Noways the majority of all trading with financial assets are committed via electronictrading platforms (ETP). Nasdaq is a major ETP provider and powers over 100markets worldwide. Because operational disruptions and software bugs can causesignificant economic losses, software testing is a key part of Nasdaqs operations. Thefirst part of this project was to analyze how Nasdaq works with software testing of itsETP called Genium Inet Trading. Based on this analysis a system aimed at simplifyingand streamlining the process of automating functional tests was developed. Functionaltests are a vital part of Nasdaqs quality assurance efforts. The project resulted in a overall conceptual model and a ”proof of concept”implementation called Scenario Runner. The conceptual model describes howfunctional tests specifications can be represented in an abstract level that isindependent of which techniques that are used for implementation. Scenario Runnerwas developed as a plugin to Nasdaqs internal ETP testing software called NeXTWorkstation and uses MS Excel as input format for the functional test specifications.Scenario Runner reads and executes tests in the MS Excel document and presents theresults both in the NeXT Workstation GUI and as an output MS Excel file. Theproject was successful and Scenario Runner can be used to run simple functionaltests, but more importantly, to demonstrate how the conceptual model can be usedfor automating functional tests in practice.

Code clone Discovery Based on Functional Behavior by Ronald M Krawitz 2012 Legacy programs are used for many years and experience many cycles of use-maintenance-use-maintenance-use-etc. Source code or source code functionality is frequently replicated within these programs when it is written, as well as when it is maintained. Over time many different developers with greater or lesser understanding of the source code maintain the source code. Maintenance developers, when they have limited time or lack understanding of the program, frequently resort to short cuts that include cutting and pasting existing code and re-implementing functionality instead of refactoring. This means a specific functionality is often repeated several times, sometimes using different source code. Blocks of replicated source code or source code functionality are called code clones. Removing code clones improves extensibility, maintainability, and reusability of a program in addition to making the program more easily understood. It is generally accepted that four types of code clones exist. Type-1 and Type-2 code clones are comparatively straightforward to locate and tools exist to locate them. However, Type-3 and Type-4 code clones are very difficult to locate with only a few specialized tools capable of locating them with a lower level of precision. This dissertation presents a new methodology that discovered code clones by studying the functional behavior of blocks of code. Code Clone Discovery based on Functional Behavior (FCD) located code clone by comparing how the blocks of code reacted to various inputs. FCD stimulated the code blocks with the same input patterns and compared the resulting outputs. When a significant portion of the outputs matched, those blocks were declared to be a code clone candidate. Manual analysis confirmed that those blocks of code were code clones. Since FCD discovered code clones based on their black-box behavior, the actual source code syntax was irrelevant and manual inspection further confirmed FCD located code clones that included Type-3 and Type-4 code clones which are frequently excluded from code clone detection tools. FCD recognized the code clones regardless of whether or not they use identical code, similar code, or totally dissimilar code. This new technique allows for an improvement in software quality and has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of software over its lifetime.

Transistor scaling has kept up with Moore's law with a doubling of the number of transistors on a chip. More logic on a chip means more opportunities for manufacturing defects to slip in. This, in turn, has made processor testing after manufacturing a significant challenge. At-speed functional testing, being completely non-intrusive, has been seen as the ideal way of testing chips. However for processor testing, generating instruction level tests for covering all faults is a challenge given the issue of scalability. Data-path faults are relatively easier to control and observe compared to control-path faults. In this research we present a novel method to generate instruction level tests for hard to detect control-path faults in a processor. We initially map the gate level stuck-at fault to the Register Transfer Level (RTL) and build an equivalent faulty RTL model. The fault activation and propagation constraints are captured using Control and Data Flow Graphs of the RTL as a Liner Temporal Logic (LTL) property. This LTL property is then negated and given to a Bounded Model Checker based on a Bit-Vector Satisfiability Module Theories (SMT) solver. From the counter-example to the property we can extract a sequence of instructions that activates the gate level fault and propagates the fault effect to one of the observable points in the design. Other than the user supplying instruction constraints, this approach is completely automatic and does not require any manual intervention. Not all the design behaviors are required to generate a test for a fault. We use this insight to scale our previous methodology further. Underapproximations are design abstractions that only capture a subset of the original design behaviors. The use of RTL for test generation affords us two types of under-approximations: bit-width reduction and operator approximation. These are abstractions that perform reductions based on semantics of the RTL design. We also explore structural reductions of the RTL, called path based search, where we search through error propagation paths incrementally. This approach increases the size of the test generation problem step by step. In this way the SMT solver searches through the state space piecewise rather than doing the entire search at once. Experimental results show that our methods are robust and scalable for generating functional tests for hard to detect faults. / text

A majority of all fractures in current US armed conflicts are open fractures, in which a soft tissue injury is sustained along with the bone fracture. Even with gold standard treatment, in which muscle flaps are used to cover bony defects, patients often do not regain normal function of their extremity, highlighting the necessity for tissue engineering strategies for this complex clinical problem. Due to a substantial amount of tissue damage and debridement treatment in composite injuries, a large volume of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that are necessary for tissue healing are removed from the body. In the replacement of large volumes of tissue, nutrient transfer necessitates a vascular supply to maintain the viability of delivered cells. The objective of this project was to examine the regenerative potential of engineered matrix constructs and stem cells on composite bone & muscle defects. We hypothesized that stem cells delivered on engineered matrix constructs into the muscle defect will aid in muscle regeneration and promote bone healing, ultimately resulting in superior functional limb recovery. These studies established multiple preclinical platforms for testing tissue engineering strategies as well as models that can be used to gain insights on the healing of VML and composite VML/bone defects. From some of the insights gained on the vascularization of the defect sites, a vascular treatment strategy was tested within these platforms and shown to have varying results in the treatment of complex multi-tissue injuries.

Author: Bc. Alice Pernicová Title: Motor and cognitive consequences of hypoxic-ischemic damage Objectives: The aim of this diploma work was asses the impact of Enriched Environment on development of rats after hypoxic-ischemic damage. Methods: Experiment was performed in 30 Long Evans rats from breeding in Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. All rats were operated for dissection of carotid. Than randomly were half of rats chosen for hypoxic-ischemic damage. Group with hypoxic-ischemic damage were divided into control and experimental group, same procedure was with rats without HIE. For one week were rats from experimental group in special Enriched Environment cage, than they were split into smaller cages with Enriched Environment. Rats from control groups were in normal cages without special equipment. After defined time were all rats tested by chosen test: Reaching test, Ladder rung walking test, Bar holding test, Rotarod test, Morris water maze test, Open filed test. For data analysis were used Microsoft Excel 365, Sigma plot. Results: Results of test showed, that Enriched Environment can positively enhance motoric and cognitive deficit in rat development with hypoxic-ischemic damage. But it is obvious, that Enriched Environment can positively enhance development...

A potência dos membros inferiores e superiores e a agilidade parecem ser parâmetros de avaliação física e técnica associadas com o desempenho no polo aquático (PAq). O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar como são as relações entre parâmetros que podem influenciar o desempenho no polo aquático, em jogadores de diferentes categorias (idade, experiência e nível de desempenho). Participaram 63 jogadores de PAq, do sexo masculino, que realizaram três testes: altura do salto vertical na água (absoluta – AAbs e relativa à estatuta - ARel), velocidade da bola após o arremesso (Vel) e agilidade (Agil). Resultados: 137,5 ± 1,7 cm para AAbs, 76 ± 1 % para ARel, 64,1 ± 0,66 km.h-1 para Vel e 3,83 ± 0,05 s para Agil. Considerando as comparações e correlações, nenhum padrão de resultado foi encontrado entre as diferentes categorias, no entanto tratando-se de resultados esportivos, poucos centímetros ou décimos de segundos, mesmo sem diferença estatística, são determinantes para vencer uma partida. Desta forma, pode ser observado que a AAbs e ARel foram maiores em atletas mais experientes e com maior faixa etária; a Vel também é maior em atletas mais experientes, no entanto pode sofrer influência negativa a partir de determinada faixa etária; a agilidade parece sofrer maior influência dos anos de experiência. Avaliando os resultados conclui-se que a altura do salto vertical pode estar mais relacionada com o aprendizado da técnica, já a velocidade com a potência como variável física e a agilidade ser fruto da adaptação à atividade. / The lower and upper limbs’ power and agility seem to be physical and technical parameters associated with performance on the water polo (PAq). The aim of this study was to investigate how these parameters are associated in PAq players of different categories (experience, age and performance level). Ball speed after the shot (Vel), agility (Agil) and vertical jump height in water (absolute – AAbs - and relative to the stature - ARel) were assessed. Sixty-three male PAq players underwent three tests. Results: 137.5 ± 1.7 cm for AABS, 76 ± 1% for ARel, 64.1 ± 0.66 km h-1 for Vel, and 3.83 ± 0.05 s for Agil. Considering the tested comparisons and correlations, no pattern of results was found among the different categories, however in the case of sports scores, few centimeters or deciseconds, even without statistical differences, are crucial to winning a match. Thus, it can be seen that the AAbs and Arel were higher in athletes more experienced and older age; the Vel is also higher in more experienced athletes, however it may suffer negative influence from a certain age group; and agility is more strongly influenced the years of experience. Evaluating the results, it is concluded that height of vertical jump can be most related to learning technique, however the speed with power as physical variable and agility be the result of adaptation to activity.

Skatteverket (The Swedish Tax Agency) offers more than 20 web ser- vices to individuals and even more to corporations. Skatteverket has a vital function in society and it’s important that their web site never goes down. A user may logon to one service with electronic legitimation and later change to another service. The purpose of this thesis is to learn how to monitor a web service from outside, to test a webpage and its functionality and how to a logon automatically with electronic legitima- tion. Monitoring of webpages is offered by many services and tools. WebDriver is an API and engine to navigate a web browser and sup- ports many of the biggest program languages. With support from this tool it is possible to test a webpage and its functionality. It is supported by most web browsers on the market. Examples of tools to automatical- ly test logon with electronic identification are Java Robot and Sikuli. The project resulted in several tools for logon and tests of elements in webpages. / Skatteverket erbjuder fler än 20 webbtjänster för privatpersoner och ännu fler för företag. För en organisation som har en sådan viktig funktion som Skatteverket så är det av största vikt att deras webbplats aldrig går ner eller att vissa delar slutar fungera. En användare loggar in på en tjänst med e-legitimation för att sedan byta till en annan tjänst. Syftet med den här rapporten är att ta reda på hur övervakning av en webbtjänst kan ske utifrån, testa funktionalitet automatiskt på en webbplats och automatisk inloggning med e-legitimation. För övervak- ning av en webbtjänst utifrån så finns många olika tjänster och verktyg. WebDriver är ett applikationsgränssnitt och en motor för att styra en webbläsare med flera olika programspråk. Med hjälp av detta verktyg går det att testa en webbsida och dess funktioner. Stöd finns för de flesta webbläsare på marknaden. Exempel på verktyg för att automatiskt testa inloggning är Java Robot och Sikuli. Arbetet resulterade i flera verktyg för såväl inloggning med e-legitimation som tester för att hitta element på webbsidor.

Computer systems which interact with human users to collect, update or provide information are growing more complex. Additionally, users are demanding more thorough testing of all computer systems. Because of the complexity and thoroughness required, automation of interactive systems testing is desirable, especially for functional testing. Many currently available testing tools, like program proving, are impractical for testing large systems. The solution presented here is the development of an automated test system which simulates human users. This system incorporates a high-level programming language, ATLIS. ATLIS programs are compiled and interpretively executed. Programs are selected for execution by operator command, and failures are reported to the operator's console. An audit trail of all activity is provided. This solution provides improved efficiency and effectiveness over conventional testing methods.

<p>The rapid progress made in integrating enormous numbers of transistors on a single chip is making it possible for hardware designers to implement more complex hardware architectures in their designs. Nowadays digital telecommunication systems are implementing several forms of SOC (System-On-Chip) structures. These SOCs usually contain a microprocessor, several DSP cores (Digital-Signal-Processors), other hardware blocks, on-chip memories and peripherals.</p><p>As new IC process technologies are deployed, with decreasing geometrical dimensions, the probabilities of hardware faults to occur during operation are increasing. Testing SOCs is becoming a very complex issue due to the increasing complexity of the design and the increasing need of a test mechanism that is able to achieve acceptable fault coverage in a short test application time with low power consumption without the use of external logic testers.</p><p>As a part of the overall test strategy for a SOC, functional self-testing of a DSP core is considered in this project to be applied in the field. This test is used to verify whether fault indications in systems are caused by permanent hardware faults in the DSP. If so, the DSP where the fault is located needs to be taken out of operation, and the board it sits on will be later replaced. If not, the operational state can be restored, and the system will become fully functional again.</p><p>The main purpose of this project is to develop a functional self-test of a DSP core, and to evaluate the characteristics of the test. This project also involves proposing a scheme on how to apply a functional test on a DSP core in an embedded environment, and how to retrieve results from the test. The test program shall run at system speed.</p><p>To develop and measure the quality of the test program, two different coverage metrics were used. The first is the code coverage metric achieved by simulating the test program on the RTL representation of the DSP. The second metric used was the fault coverage achieved. The fault coverage of the test was calculated using a commercial Fault Simulator working on a gate-level representation of the DSP. The results achieved in this report show that this proposed approach can achieve acceptable levels of fault coverage in short execution time without the need for external testers which makes it possible to perform the self-test in the field. This approach has the unique property of not requiring any hardware modifications in the DSP design, and the ability of testing several DSPs in parallel.</p>

[pt] O teste funcional de software é um desafio enfrentado há muito tempo por desenvolvedores. A complexidade crescente de sistemas computacionais torna esse desafio ainda maior. Uma tendência apontada como possível solução deste problema é o uso de teste baseado em modelos. Inspirada neste paradigma, esta dissertação retrata uma pesquisa sobre o uso de gramáticas como modelos de teste funcional. Modelos gramaticais podem capturar conceitos e comportamentos de um sistema e de seu ambiente usando um nível de abstração de acordo com o objetivo de teste. Eles também podem ser aplicados para descrever casos de teste funcional e guiar a execução de casos de teste gerados num sistema em teste. O resultado desta execução, representado na forma de um veredicto, revela a conformidade do sistema com seus requisitos e especificações. Para explorar o potencial dos modelos gramaticais, este trabalho definiu uma maneira sistemática de gerar e executar massas de teste. Esta solução permitiu a programação de diferentes estratégias de teste. Ela também facilitou a adaptação dos testes a mudanças de requisitos e promoveu o reuso dos testes existentes. Como efeito colateral deste estudo, um processo de teste funcional foi desenvolvido e a arquitetura de apoio aqui introduzida pode ser reutilizada ou estendida por futuras soluções de teste funcional. / [en] Software functional test is a challenge faced by developers for a long time. The growing complexity of computing systems turns this challenge even greater. Model-based testing is a trend pointed out by the academia and the industry as a possible solution to this matter. Inspired by this paradigm, this dissertation depicts a research made on the use of grammars as functional test models. Grammar models can capture concepts and behaviors of a system and its environment at a level of abstraction according to the test goal. They also can be applied to describe functional test cases and guide the execution of the generated test cases against a system under test. The result of this execution, represented as a verdict, reveals the system conformity with its requirements and specifications. In order to explore grammar models potential, this work defined a systematic way to generate and execute a mass of tests. This solution allowed the implementation of different test strategies. It also assisted test adjustment to requirements change and promoted existing tests reuse. As a side-effect of this study, a functional test process was developed and the supporting architecture introduced here may be reused or extended by future functional test solutions.