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This work is an experimental study of the effect of impinging distance on the heat transfer from a cylinder to turbulent isothermal and non-isothermal jets. The isothermal jet is discharged horizontally at the same temperature as the ambient air while the non-isothermal jet is discharged vertically upwards and vertically downwards at a temperature colder than the ambient air. Temperature measurements are made on a heated cylinder using an infrared (IR) camera at five equal impinging distances ranging from Z/d =4 to Z/d=20 and the distributions of the local Frossling numbers are determined. The overall decrease in the average Frossling numbers of the cylinder impinged by the isothermal jet and the cold jets was 25 % and 40% respectively. The peak values of average Frossling number for the isothermal and the cold jets occurred at Z/d=8 and Z/d=4 respectively. The Stagnation Frossling number and the normalized jet centerline velocity for the isothermal and the cold jets were found to be very close to each other at all impinging distances indicating that the effect of buoyancy is negligible in the range of jet temperatures and distances used in the experiment. / Master of Science

Overset, or Chimera, meshes are used to discretize the governing equations within a computational domain using multiple meshes that overlap in an arbitrary manner. The overset meshing technique is most applicable to problems dealing with multiple or moving bodies. Deep water simulations were carried out using both single and overset grid techniques for the evaluation of the overset grid application. These simulations were carried out using the commercial CFD code STAR-CCM+ by CD-adapco. The geometry simulated is that of a SES model (T-Craft) tested at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division. The craft is simulated with two degrees of freedom, allowing movement in heave and pitch in response to displacement of the free surface. Agreement between the single and overset grid techniques was deemed reasonable to extend to future shallow water cases. However, due to longer run times of the overset mesh, the traditional or single mesh technique should be employed whenever applicable. In order to extend existing full craft CFD simulations of a surface effect ship (SES) into shallow water and maneuvering cases, an overset mesh is needed. Simulations of the SES were performed and monitored at various depth Froude numbers resulting in subcritical, critical, and supercritical flow regimes. Resistance, pitch response, and free surface response of the SES were compared between the shallow water simulations. The SES produced wider wakes, perpendicular to the craft, at simulations closer to the critical flow regime. Critical flow occurs at a depth Froude number between 0.9 and 0.95. Progression of shallow water effects through the three flow regimes agrees well with shallow water theory. / Master of Science

During the teeming process of molten steel from a ladle, a bathtub-type vortex may be formed in the ladle. The vortex entrains undesired slag on the surface into the tundish, lowering the quality. The formation of such vortices has been studied using two different scale models. Since the kinematic viscosity of water is similar to that of molten steel, the molten steel was simulated by water in the experiments. The Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to measure water flow patterns. Results show that the initial tangential velocity of water is responsible for the vortex formation. The effects of Reynolds and Froude numbers on the vortex formation were investigated and Froude number was found to be the dominant pi-number. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling was also conducted to simulate the vortex formation with good agreement with the experiments.

Atualmente, está se tornando cada vez mais usual, na engenharia brasileira e internacional, aproveitamentos hidroelétricos com baixa queda e elevada vazão específica, resultando em um escoamento na entrada do dissipador de energia hidráulica com baixos números de Froude (Fr1). Os aproveitamentos da UHE Santo Antonio, da UHE Jirau e da AHE Belo Monte pertencem a essa classe e se encontram atualmente em fase de construção. Tendo em vista que, até recentemente, eram raros os casos de bacias de dissipação por ressalto hidráulico projetadas com baixo número de Froude, menor que 4,5, para esses casos, a literatura especializada não oferece estudos específicos sobre o comportamento da dissipação de energia nem das características da distribuição longitudinal de pressão. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a faixa em que o número de Froude, na entrada da bacia de dissipação, é inferior a 5. Além disso, também pretende complementar os gráficos disponíveis para auxiliar o dimensionamento de vertedouros de baixa queda, bem como verificar se as considerações já existentes para os casos em que o número de Froude é maior que 4,5 podem ou não ser adotadas para prever os valores de pressão junto ao fundo de bacias de dissipação. Como resultados finais desta pesquisa são apresentados os gráficos, nos quais foram inseridos os casos analisados para baixa queda e número de Froude anteriormente especificados. O estudo foi experimental, utilizando-se a técnica da modelação física. Foi utilizado o modelo de detalhe do vertedouro da UHE Santo Antonio na escala 1:50, obedecendo o critério de escala proposto por Froude. Os resultados deste trabalho se mostraram satisfatórios, tendo em vista que acrescentaram mais resultados experimentais a gráficos conhecidos e trouxeram novas tendências que possivelmente estão somente presentes em aproveitamentos de baixa queda e elevada vazão específica. / Currently, is becoming increasingly common in the Brazilian and international engineering hydroelectric developments with low head and high specific flow rate, resulting in a flow with low Froude number at the energy dissipator entrance. The hydroelectric power plants (HPP) of Santo Antonio, Jirau and Belo Monte belongs to this case and are currently under construction. Considering that until recently the cases of stilling basins designed for hydraulic jump with low Froude number (less than 4.5) have been rare, the specialized literature offer no specific studies on the energy dissipation behavior or on the characteristics of the longitudinal distribution pressure. This work aims to specifically explore the range in which the Froude number (Fr1) at the dissipation basin entrance is less than 5. Furthermore, it also intends to supplement the available graphs to assist the design of low-drop spillways and verify that the considerations made for Froude numbers greater than 4.5 can be adopted to predict pressure values on the bottom of the dissipation basin (stilling basin). The final results of this research are presented in graphs, in which were inserted the analyzed cases of low-head and low Froude number as specified above. The experimental study was made using the physical modeling technique. A 1:50 scale model of the spillway of HPP Santo Antonio was used according to the criterion proposed by Froude. The results were satisfactory, considering that they added more experimental results to the known graphs and brought new trends that are likely to be present at low head hydroelectric power plants and high specific flow.

Atualmente, está se tornando cada vez mais usual, na engenharia brasileira e internacional, aproveitamentos hidroelétricos com baixa queda e elevada vazão específica, resultando em um escoamento na entrada do dissipador de energia hidráulica com baixos números de Froude (Fr1). Os aproveitamentos da UHE Santo Antonio, da UHE Jirau e da AHE Belo Monte pertencem a essa classe e se encontram atualmente em fase de construção. Tendo em vista que, até recentemente, eram raros os casos de bacias de dissipação por ressalto hidráulico projetadas com baixo número de Froude, menor que 4,5, para esses casos, a literatura especializada não oferece estudos específicos sobre o comportamento da dissipação de energia nem das características da distribuição longitudinal de pressão. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a faixa em que o número de Froude, na entrada da bacia de dissipação, é inferior a 5. Além disso, também pretende complementar os gráficos disponíveis para auxiliar o dimensionamento de vertedouros de baixa queda, bem como verificar se as considerações já existentes para os casos em que o número de Froude é maior que 4,5 podem ou não ser adotadas para prever os valores de pressão junto ao fundo de bacias de dissipação. Como resultados finais desta pesquisa são apresentados os gráficos, nos quais foram inseridos os casos analisados para baixa queda e número de Froude anteriormente especificados. O estudo foi experimental, utilizando-se a técnica da modelação física. Foi utilizado o modelo de detalhe do vertedouro da UHE Santo Antonio na escala 1:50, obedecendo o critério de escala proposto por Froude. Os resultados deste trabalho se mostraram satisfatórios, tendo em vista que acrescentaram mais resultados experimentais a gráficos conhecidos e trouxeram novas tendências que possivelmente estão somente presentes em aproveitamentos de baixa queda e elevada vazão específica. / Currently, is becoming increasingly common in the Brazilian and international engineering hydroelectric developments with low head and high specific flow rate, resulting in a flow with low Froude number at the energy dissipator entrance. The hydroelectric power plants (HPP) of Santo Antonio, Jirau and Belo Monte belongs to this case and are currently under construction. Considering that until recently the cases of stilling basins designed for hydraulic jump with low Froude number (less than 4.5) have been rare, the specialized literature offer no specific studies on the energy dissipation behavior or on the characteristics of the longitudinal distribution pressure. This work aims to specifically explore the range in which the Froude number (Fr1) at the dissipation basin entrance is less than 5. Furthermore, it also intends to supplement the available graphs to assist the design of low-drop spillways and verify that the considerations made for Froude numbers greater than 4.5 can be adopted to predict pressure values on the bottom of the dissipation basin (stilling basin). The final results of this research are presented in graphs, in which were inserted the analyzed cases of low-head and low Froude number as specified above. The experimental study was made using the physical modeling technique. A 1:50 scale model of the spillway of HPP Santo Antonio was used according to the criterion proposed by Froude. The results were satisfactory, considering that they added more experimental results to the known graphs and brought new trends that are likely to be present at low head hydroelectric power plants and high specific flow.

Atualmente, está se tornando cada vez mais usual, na engenharia brasileira e internacional, aproveitamentos hidroelétricos com baixa queda e elevada vazão específica, resultando em um escoamento na entrada do dissipador de energia hidráulica com baixos números de Froude (Fr1). Os aproveitamentos da UHE Santo Antonio, da UHE Jirau e da AHE Belo Monte pertencem a essa classe e se encontram atualmente em fase de construção. Tendo em vista que, até recentemente, eram raros os casos de bacias de dissipação por ressalto hidráulico projetadas com baixo número de Froude, menor que 4,5, para esses casos, a literatura especializada não oferece estudos específicos sobre o comportamento da dissipação de energia nem das características da distribuição longitudinal de pressão. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a faixa em que o número de Froude, na entrada da bacia de dissipação, é inferior a 5. Além disso, também pretende complementar os gráficos disponíveis para auxiliar o dimensionamento de vertedouros de baixa queda, bem como verificar se as considerações já existentes para os casos em que o número de Froude é maior que 4,5 podem ou não ser adotadas para prever os valores de pressão junto ao fundo de bacias de dissipação. Como resultados finais desta pesquisa são apresentados os gráficos, nos quais foram inseridos os casos analisados para baixa queda e número de Froude anteriormente especificados. O estudo foi experimental, utilizando-se a técnica da modelação física. Foi utilizado o modelo de detalhe do vertedouro da UHE Santo Antonio na escala 1:50, obedecendo o critério de escala proposto por Froude. Os resultados deste trabalho se mostraram satisfatórios, tendo em vista que acrescentaram mais resultados experimentais a gráficos conhecidos e trouxeram novas tendências que possivelmente estão somente presentes em aproveitamentos de baixa queda e elevada vazão específica. / Currently, is becoming increasingly common in the Brazilian and international engineering hydroelectric developments with low head and high specific flow rate, resulting in a flow with low Froude number at the energy dissipator entrance. The hydroelectric power plants (HPP) of Santo Antonio, Jirau and Belo Monte belongs to this case and are currently under construction. Considering that until recently the cases of stilling basins designed for hydraulic jump with low Froude number (less than 4.5) have been rare, the specialized literature offer no specific studies on the energy dissipation behavior or on the characteristics of the longitudinal distribution pressure. This work aims to specifically explore the range in which the Froude number (Fr1) at the dissipation basin entrance is less than 5. Furthermore, it also intends to supplement the available graphs to assist the design of low-drop spillways and verify that the considerations made for Froude numbers greater than 4.5 can be adopted to predict pressure values on the bottom of the dissipation basin (stilling basin). The final results of this research are presented in graphs, in which were inserted the analyzed cases of low-head and low Froude number as specified above. The experimental study was made using the physical modeling technique. A 1:50 scale model of the spillway of HPP Santo Antonio was used according to the criterion proposed by Froude. The results were satisfactory, considering that they added more experimental results to the known graphs and brought new trends that are likely to be present at low head hydroelectric power plants and high specific flow.

Animais que nadam ou voam apresentam uma coordenação de movimentos similar que garante uma interação ótima de seus corpos com o escoamento gerando máxima eficiência propulsiva devido a interação dos vórtices liberados. O grupamento adimensional da mecânica dos fluidos que avalia esta coordenação é o número de Strouhal. Este estudo visa verificar se seres humanos seriam capazes de utilizar desta coordenação para nadar de forma mais rápida e eficiente. Para isso, foram analisadas as influencias antropométricas, de habilidade, desempenho, sexo e idade na possível utilização desta coordenação. Foram filmados 144 participantes de ambos os sexos, entre 12 e 53 anos e diferentes níveis de habilidade, enquanto nadavam crawl em máxima velocidade de forma livre, com limitação de velocidade e apenas com ação de pernas. Estes dados permitiram avaliar as condições do escoamento, o arrasto, o índice de coordenação, o número de Strouhal e a coordenação entre membros dos participantes. Embora as diferenças entre sexos e idades já reportadas na literatura a respeito do índice de coordenação e do arrasto tenham sido confirmadas, estas características parecem não afetar a coordenação entre membros e o número de Strouhal de forma a não influenciar o possível mecanismo propulsivo relacionado à interação dos vórtices. Nadadores mais habilidosos parecem tentar coordenar seus nados em um valor de Strouhal de aproximadamente 0,5, com um número fixo de pernadas dentro dos ciclos de braçadas e com movimentos de braços e pernas sincronizados. Esta coordenação constante parece privilegiar a ocorrência da finalização de uma pernada durante uma fase propulsiva crítica da braçada sustentando a possibilidade da interação das ações propulsivas. Quando submetidos a uma condição com limitação de velocidade os nadadores mais habilidosos buscaram alterar suas técnicas. Eles apresentaram maior amplitude de pernada, porém não foi possível determinar se isso ocorreu devido ao maior arrasto ou a uma tentativa de aumentar o número de Strouhal. O mesmo aumento da amplitude de pernada também foi observado para as condições com apenas propulsão de pernas, no entanto, para este caso, nadadores de todos os níveis identificaram a necessidade de alterar suas técnicas de pernadas. Estes resultados parecem sugerir que o aproveitamento da interação com vórtices não ocorreria em baixas velocidades e que apenas os nadadores mais habilidosos identificam a coordenação necessária para cada situação. Desta forma, o desempenho e experiência do nadador parecem constituir restritores para o aproveitamento da interação com vórtices. No entanto a partir de um determinado valor de número de Froude (velocidade normalizada pela raiz quadrada do produto entre estatura e a aceleração da gravidade), apenas a habilidade do nadador parece interferir nesta coordenação. O arrasto e as características antropométricas parecem não influenciar o número de Strouhal ou a coordenação entre membros / Flying and swimming animals presents a similar movement coordination that insure a optimal interaction between their bodies and the flow. This coordination generate high propulsive efficiency due to the interaction between shedding vortex. The dimensionless group used in fluid mechanics to evaluate this phenomenon is Strouhal number. This study aims to verify if the human beings are able to use this coordination to swim in a faster and more efficient way. For this purpose we analyzed the influence of anthropometric characteristics, ability, performance, sex and age in the possible use of the coordination mentioned above. 144 subjects of both sex, age between 12 and 53 years, and different ability levels were filmed while they swan front crawl in maximal velocity in three different conditions: free swimming, with velocity limitation and using legs action only. These data allowed evaluating the flow conditions, the drag force, the index of coordination, the Strouhal number and the coordination between limbs. Although differences between sex and age related to Index of coordination and drag reported previously have been confirmed, these characteristics seem not to affect the coordination between limbs and Strouhal number, in such a way, that the possible vortex interaction\'s propulsive mechanism would not be affected by sex and age. The most skilled swimmers seem to try to coordinate their movements to reach a Strouhal number about 0,5; with a fixed number of kick beats per stroke; and with a synchronized coordination between arms and legs. This coordination seems to lead to an occurrence of the ending of the kick beat in a critical propulsive phase of the stroke, which supports the possibility that there is an interaction between the propulsive actions of arms and legs. When the swimmers are exposed to a condition with velocity limitation, the most skilled of them tried to change their techniques. They raised their kick amplitude, however, it was not possible to determine if this raise happened due to the either higher drag force or to an attempt to raise the Strouhal number. The same kick amplitude raise was also observed on the legs propulsion condition, however, in this case, all swimmers were able to identify the need of change their techniques. These results suggest that the use of the interaction between vortex would not occur in low velocities, moreover, only the most skilled swimmers are able to identify the best coordination for each condition. In this way, the swimmer\'s performance and experience seem to be constraint for the use of the interaction between vortex. Nonetheless, since a Froude (V.(gl)-0.5) threshold was reached, only the swimmer\'s ability seems to affect this coordination. The drag and anthropometric characteristics seem not to affect Strouhal number or the limbs\' coordination

Laurentide Ice Sheet outburst floods to the Gulf of Mexico have been mainly documented based on deep-sea cores, especially the megafloods, only during the last several interglacial episodes in the late Pleistocene. The paleoclimatic significance of giant sedimentary structures developed under unconfined Froude-supercritical turbidity currents in subaqueous settings is considerably under-examined. This research extensively documents >20-km-wide and 200-m-thick Plio-Pleistocene giant sediment waves for the first time on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope using 3D seismic data, which show waveform morphology in unprecedented detail. The results suggest that such large-scale bedforms were formed under sheet-like unconfined Froudesupercritical turbidity currents as cyclic steps, based on numerical and morphological analyses. Paleohydraulic reconstruction (e.g., flow velocity, discharge, and unit flux), in association with other evidence like geologic age, stable isotope records, and temporal rarity, points out that the responsible Froude-supercritical turbidity currents were most likely triggered by deglacial catastrophic outburst floods during the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene. These flooding events constitute, by far, the oldest record of the glacial outburst floods during the Quaternary Ice Age. The results propose that such pervasive occurrence of large-scale sediment waves are a proxy for catastrophic megaflood events

Road and railways tunnels are constructed for decreasing the transportation time inside city or intercity. The fire safety systems are mounted for the safe use of tunnels. Therefore, it is important to accurately predict the fire-induced air velocity,temperature and smoke concentrations in tunnel fires in order to design efficient fire protection systems. To this end, scaled tunnel models are used and experiments are carried to understand the phenomena on these tunnel models. In addition, the studies for investigating the tunnel fire phenomena and their methods of modeling techniques for fire experiments are mentioned. In the literature, there is no sufficient information about vehicles&#039 / blockage effect on heat release rate and temperature distribution inside tunnel with different ventilation velocities. As a result, in order to research this subject, the scaled model tunnel is constructed in Fluid Mechanics Laboratory. Based on the Froude number scaling, wood sticks with different configuration inside the model tunnel are burned in a controlled environment. The heat release rate measurement, sampling of gases after combustion, mass loss rate of burning models and temperature distribution along the tunnels with different longitudinal ventilation velocities are measured to investigate the effect of different cross-sectional areas of the burning substances. Furthermore, the model vehicles having a square base area are built according to wood crib theory. The results are investigated with statistical techniques called &quot / Analysis of Variance&quot / and general results have been tried to be reached. It is determined that the variation of air velocity inside tunnel is not so effective, but model vehicle&#039 / s cross sectional area is directly proportional to heat release rate.