoir. If the adjacent regions were included, where flooding is not a factor, pumping plants utilizing low cost electrical energy could make available an additional 20,000 acres. Since British Columbia at present imports large quantities of foodstuffs, additional population expected to work in electrically-oriented industries would necessitate importation of even larger quantities of foodstuffs unless some of the 65,000 acres were developed. Many of these are in areas with a relatively long growing season, large accumulated temperatures and low precipitation. Soils are fertile and the prospects for the intensive cultivation of vegetables, fruits and forage crops, plus the establishment of "feed lot" type cattle operations, in place of extensive grazing of cattle, could be expected. The costs of expanding agriculture in this region, however, would have to be competitive with other areas where irrigation agriculture is undertaken. This expansion of agriculture, desirable to meet the growing deficit in foodstuffs within British Columbia, would be dependent on the advent of large scale pumping irrigation works contingent on the construction of Moran Dam. No other proposal has been made of comparable import to the diversification of the economic base of the province. The impact of the proposal on agriculture alone is impressive. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The flood plain of the Fraser River in the Lower Fraser Valley is rapidly becoming urbanized, this being most evident in the municipality of Richmond located on Lulu Island. A problem arises due to the fact that the Fraser River is subject to frequent floods of varying magnitudes. To prevent flood damages a system of dykes has been constructed around Lulu Island. Evidence indicates, however, that even with the dykes there still exists a substantial residual flood hazard. A major flood in Richmond would constitute a financial disaster. Consequently, if development is to occur on the flood plain, additional adjustments to the flood hazard are necessary. The planning process in Richmond has apparently failed to recognize this necessity. To understand the observed breakdown in the planning process the literature suggests that the problem may be fruitfully studied by examining the decision-making process with respect to perception of the flood hazard and alternative adjustments to the hazard. The hypothesis proposed is that the planning officials are aware of the alternate adjustments but policies to implement these measures are not undertaken because of lack of support from the general public who do not perceive the flood problem or ways to cope with it. The methodology used to study the problem involves three steps. The first is the definition and description of flood plain management policy at all government levels operating in British Columbia. The second step is to identify the public decision-making process with respect to flood plain management. Interviews with key officials in this process are reported upon according to their perceptions of the flood hazard and adjustments to the flood hazard. The third step is to sample perceptions of flood plain land-users by means of a questionnaire to determine their perceptions of the hazard and adjustments. The study shows that the officials are aware of the hazard but do not adequately perceive non-structural adjustments. The general public is poorly informed and thus shows little concern about the subject. The results indicate that perception of the hazard is a major factor in the adjustment adoption process. It appears that a change in decision-makers' perceptions will be necessary to bring about a change in the planning practise with respect to flood plain management. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Unit hydrographs are derived for four watersheds in the Lower Fraser Valley using a computerized least squares technique. These unit hydrographs are then related to specific basin characteristics so that synthetic unit hydrographs can be constructed for the ungauged basins in the area. After attempting several techniques to relate the unit hydrographs to basin characteristics both the time-to-peak and the peak flow were related to the basin slope, shape, channel length and degree of urbanization. To more fully define the synthetic unit hydrograph shape, the unit hydrograph widths at 50 per cent and 75 per cent of the peak flow were related to the peak flow. In this way five points can be used to establish the unit hydrograph shape (one for the peak and four for the widths). Other results included estimates of average infiltration rates for each basin calculated from rainfall and runoff data. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

This thesis examines four communities in the Lower Fraser Basin (Burnaby, Richmond, Langley and Abbotsford), as a case study for examining the "ecology of environmentalism". I have compared two "low environmentalism" communities (Richmond and Abbotsford), and two which have a significantly larger field of environmental groups (Burnaby and Langley). The research included 43 interviews (37 with leaders of grassroots environmental groups and a mailout questionnaire which was sent to one leader of each of the 71 groups in the four municipalities (64% response rate). Together this research amounts to 82% coverage of all the environmental groups in the four municipalities. Using this data, I argue that the differences between the municipal areas are not very well explained either in terms of the themes in Resource Mobilisation Theory, in either of the major theories of social movements and the State, or in terms of standard demographic variables associated with environmentalism (community size, gender, income, education, ethnicity, or occupation). I have therefore used the themes of "civil society" and "public spheres" (Allario 1995; Calhoun 1996; Cohen and Arato; Fraser 1992; Habermas 1989; Walzer 1991) to compare the four municipalities. I suggest that the more holistic approach especially as proposed by Jean Cohen and Andrew Arato (1992), provides a better way of analyzing both the actions and the ecology of environmental groups in the Lower Fraser Basin.

The Fraser Valley from Hope to Emory Creek is underlain by mainly regionally metamorphosed Palaeozoic and (?) Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The Chilliwack group consists of iron- and magnesium-rich pelitic schists and minor basic schists of the staurolite-quartz subfacies and to a lesser extent of the sillimanite-almandine subfacies. Much of the femic component of the original sedimentary rocks was used in the early formation of a biotite-almandine-sericite-plagioclase assemblage. As a result, a later assemblage of minerals (kyanite, staurolite, sillimanite, and muscovite) developed even though they represent minerals too alumina-rich to form in rocks of these bulk compositions. The Hozameen group, which consists of cherts, phyllites and greenstones of the greenschist facies, is composed of schists and amphibolites of the almandine amphibolite facies at its western boundary. The Custer granite-gneiss is an ancient complex of sedimentary and volcanic rocks. During the regional metamorphism of the Custer, the complex formed gneisses and pegmatites, became mobile, and, limited by the structure of the surrounding rocks, moved into an area of less intense metamorphism. The movement caused a shearing of the Custer to form augen gneisses and of the adjacent rocks to form phyllonites. Later release of stresses along definite planes caused a closely spaced faulting of the Custer and the wall rocks. A band of sheared quartz diorite and gneiss separates the Hozameen group from the Custer. The quartz diorite intrudes both units. Unmetamorphosed conglomerates of the Jackass Mountain group unconformably overlie the Custer. A north-trending fault of largely dip-slip movement which formed between Lower Cretaceous to Miocene times has down-faulted the rocks east of the Chilliwack group. The fault extends from Spuzzum to Chilliwack River and possibly into northern Washington. Its trace south of Hope has been partly obliterated by the younger Chilliwack batholith. At least two periods of folding have occurred within the map-area. An early period of folding is associated with the movement of the Custer (Jurassic?) and a later (post-Lower Cretaceous) period with the formation of a northerly trending anticline that occupies the centre of the Fraser Valley. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

An area of 550 square miles between Lillooet and Big Bar, B.C. was mapped by the author using the scale of one mile to the inch. In the southern part of the Bowman Range four members are recognized in the Middle (?) and Upper Permian Marble Canyon formation which is partly composed of reefal limestone. This formation forms a northwesterly trending anticlinorium overturned to the northeast. The cherts, argillites, limestones, and volcanic rocks west of the Bowman Range, originally referred to the Permo-Pennsylvanian Cache Creek group are shown to be Permo-Triassic and are here assigned to the Pavilion group, a new group which is made up of two Divisions. Microscopic and stratigraphic evidence is given that the cherts of this group are of radiolarian origin. The Lower Cretaceous Lillooet group here is subdivided into three units. Divisions A and B are shown to form a northwesterly trending anticline. Three members are now recognized in Division A of the Lower Cretaceous Jackass Mountain group. The Lower Cretaceous Spences Bridge group is subdivided into several local and stratigraphic units. Two units previously assigned to the Spences Bridge group are correlated with the Kingsvale group on the basis of new fossil collections. Some volcanic and sedimentary rocks originally referred to the Miocene Kamloops group are here correlated with Miocene to Pleistocene rocks of the Quesnel map-area. West of Lillooet a belt of serpentinite was mapped that has structural and lithological similarities to the Upper Triassic ultrabasic intrusions of the Shulaps Range. Granitic rocks of three ages are recognized and range from early Lower Cretaceous or older to mid-Lower Cretaceous. It had earlier been shown that the Fraser River fault zone consists of several normal faults with relative downward movement to the east. East of these faults the author recognizes another fault with relative downward movement to the west. Lower Cretaceous and early Tertiary rocks thus occupy a graben between Permo-Triassic units to the northeast and to the southwest. This graben probably controlled the deposition of Divisions B and C of the Jackass Mountain group. The faulting may be related to the isostatic rise of adjacent granitic masses. Evidence is given that the latest movement on one of the faults took place in mid-Tertiary time. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The study was undertaken to describe, analyze, and evaluate the Fraser Valley Fed Beef Industry in relation to the market requirements in the Lower Mainland and Vancouver Island regions of British Columbia. The information necessary to describe, analyze, and evaluate the industry was acquired by a review of the secondary data sources of the Provincial and Federal government agencies, to acquire industry statistics; a survey by personal interview with the majority of the fed beef producers, to acquire information on management techniques; and a financial analysis of a random sample of the feedlot operations, to provide the parameters on which to evaluate the profitability of investment in the industry. The study indicates that the fed beef market in the above regions has increased some 400 percent since 1951. The British Columbia fed beef industry has increased in size in the above period. However, it still only provides approximately 20 percent of the market requirements; with the Fraser Valley industry providing 82 percent of the British Columbia fed beef production. The balance of the market requirements are met by the importation of fed beef slaughter cattle and carcasses mainly from Alberta and to a lesser extent Saskatchewan. The analysis of the input factor markets indicates that the important resources necessary to produce fed beef are available from within the province although the present practices of the ranch industry in marketing the majority of the feeder cattle and calves in a few months of the year increases the difficulty of realizing optimum use of the feedlot facilities. There exists a significant variability in the sizes and types of operations in the Fraser Valley. The majority of the operations are farm feedlots utilizing by-products and pasture supplemented by the purchase of feeder cattle and feed grains from the interior regions of the Province. The manure produced in the feedlot is an important ingredient for use in the cash crop production on many of the farms located on the heavier soil zones. A few larger commercial feedlots exist within the region although the largest operation has a unit capacity of 2500 head of yearling cattle. The majority of the feedlots use barley as the main energy source although there exists a wide diversity in feedstuff ingredients utilized in the feed ration. A discounted benefit-cost ratio analysis of various types and sizes of feedlots would indicate that capital investment in the industry is undesirable investment opportunity at a after tax discount rate of 10 percent. However, the presence of special circumstances, ensures the continuing presence of the industry on the same scale and a moderate increase in the industry in the future under present institutional and economic policies. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The hypothesis tested in this thesis is that parks in the Lower Fraser Valley are crowded, that visitors perceive this crowding and, as a result, the recreational experience of the visitors has diminished. Cultus Lake and Golden Ears Provincial Parks in the Lower Fraser Valley were chosen as the parks in which the study was to be conducted. Information about perception of crowding and other factors affecting perception was solicited from both campers and day users at the park in the period July-August, 1971. Information was collected through the use of a questionnaire. Several multi-variate data analysis techniques were applied to the resultant data. The object of the analysis was to find out which socio-economic variables were significantly related to perception of crowding and if perception of crowding was related to an objective measure of the environment. The measure was density. In addition, an attempt was made to find out if the traditional concept of user groups is a meaningful way of looking at visitors when perceptions and satisfaction of visitors is the issue being studied. The research analysis revealed that perception of crowding exists to a greater extent among day users than among campers; that perception of crowding was related to density among day users. The analysis further revealed that the traditional concept of user groups, i.e., fishing, hiking, etc., offers little by way of categorizing users when perception is the object of study, since individuals in the same user group perceive crowding differently. The analysis also revealed that there is a need for more intensive research so as to reveal factors significant in influencing perception of crowding in the recreational environment. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis examines four communities in the Lower Fraser Basin (Burnaby, Richmond, Langley and Abbotsford), as a case study for examining the "ecology of environmentalism". I have compared two "low environmentalism" communities (Richmond and Abbotsford), and two which have a significantly larger field of environmental groups (Burnaby and Langley). The research included 43 interviews (37 with leaders of grassroots environmental groups and a mailout questionnaire which was sent to one leader of each of the 71 groups in the four municipalities (64% response rate). Together this research amounts to 82% coverage of all the environmental groups in the four municipalities. Using this data, I argue that the differences between the municipal areas are not very well explained either in terms of the themes in Resource Mobilisation Theory, in either of the major theories of social movements and the State, or in terms of standard demographic variables associated with environmentalism (community size, gender, income, education, ethnicity, or occupation). I have therefore used the themes of "civil society" and "public spheres" (Allario 1995; Calhoun 1996; Cohen and Arato; Fraser 1992; Habermas 1989; Walzer 1991) to compare the four municipalities. I suggest that the more holistic approach especially as proposed by Jean Cohen and Andrew Arato (1992), provides a better way of analyzing both the actions and the ecology of environmental groups in the Lower Fraser Basin. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

Techniques for designing drainage/subirrigation systems in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia are examined in the present study. An attempt was made to formally define the overall goal in the design of such systems. Various difficulties were encountered in proceeding formally in the design. Therefore, a "branch and bound" approach was used in which a series of studies are conducted to focus our attention on the key issues of the problem and to regroup or eliminate other issues of secondary importance. A simple study showed that drainage designs seemed to be the limiting factors in drainage/subirrigation system designs for the Lower Fraser Valley. Therefore, subirrigation design was not considered in further analyses. The drainage requirements for different seasons were discussed. It was suggested that a drainage system designed to meet workability requirements in early spring should be more than sufficient to meet other seasonal requirements of interest from a drainage point of view. It was suggested that these requirements will be met by designing a drainage system that ensures at least one workable period of twelve days in March. A Markov chain model was proposed that can simulate the transitions in the water table elevations in response to weather. Design curves were presented for some local soils that can aid designers to perform drainage designs that satisfy requirements of the individual farmers. A study was undertaken to investigate the importance of uncertainty in soil parameters on the drainage system design. First and second order methods of analyzing uncertainty were applied to Hooghoudt's equation of designing drainage systems. The applicability of the uncertainty approach was extended to the numerical model of designing drainage systems based on the Boussinesq equation. An example problem was solved to illustrate how a drainage design criterion can be formulated when uncertainties due to both the climate and the soil parameters are present at the same time. Conclusions were drawn from the present study and recommendations were made for future work. The environmental impacts of agricultural drainage were discussed. They are included in the appendix because the main thrust of the thesis was on the design of drainage/subirrigation systems. Also, a design methodology was proposed in the appendix that can be used in designing drainage systems on a steady state basis in the absence of any knowledge about the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil or the location of the impermeable layer. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate