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Print culture was a fundamental site in which new ideas about England’s role in world affairs were debated in the latter half of the sixteenth century. Print changed the ways in which new discoveries, proposals, grievances, and questions were assessed, and not always to the desired effect. In the face of the sphinx-like power of the press, a wide array of strategies emerged to control it. But people at many levels of the publishing process could use the rhetoric of the text, and of the printed book, to rearrange the relationships between authors and readers, to upset the thrust of a particular line of argument, to alter the aesthetic, moral, or pragmatic judgment a reader might exercise, or in a more subtle way to change the terms of the issue at hand. In view of the diversity of these possibilities, this report follows figures known to the London print world, some authors, some printers, and examines how they acted, reacted, and worked through, issues that arose from being on the cusp of England’s relationship with a wider world. / text

This paper looks at the emerging conflict between natural philosophy and empirical science in the late sixteenth century by examining the events surrounding the supposed discovery of gold in northern North America by Martin Frobisher in 1577. The discovery of gold in a region thought incapable of producing the metal, and the subsequent assays of ore mined from that region served as a catalyst for conflict between different understandings of the natural world. Proponents of natural philosophy and empirical science each used their theoretical tools to prove or disprove the value of the ore, reflecting the larger discussions taking place about the nature of the natural world.

<p> The interaction of biological and physical processes has resulted in distinct morphological and biological zonation across the Subarctic macrotidal tidal flats at the head of Frobisher Bay. The tidal flats have been divided into six morphological zones which are closely related to the three biological communities found there. </p> <p> Faunal species of the Upper Flat inhabit the beach and fines flat morphological zones where ice action during breakup and freezeup has the greatest influence. Species inhabiting these zones are hardy, and freshwater tolerant. Many are highly motile and recolonize the area after ice breakup. </p> <p> The Middle Flat extends from 5.0 m ALLT to 2.2 m ALLT. It is inhabited by motile polychaetes at its upper end (bouldery flat >4.5 m ALLT). with more sedentary species appearing towards its lower end (very bouldery flat). Below 2.2 m ALLT, on the Lower graded flat, sedentary infauna such as Cyrtodaria kurriana, Mya truncata and sabellid polychaetes, dominate the substrate. </p> <p> The three major processes acting on the tidal flats are, in order of importance, tidal, ice and wave action. Exposure indices, generated from tidal data, reveal 2 critical tidal heights at around 4 m and 7.5 m ALLT, in Frobisher Bay. The boundary between motile and less motile fauna, and bouldery and very bouldery morphological zones, occurs around 4.0 m ALLT. Of the flora and fauna only Fucus evanescens is found beyond the 7.5 m ALLT limit. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Thèse (M.A.)--Université Laval, 1999. / Comprend des réf. bibliogr.