This dissertation describes the effect that the construction of frequency tables has on basic statistics computed from those frequency tables. It is directly applicable only to normally distributed data summarized by Sturges' Rule. The purpose of this research was to identify factors tending to bias sample statistics when data are summarized, and thus to allow researchers to avoid such bias. The methodology employed was a large scale simulation where 1000 replications of samples of size n = 2 ᵏ⁻¹ for 2 to 12 were drawn from a normally distributed population with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. A FORTRAN IV source listing is included. The report concludes that researchers should avoid the use of statistics computed from frequency tables in cases where raw data are available. Where the use of such statistics is unavoidable, the researchers can eliminate their bias by the use of empirical correction factors provided in the paper. Further research is suggested to determine the effect of summarization of data drawn from various non-normal distributions.

Garwood M. Rodgers. / "October 20, 1953." "This report is based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Department of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1952." / Bibliography: p. 6. / Army Signal Corps Contract DA36-039 sc-100 Project 8-102B-0 Dept. of the Army Project 3-99-10-022

This thesis describes novel machine learning techniques specifically designed for use in real-time embedded systems. The techniques directly address three major requirements of such learning systems. Firstly, learning must be capable of being achieved incrementally, since many applications do not have a representative training set available at the outset. Secondly, to guarantee real-time performance, the techniques must be able to operate within a deterministic and limited time bound. Thirdly, the memory requirement must be limited and known a priori to ensure the limited memory available to hold data in embedded systems will not be exceeded. The work described here has three principal contributions. The frequency table is a data structure specifically designed to reduce the memory requirements of incremental learning in embedded systems. The frequency table facilitates a compact representation of received data that is sufficient for decision tree generation. The frequency table decision tree (FTDT) learning method provides classification performance similar to existing decision tree approaches, but extends these to incremental learning while substantially reducing memory usage for practical problems. The incremental decision path (IDP) method is able to efficiently induce, from the frequency table of observations, the path through a decision tree that is necessary for the classification of a single instance. The classification performance of IDP is equivalent to that of existing decision tree algorithms, but since IDP allows the maximum number of partial decision tree nodes to be determined prior to the generation of the path, both the memory requirement and the execution time are deterministic. In this work, the viability of the techniques is demonstrated through application to realtime mobile robot navigation.

It is vital that a culture of entrepreneurship is developed in order to unleash the economic potential of all people in South Africa. However, because of the South African woman’s inherited gender role and historical imbalances, women entrepreneurs are faced with unique challenges and barriers when attempting to establish and grow their own businesses. Thus, this study investigated the unique challenges and barriers faced by women when conducting entrepreneurial activities. The literature study provided background information on entrepreneurship in general as well as information on the importance of entrepreneurship to the economy and constraints of entrepreneurship. The woman entrepreneur was explored in terms of her characteristics, motivation to become an entrepreneur and the unique challenges she had to face. The empirical study consisted of a questionnaire developed by the North– West University, specifically the Potchefstroom Business School situated on the Potchefstroom Campus. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed and 87 were fully completed and collected, which resulted in a response rate of 72.5%. The data collected was statistically analysed using Statistica 10 (Statsoft, 2011). The data from questionnaires was coded and investigated and then transformed to useful outputs such as frequency tables. The frequency tables were used to draw conclusions and to make recommendations regarding the development of women entrepreneurs in South Africa. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

It is vital that a culture of entrepreneurship is developed in order to unleash the economic potential of all people in South Africa. However, because of the South African woman’s inherited gender role and historical imbalances, women entrepreneurs are faced with unique challenges and barriers when attempting to establish and grow their own businesses. Thus, this study investigated the unique challenges and barriers faced by women when conducting entrepreneurial activities. The literature study provided background information on entrepreneurship in general as well as information on the importance of entrepreneurship to the economy and constraints of entrepreneurship. The woman entrepreneur was explored in terms of her characteristics, motivation to become an entrepreneur and the unique challenges she had to face. The empirical study consisted of a questionnaire developed by the North– West University, specifically the Potchefstroom Business School situated on the Potchefstroom Campus. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed and 87 were fully completed and collected, which resulted in a response rate of 72.5%. The data collected was statistically analysed using Statistica 10 (Statsoft, 2011). The data from questionnaires was coded and investigated and then transformed to useful outputs such as frequency tables. The frequency tables were used to draw conclusions and to make recommendations regarding the development of women entrepreneurs in South Africa. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.