Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the major technique for next generation wireless communication system because of its high spectral efficiency. In addition, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique is usually used to further increase system capacity. There are two major coding schemes adopted in MIMO-OFDM systems, i.e. space-time block code (STBC) and space-frequency block code (SFBC). This thesis investigates the orthogonal-space-frequency block code OFDM (OSFBC-OFDM) system. In SFBC-OFDM systems, the channel frequency response is usually assumed to be the same for adjacent subcarriers. However, this assumption is not valid in frequency-selective fading environment. Therefore, the orthogonality of code structure is destroyed, leading to substantial increase in interference and significant decrease in system performance. This thesis proposes a receiver equalizer which adopts an interference cancellation (IC) mechanism to maximize the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Both the Lagrange multiplier method and eigenvalue method are adopted in the interference cancellation. Simulation experiments are conducted to verify the system performance and results demonstrate that the SINR performance is dramatically improved.

Selected mapping (SLM) is a well-known technique used to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Although SLM scheme can reduce PAPR efficiently, the side information (SI) must be transmitted to the receiver to indicate the candidate signal that generates the OFDM signal with the lowest PAPR. Robust channel coding schemes are typically adopted to prevent erroneous decoding of SI, leading to the lower bandwidth efficiency. To reduce PAPR efficiently and avoid the bandwidth efficiency loss caused by the transmission of SI, two novel PAPR reduction methods are proposed in SFBC MIMO-OFDM systems with two transmitter antennas that employs the Alamouti coding. The candidate signals are constructed in the frequency-domain and time-domain in the first proposed scheme and the second proposed scheme, respectively. In addition, the orthogonality of the space frequency block code is preserved resulting in the data recovery and the corresponding SI can be easily obtained from the conventional Alamouti detection method for both transmission methods. Simulation results show that the BER performance of a SFBC MIMO-OFDM system with the proposed SI detection algorithm is very close to that of perfect SI detection if the extension factor is larger than 1.3.

Recently, a novel technique for multi-user spread-spectrum mobile systems, the called interleave-division multiple-access (IDMA) scheme, was proposed by L. Ping etc. The advantage of IDMA is that it inherits many special features from code-division multiple-access (CDMA) such as diversity against fading and mitigation of the other-cell user interference. Moreover, it¡¦s capable of employing a very simple chip-by-chip iterative multi-user detection strategy. In this thesis, we investigate the performance of combining IDMA and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme. In order to improve the bit error rate performance, we applied low-density parity-check (LDPC) coding to the proposed scheme, named by LDPC Coded OFDM-IDMA Systems. Based on the aid of iterative multi-user detection algorithm, the multiple-access interference (MAI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI) could be canceling efficiently. In short, the proposed scheme provides an efficient solution to high-rate multiuser communications over multipath fading channels.

In multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system which was used space frequency block coding (SFBC) method. It order to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio in several transmit antennas. We proposed two new architectures to simply the computational complexity on transmitter. According to the characteristics of SFBC structure which have M transmitter antennas. We can decomposed the interleaving subcarrier groups by used conversion vector to circular convolution with signal vector and shrink the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) points. Therefore it can do the SFBC coding operation in time domain. By using combination of different cyclic shifts and phase rotations in U subcarrier groups can generate the P candidate signals. And it wouldn¡¦t increase the number of IFFT. The proposed transmitter architectures can improve the major drawback of high computational complexity in traditional selected mapping (SLM). The traditional SLM generate the P candidate signals needs MP IFFT units. Then in the condition of lose a little PAPR reduction performance, we can save the most of computational complexity.

Η Ορθογώνια Πολυπλεξία Διαίρεσης Συχνότητας (OFDM) έχει προταθεί ως τεχνική διαμόρφωσης σε οπτικά δίκτυα, λόγω της καλής φασματικής απόδοσής της, της ευελιξίας και της ανοχής της σε βλάβες. Η διαμόρφωση OFDM επιτρέπει την ελαστική ανάθεση φάσματος, χρησιμοποιώντας μεταβλητό πλήθος υποφερουσών, καθώς και την επιλογή του κατάλληλου επιπέδου διαμόρφωσης με βάση την απόσταση της μετάδοσης. Το «Πρόβλημα Δρομολόγης και Ανάθεσης Φάσματος» (RSA) έχει αποδειχθεί ότι είναι ένα NP-πλήρες πρόβλημα, γεγονός που υποδηλώνει τη χρήση γραμμικού προγραμματισμού για τη λύση του. Στόχος της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η βελτίωση της απόδοσης του υπάρχοντος αλγορίθμου ακέραιου γραμμικού προγραμματισμού, με χρήση μεταευριστικών, έτσι ώστε στο ίδιο χρονικό διάστημα να υπολογίζεται αποδοτικότερη χρησιμοποίηση του συνολικού απαιτούμενου φάσματος, για το σύνολο των μεταδόσεων στο δίκτυο. / Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been proposed as a modulation technique for optical networks, because of its good spectral efficiency, flexibility, and tolerance to impairments. OFDM modulation allows elastic spectrum allocation, using a variable number of subcarriers and choosing an appropriate modulation level, taking into account the transmission distance. The “Routing and Spectrum Allocation” (RSA) problem has been proved to be a NP-complete problem, which suggests the usage of linear programming in order to be solved. This diploma thesis aims to improve the efficiency of the existing integer linear programming algorithm, by using metaheuristics, so that at the same time period a more efficient utilization of the required spectrum is computed, for all network transmissions.

The increasing demand for high data rate transmission over broadband radio channels has imposed significant challenges in wireless communications. Accurate channel estimation has a major impact on the whole system performance. Specifically, reliable estimate of the channel state information (CSI) is more challenging for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in doubly selective fading channels than for the slower fading channels over which OFDM has been deployed traditionally. With the help of a basis expansion model (BEM), a novel multivariate autoregressive (AR) process is developed to model the time evolution of the fast fading channel. Relying on pilot symbol aided modulation (PSAM), a novel Kalman smoothing algorithm based on a second-order dynamic model is exploited, where the mean square error (MSE) of the channel estimator is near to that of the optimal Wiener filter. To further improve the performance of channel estimation, a novel low-complexity iterative joint channel estimation and symbol detection procedure is developed for fast fading channels with a small number of pilots and low pilot power to achieve the bit error rate (BER) performance close to when the CSI is known perfectly. The new channel estimation symbol detection technique is robust to variations of the radio channel from the design values and applicable to multiple modulation and coding types. By use of the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart, we investigate the convergence behavior of the new algorithm and analyze the modulation, pilot density, and error correction code selection for good system performance for a given power level. The algorithms developed in this thesis improve the performance of the whole system requiring only low ratios of pilot to data for excellent performance in fast fading channels. / Graduate

In this thesis, various pilot symbol aided channel estimation and tracking methods are investigated and their performances are compared for an OFDM system with packet based communication on HF channel. For the HF channel, Watterson HF channel model is used. The compared methods are least squares (LS) channel estimation, linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) channel estimation, least mean squares (LMS) channel tracking, recursive least squares (RLS) channel tracking, constant position model based Kalman filter channel tracking, and constant velocity model based Kalman filter channel tracking. For LMS and RLS methods some adaptive approaches are also investigated.

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζεται η εκμετάλλευση της διαφορετικότητας πολλών χρηστών και της προσαρμοστικής διαμόρφωσης στα OFDMA συστήματα. Οι αλγόριθμοι που εκμεταλλεύονται αυτά τα κέρδη δεν προσδιορίζονται από το πρότυπο WiMAX, και έτσι όλοι οι κατασκευαστές WiMAX να είναι ελεύθεροι να αναπτύξουν τις δικές τους καινοτόμες διαδικασίες. Η ιδέα είναι η ανάπτυξη αλγορίθμων για την κατανομή των υποφορέων στους χρήστες, για τον προσδιορισμό των ποσοτήτων ισχύος σε αυτούς. Η μελέτη εστιάζεται στην κάτω ζεύξη (downlink) του συστήματος OFDMA, δηλαδή στη μετάδοση δεδομένων από το σταθμό βάσης της κυψέλης στους χρήστες – δέκτες. Οι διαθέσιμοι πόροι του συστήματος είναι οι ορθογώνιοι υποφορείς και η συνολική διαθέσιμη ισχύς στο σταθμό βάσης. Οι χρήστες κάνουν εκτίμηση και ανατροφοδότηση της πληροφορίας κατάστασης του καναλιού (CSI-channel state information) σε έναν κεντρικό σταθμό βάσης, όπου υποφορείς και κατανομή ισχύος προσδιορίζονται σύμφωνα με CSI των χρηστών και τη διαδικασία κατανομής των διαθέσιμων πόρων. Μόλις οι υποφορείς για κάθε χρήστη καθοριστούν, ο σταθμός βάσης πρέπει να ενημερώνει τον κάθε χρήστη για το ποιοι υποφορείς έχουν ανατεθεί στον καθένα. Συνήθως, η κατανομή των πόρων πρέπει να γίνεται σε χρονικά διαστήματα της τάξης του χρόνου συνοχής, αν και μπορεί να γίνει πιο συχνά, αν υπάρχουν πολλοί χρήστες που ανταγωνίζονται για τους πόρους που είναι διαθέσιμοι. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζονται διαφορετικά σενάρια κατανομής των πόρων που περιλαμβάνουν αλγορίθμους για την ανάθεση των υποφορέων και το διαμοιρασμό των κατάλληλων ποσοτήτων ισχύος στους υποφορείς. Ανάλογα με το στόχο και τις ανάγκες των χρηστών του συστήματος, καθώς και με το ποσό της διαθέσιμης πληροφορίας καναλιού στο σταθμό βάσης, χρησιμοποιούνται διαφορετικοί αλγόριθμοι. Η κατανομή των διαθέσιμων πόρων συνήθως διατυπώνεται ως πρόβλημα βελτιστοποίησης με περιορισμούς, είτε (1) ελαχιστοποίηση της συνολικής εκπεμπόμενης ισχύoς με περιορισμό στο ρυθμό μετάδοσης δεδομένων στο χρήστη είτε (2) μεγιστοποίηση του συνολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης δεδομένων με περιορισμό στην συνολική εκπεμπόμενη ισχύ. Ο αλγόριθμος με περιορισμό αναλογίας των ρυθμών μετάδοσης (Proportional Rate Constraints algorithm - PRC) έχει ως στόχο τη μεγιστοποίηση της συνολικής διεκπεραίωσης με τον περιορισμό ότι ο ρυθμός μετάδοσης δεδομένων σε κάθε χρήστη είναι ανάλογος με ένα σύνολο από προκαθορισμένες παραμέτρους του συστήματος. Ενώ ο στόχος του αλγόριθμου μέγιστου ολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης (MSR- maximum sum rate algorithm), είναι η μεγιστοποίηση του συνόλου των ρυθμών μετάδοσης όλων των χρηστών, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη έναν περιορισμό της συνολικής εκπεμπόμενης ισχύoς. / In this diploma thesis, multiuser diversity and adaptive modulation in OFDMA systems is considered. Algorithms that take advantage of these gains are not specified by the WiMAX standard, and all WiMAX developer are free to develop their own innovative procedures. The idea is to develop algorithms for determining which users to schedule, how to allocate subcarriers to them, and how to determine the appropriate power levels for each user on each subcarrier. The downlink of a single-cell system is considered in the downlink transmission. The available resources to be distributed among the users of the OFDMA system comprise the subcarriers over which the signals of the users are transmitted and the available power that is allocated among subcarriers. Users estimate and feedback the channel state information (CSI) to a centralized base station, where subcarrier and power allocation are determined according to users’ CSI and the resource-allocation procedure. Once the subcarriers for each user have been determined, the base station must inform each user which subcarriers have been allocated to it. Typically, the resource allocation must be performed on the order of the channel coherence time, although it may be performed more frequently if a lot of users are competing for resources. In this diploma thesis, different resource allocation strategies for the downlink of an OFDMA system are compared. Each algorithm has a different objective. The resource allocation is usually formulated as a constrained optimization problem, to either (1) minimize the total transmit power with a constraint on the user data rate or (2) maximize the total data rate with a constraint on total transmit power. The proportional rate constraints (PRC) algorithm is to maximize the sum throughput, with the additional constraint that each user’s data rate is proportional to a set of predetermined system parameters. While the objective of the maximum sum rate (MSR) algorithm, is to maximize the sum rate of all users, given a total transmit power constraint.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as a viable modulation technique for an ultrasonic acoustic underwater modem. The underwater environment provides a challenging setting for acoustic communications. Long delay spreads due to multipath propagation, severe Doppler frequency shifts, frequency dependent absorption and very limited bandwidth are but some of the challenges to overcome. OFDM essentially provides the parallel transmission of symbols in the frequency domain by simultaneously modulating many closely spaced orthogonal subcarriers. The resulting long parallel symbol rate together with the cyclic extension of symbols render the signal robust against intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath propagation. Intercarrier interference (ICI) between the overlapping frequency responses of subcarriers is mitigated by their property of orthogonality. Doppler spread contributes to the loss of orthogonality and can result in severe ICI. A method of measuring the Doppler shift by means of including a preamble and postamble symbol with each data frame is proposed. The detected frequency offset is corrected by resampling the frame at the desired sample rate. Not only do the ambles serve as a mechanism for timing and frequency synchronisation, but they are also applied in the channel estimation process. The equalisation of channel response is required for the coherent demodulation of the received symbols. An investigation into different phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations reveal optimal arrangements for minimal symbol errors. The optimised QAM constellations do not lend themselves to Gray-coding, so that an efficient interleaving scheme is needed to mitigate the non-uniform distribution of bit errors among symbol errors. Forward error correction is provided via a Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) block code. Variable code rates, together with the ability to switch between different constellations, enable the modem to perform so-called variable modulation in an attempt to maximise the throughput under specific channel conditions. The modulation/demodulation scheme is wholly defined in software as to provide flexibility and facilitate experimentation with different signal processing methods. The accompanying hardware platform allows for the transmission of a pre-generated signal and the recording of a received signal for off-line processing. The prototype design serves as a proof of concept and thus provides only simplex communication. Field tests over limited distances demonstrate the successful operation of the prototype modem. We conclude that OFDM is indeed a suitable modulation technique for acoustic underwater communication. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die toepassing van ortogonale frekwensiedeling multipleksering (OFDM) as modulasie tegniek op ʼn onderwater kommunikasie modem. Die onderwater omgewing bied vele uitdagings vir akoestiese kommunikasie. Lang vertraging-verstrooiings as gevolg van multipad voortplanting, Doppler frekwensieskuif, frekwensieafhanklike absorpsie, en beperkte bandwydte is van die uitdagings wat oorkom moet word. In essensie bied OFDM die parallelle versending van ʼn aantal simbole deur die gelyktydige modulasie van verskeie nou-gespasieerde subdraers in die frekwensiegebied. Die gevolglike lang parallelle simboolperiodes, tesame met die sikliese uitbreiding van simbole, verleen immuniteit teen intersimbool steurnisse (ISI) wat ontstaan as gevolg van multipad voortplanting. Die ortogonaliteit van naburige draers in die frekwensiegebied beperk interdraer steuring (ICI) tussen hul oorvleuelende frekwensie weergawes. Doppler frekwensieskuif kan egter lei tot die verlies aan ortogonaliteit en bydra tot ernstige interdraer steurings. ʼn Metode wat gebruik maak van aanhef en slot simbole, ingesluit by elke raam, word voorgestel om die Dopplerskuif te meet. Die bepaalde frekwensieafset word gekorrigeer deur die monstertempo van die raam aan te pas na die verlangde tempo. Buiten die tyd- en frekwensie-sinkronisasie funksies van die aanhef en slot simbole, speel dit ook ʼn belangrike rol in die ontrekking van die frekwensie weergawe van die kanaal. Die effening van die kanaal se frekwensieweergawe is noodsaaklik vir die koherente demodulasie van die ontvangde simbole. ʼn Ondersoek na verskillende fase verskuif sleuteling (PSK) en kwadratuur amplitude modulasie (QAM) konstellasies het optimale rangskikkings opgelewer vir minimale simboolfoute. Hierdie optimale QAM konstellasies verleen hulself egter nie na Gray-kodering nie. ʼn Effektiewe invlegtegniek is nodig om die nie-uniforme verspreiding van bisfoute tussen simboolfoute te beperk. Fout korrigering funksionaliteit word gebied deur ʼn Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) blokkode. Verstelbare koderingstempo’s en die vermoë om tussen verskillende konstellasies te skakel, stel die modem in staat om sogenaamde verstelbare modulasie te gebruik in ʼn poging om die data deurset te optimeer onder spesifieke kanaal kondisies. Die modulasie en demodulasie skema is volledig in sagteware gedefinieer. Dit verleen buigbaarheid en vergemaklik eksperimentering met verskeie seinverwerkingstegnieke. Die meegaande hardeware platvorm stel die modem in staat om vooraf opgewekte seine uit te saai en rou ontvangde siene op te neem vir na-tydse verwerking. Die prototipe ontwerp dien as ʼn konseptuele bewys en bied dus slegs simplekse kommunikasie. Die suksesvolle werking van die modem is gedemonstreer deur toetsing oor beperkte afstande. Hieruit word afgelei dat OFDM inderdaad geskik is vir akoestiese onderwater kommunikasie.

Over the past two decades the mobile wireless communication systems has been growing fast and continuously. Therefore, the standardization bodies together with wireless researchers and mobile operators around the globe have been constantly working on new technical specifications in order to meet the demand for this rapid growth. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) one of the largest of such standardization bodies, works on developing the current third generation (3G) mobile telecommunication systems towards the future 4th generation. Research towards meeting the higher demands for higher data rates was the main reason for the birth of an evolution technology towards the 4th generation mobile systems. This evolution to the current 3rd generation UMTS systems was given the name E-UTRA/UTRAN Long Term Evolution (LTE) by the 3GPP. This thesis research has been carried out at the Telecommunications Research Center (ftw.) in Vienna. It was conducted in the framework of the C10 project “Wireless Evolution Beyond 3G”. One of the fields of research within this project is to have a special focus on the OFDM modulation schemes that are discussed under the new evolution technology (LTE) of the UMTS mobile networks. Therefore, this thesis focuses mainly in analyzing the new requirements, and evaluating them by designing a low-complexity UMTS-LTE OFDM based transceiver. This thesis aims mainly in studying the feasibility of this technology by means of simulation. / Tel: +46-704469795 Email: osman@ftw.at,amos04@student.bth.se, ammarmao@gmail.com