Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University (Canada), 1992. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 54-12, Section: B, page: 6173. Adviser: J. Warkentin.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. / Committee Chair: Wine, Paul; Committee Member: Huey, Greg; Committee Member: Mulholland, James; Committee Member: Nenes, Athanasios; Committee Member: Weber, Rodney. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

No description available.

Intermolecular complexes between H₂O and atmospheric species HO, HO₂, H₂O₂, O₃, NO and NO₂ have been studied by ab initio molecular orbital methods. The studies have been performed to the MP2 theory level by using 4-31G, 6-31G, D95, 6-31G**, D95**, 6-311G**, 6-311+G**, 6-311++G**, 6-311+G(2d,lp) and 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis sets. The geometries were fully optimized. The vibrational frequencies were calculated. The Basis Set Superposition Error (BSSE) were estimated. Finally, the binding energies of the complexes were predicted with other thermochemical properties. The binding energies of H₂O•HO, H₂O•HO₂, H₂O•H₂O₂, H₂O•O₃, H₂O•NO and H₂O•NO₂ are estimated to be 5.7±0.6, 8.9±1.0, 7.3±1.3, 1.8±0.2, 1.17 (no BSSE correction) and 2.98 (no BSSE correction) Kcal/Mol, respectively. The Kcq for dimerization to yield H₂O•HO, H₂O•HF, H₂O•HO₂, H₂O•H₂O and H₂O•H₂O₂ are estimated to be 0.11, 2.8, 3.3, 0.067 and 0.11 atm¯¹, respectively. The H₂O•HO, H₂O•HF, H₂O•HO₂, H₂O•H₂O and H₂O•H₂O₂ are quite strongly bonded complexes, while H₂O•O₃, H₂O•NO and H₂O•NO₂ are only weakly bonded complexes. The Kcq changes with temperature are discussed, and their importance in atmospheric chemistry are addressed.

No description available.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Please refer to full text to view abstract.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University (Canada), 1991. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 53-01, Section: B, page: 0308. Supervisor: John Warkentin.

Orientador: Liliane Maria Ferrareso Lona / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T01:46:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Malere_CarolinePaganuccidosReis_M.pdf: 1568071 bytes, checksum: 720e59aec25863d529bde7e649b7ece7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Cromatografia de Permeação em Gel ou "Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), também conhecida como Cromatografia de Exclusão por Tamanho ou "Size Exclusion Chromatography" (SEC) é uma das técnicas analíticas mais utilizadas para separação e caracterização de polímeros naturais e sintéticos, copolímeros e proteínas, fornecendo informações distribuição de massa molar (MWD), viscosidade intrínseca (IV) e polidispersividade (PDI). A importância de sua resposta na análise de determinado polímero se reflete em termos de sua processabilidade, uma vez que as propriedades mecânicas e químicas são drasticamente afetadas por sua massa molar média, tamanho da cadeia e distribuição. Na técnica de GPC os padrões utilizados são de primordial importância para obtenção de resultados confiáveis, pois são utilizados nas construções de curvas de calibrações necessárias para aquisição dos resultados quanti e qualitativos na técnica. Apesar da vasta utilização da técnica de GPC no Brasil, tanto em centros de pesquisa como em indústrias químicas e petroquímicas, os padrões disponíveis para comercialização são todos adquiridos no exterior, por meio de importação a altos custos. Visto a necessidade de mudança desse paradigma, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um produto nacional utilizando a polimerização via radical livre mediada por radicais nitróxidos (NMRP), também chamada "living free radical polymerization (LFRP)". O padrão escolhido para o estudo foi o poliestireno (PS), por ser ele um dos padrões mais utilizados na calibração de análise de GPC orgânico. Um dos desafios enfrentados neste trabalho foi a obtenção de polímeros com índices de polidispersividade (PDI) variando de 1 a 1,10, distribuição de massa molar (MWD) estreita e alto grau de pureza, utilizando pela primeira vez uma mistura de iniciadores no processo NMRP. A NMRP é uma técnica robusta e inovadora comparada com a polimerização iônica que é atualmente o processo empregado para obtenção de polímeros com valores de PDI muito baixos. O processo NMRP possui vantagens frente à polimerização iônica para produção de polímeros com estrutura controlada, pois nele não são necessários etapas de purificações complexas, sendo que as reações requerem menos condições estritas em relação a impurezas e temperaturas de trabalho. Este é um processo simples e barato, na qual as reações podem ser realizadas em ampolas de vidros / Abstract: Gel Permeation Chromatography, also known as Size Exclusion Chromatography, is the most employed technique to characterize macromolecules such as proteins, copolymers, natural and synthetic polymers. It provides information such as molecular weight distribution (MWD), intrinsic viscosity (IV) and polydispersity (PDI). The importance of its response reflects in terms of polymer processability once the mechanic and chemicals properties are drastically affected by the polymer average molecular weight, chain size and distribution. The standards in the GPC technique have a great importance to obtain reliable results because they are employed in calibration curves needed to acquire the quantitative and qualitative data. Despite the wide use of GPC in Brazil at research centers, chemical and petrochemical industries, all the standards available are obtained outside the country through high importation costs. To change this paradigm, this work aims to develop a national product using the pseudo-living radical polymerization or living free radical polymerization (LFRP), which is a robust and innovative technique in the polymerization science area. The standard chosen was the polystyrene, which is the most used polymer in calibration curves of organic GPC analysis. Our challenge in this work was to obtain a controlled structure polymer with polydispersity index (PDI) between 1 and 1.10, narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) and high purity degree, using to the best of our knowledge for the first time a mixture of initiators in a NMRP process. The NMRP is a robust and innovative technique compared with the ionic polymerization that is the currently employed process to obtain polymers with very low PDI. The advantages of NMRP process over ionic polymerization to produce controlled structure polymers are that no complicated purification steps are needed, controlled radical reactions require less stringent conditions for impurities and working temperatures, it is a simple and cheaper process, where the reactions can be carried out into glass ampoules / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Free radicals are produced in lignin during mechanical treatment and irradiation with light of various wavelengths. During mechanical treatment, the lignin macromolecule is degraded severely as revealed by ESR and viscosity measurements. Several types of mechano-radicals are produced in lignin during the mechanical process. Among these the phenoxy radicals are rather stable, where carbon-radicals are labile at ambient conditions. Transient mechano-radicals reacted readily with oxygen molecules to produce peroxy radicals even at 77°K, but they decayed rapidly at ambient temperature. Photodegradation of lignin was observed when macromolecule was irradiated with light of λ<3500 Å as revealed by ESR, viscosity, and weight loss. Phenoxy radicals are the predominant intermediates in the photoirradiated lignin as shown by ESR studies. Elimination of side chains of lignin phenyl propane units took effect in α-carbonyl group bearing molecules. By contrast, β aryl ether substituents adjacent to α-carbonyl groups caused ether cleavage under identical conditions of photoirradiation. This is attributed to energy transferred from excited α-carbonyl groups to the ether bonds. The α-carbonyl groups also functioned as photosensitizers accelerating photochemical reactions of lignin. Termination and decomposition reactions of mechano-radicals and photoinduced free radicals in lignin ultimately lead to the formation of para- and ortho-quinones, carbonyl groups, and double bonds which cause the color of lignin. These potential choromophoric groups can be partially removed from lignin by using ultraviolet light of λ> 4000 Å; and they can be completely removed by irradiation of lignin in the presence of dioxane-water with light of λ>3500 Å. Experimental findings suggest chat chromophoric groups in lignin were being trapped or blocked by dioxanyl radicals resulting in brightening. However, the photoreduced lignin-adduct suffered color reversion. This adverse effect can be prevented by using 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone as a photostabilizer. The feasibility of applying photoreduction techniques to high- yield pulps was demonstrated. However, optimal experimental conditions for photoreduction of lignin in high-yield pulps have not been established yet. / Ph. D.

This work seeks to develop new solvents for environmentally benign chemical synthesis. Switchable solvents are a new class of compounds that change properties upon the application of some stimulus such as heat, UV light, or pH. We have developed the use of a new solvent, thiirane oxide, that has chemical properties similar to DMSO. Thiirane oxide, however, undergoes facile decomposition to two gases at temperatures above 100 C, which is much lower than the temperature required for removing DMSO. Thus we have a solvent with excellent solvation properties, but with a built-in switch for easier removal. However, thiirane oxide leaves behind sulfurous products which make the reverse reaction to reform the solvent unfeasible. We are also developing the use of another solvent, piperylene sulfone, which is expected to have good solvent properties, yet with decomposition products that can be reacted to reform the solvent. This thesis also details the work to date on piperylene sulfone. Gas-expanded liquids (GXLs) also show promise as a new reaction medium. In order to design solvent systems that take full advantage of this medium, we desire to understand the microstructure of these fluids. To that end, we are using cage reactions to probe solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions at the molecular level. This thesis discusses the current research on using cage reactions to probe the structure of GXLs.