Autism is subset of the special education population that seems to be growing at an alarming rate. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2000), one of the three main deficits found in someone diagnosed with autism is a "qualitative impairment in communication". However, language skills are very difficult for autistic children to learn and are often associated with disruptive behaviors. Research has shown a strong correlation between problem behaviors and difficulties with communication. This study uses techniques (i.e. functional analysis and functional assessment) to determine the function of these problem behaviors and their communicative intent. This study also demonstrates that an experimental approach such as a functional analysis can be done in a public school setting by public school personnel. Once the function is determined, treatments incorporating Functional Communication Training (FCT) can be applied to reduce these problem behaviors while increasing communication. Research has shown that FCT that replaces each function of a problem behavior will reduce problem behaviors in autistic children. Therefore, functional analysis results allow for the reduction of problem behaviors while identifying optimal situations/settings to teach language. Three male autistic students, attending a public school, were involved in the study. All subjects exhibited one or more problem behaviors that interfered with their everyday functioning at school. Initially, functional assessment data were collected via a descriptive analysis using Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence (A-B-C) data. The A-B-C data were taken throughout each subject's school day in various environments. The data for each subject were graphed and analyzed by a school psychologist. Based on the results, the school psychologist developed a hypothesis for each subject regarding the function of his problem behavior. Subjects were exposed to various functional analysis conditions using a single subject multielement manipulation design based on the A-B-C data. These functional analysis sessions were conducted in each student's current public school placement. Functional analysis conditions were implemented until stable levels of problem behaviors were obtained or a clear pattern provided evidence as to the function of the problem behavior. Data from all sessions were graphed in a multiple baseline across subjects and visually assessed. Based on the data from the functional analysis, the function of the student's problem behavior was hypothesized. The experimenter, who was also a school psychologist, designed and implemented a function based treatment package to successfully reduce each student's problem behaviors. The treatment for each subject was individually designed based on that subject's functional analysis. Each treatment also incorporated a FCT component. As a result, problem behaviors were successfully reduced for each subject using functional assessment methodology by a school psychologist in a public school setting. / School Psychology

[ES] El hombro es una articulación compleja en la que interaccionan múltiples estructuras, lo que permite la realización de movimientos de gran amplitud. Debido a esta característica, puede ser fácilmente alterada si alguno de los componentes falla. Las patologías del hombro son variadas, así como diversa es la sintomatología y el nivel de alteración funcional. El grado de afectación funcional puede ser valorado ya sea mediante escalas clínicas, o con pruebas biomecánicas basadas en el análisis cinemático, que añaden objetividad a los resultados. No obstante, los modelos cinemáticos disponibles en la actualidad no ofrecen una representación realista del movimiento articular, lo que supone una importante limitación a la hora de desarrollar sistemas de valoración funcional. El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue describir el movimiento del hombro mediante técnicas cinemáticas avanzadas que incluyeran el uso de variables funcionales asociadas a la posición, velocidad y aceleración, así como la descripción de la trayectoria del eje instantáneo de rotación, con la finalidad de desarrollar un nuevo enfoque en las técnicas de valoración funcional del hombro. La muestra de estudio estuvo compuesta por 41 sujetos sanos y 15 sujetos con patología de hombro. Se analizaron los movimientos de abducción en el plano frontal y escapular, sin peso y con una maza de 1kg. Se utilizó la escala EVA (Escala Visual Analógica), para determinar el nivel de dolor percibido y la escala DASH (Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand), para definir el grado funcional. Se realizó un análisis de variables numéricas, variables funcionales, reproducibilidad y armonía del movimiento y descripción de la trayectoria del eje instantáneo de rotación (EIR). Como resultado, se ha demostrado la alta fiabilidad del procedimiento. Las diferencias encontradas entre los sujetos sanos y patológicos, solo eran evidentes a nivel de grupos, además la dispersión de la muestra era considerable. Los valores de reproducibilidad y armonía fueron similares para los dos grupos. En promedio, los sujetos patológicos tenían menor ángulo, velocidad y aceleración, pérdida que se producía de forma continua a lo largo del ciclo, como se observa en el análisis de las funciones del movimiento. Se encontró que la escala DASH guardaba una relación con las variables cinemáticas funcionales, si bien, era moderada. Por otra parte, al aumentar el nivel de afectación, se observaba una clara disminución de la velocidad angular, y un cambio en el patrón de movimiento. Con respecto al efecto de la carga, no se encontraron diferencias claras en la población de estudio. Finalmente, la trayectoria del EIR describía una ruta de inicio por debajo del acromion, seguido de un desplazamiento vertical y medio-lateral, con un patrón que aunque era similar entre los grupos, se veía afectado de forma diferente por el dolor o el nivel de afectación funcional en la muestra de patológicos. En conclusión, los resultados indican que las variables funcionales son más sensibles a los cambios que las variables numéricas clásicas basadas en rangos o valores máximos. Por otra parte, las diferencias encontradas entre los sujetos patológicos y los sanos, solo son claras a nivel de conjunto, pero no separan de forma nítida a los individuos de cada grupo, pudiendo ser solo evidentes en caso de afectaciones muy severas, pero no con niveles moderados o bajos. El estudio del EIR es novedoso y proporciona información acerca de la coordinación del movimiento, aspecto de especial relevancia dada la composición del complejo articular del hombro. Finalmente, de los resultados se extrae el interés del uso de medidas repetidas usando el sujeto como factor y utilizando las escalas de valoración funcional, ya que el uso solo de datos biomecánicos no parece ser suficiente. / [CA] El muscle és una articulació complexa en la qual interaccionen múltiples estructures, la qual cosa permet la realització de moviments de gran amplitud. A causa d'aquesta característica, pot ser facilment alterada si algun dels components falla. Les patologies del muscle són variades, així com diversa és la simptomatologia i el nivell d'alteració funcional. El grau d'afectació funcional pot ser valorat ja siga mitjanvant escales clíniques, o amb proves biomecaniques basades en l'analisi cinematica, que afigen objectivitat als resultats. No obstant aixo, els models cinematics disponibles en l'actualitat no ofereixen una representació realista del moviment articular, la qual cosa suposa una important limitació a l'hora de desenvolupar sistemes de valoració funcional. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi va ser descriure el moviment del muscle mitjanvant tecniques cinematiques avanvades que inclogueren l'ús de variables funcionals associades a la posició, velocitat i acceleració, així com la descripció de la trajectoria de l'eix instantani de rotació, amb la finalitat de desenvolupar un nou enfocament en les tecniques de valoració funcional del muscle. La mostra d'estudi va estar composta per 41 subjectes sans i 15 subjectes amb patología de muscle. Es van analitzar els moviments d'abducció en el pla frontal i en el pla escapular, amb pes d'1 quilogram i sense pes. Es va utilitzar l'escala EVA (escala visual analogica), per a determinar el nivell de dolor percebut i l'escala DASH (Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand), per a definir el grau funcional. Es va realitzar una analisi de variables numeriques, variables funcionals, reproducibilitat i harmonia del moviment i descripció de la trajectoria de l'eix instantani de rotació. Com a resultat, s'ha demostrat l'alta fiabilitat del procediment. Les diferencies oposades entre els subjectes sans i patologics, només eren evidents a nivell de grups, a més la dispersió de la mostra era considerable. Els valors de reproducibilitat i harmonia van ser similars per als dos grups. En mitjana, els subjectes patologics tenien menor angle, velocitat i acceleració, perdua que es produia de forma contínua al llarg del cicle, com s'observa en l'analisi de les funcions del moviment. Es va trobar que l'escala DASH guardava una relació con les variables cinematiques funcionals, si bé, era moderada. D'altra banda, en augmentar el nivell d'afectació, s'observava una clara disminució de la velocitat angular, i un canvi en el patró de moviment. Respecte a l'efecte de la carrega, no es van trobar diferencies clares en la població d'estudi. Finalment, la trajectoria del EIR descrivia una ruta d'inici per davall de l'acromi, seguit d'un desplavament vertical i mig-lateral, amb un patró que encara que era similar entre els grups, es veia afectat de forma diferent pel dolor o el nivell d'afectació funcional en la mostra de patologics. En conclusió, els resultats indiquen que les variables funcionals són més sensibles als canvis que les variables numeriques classiques basades en rangs o valors maxims. D'altra banda, les diferencies oposades entre els subjectes patologics i els sans, només són clares a nivell de conjunt, pero no separen de forma nítida als individus de cada grup, podent ser només evidents en cas d'afectacions molt severes, pero no amb nivells moderats o baixos. L'estudi del EIR és nou i proporciona informació sobre la coordinació del moviment, aspecte d'especial rellevancia donada la composició del complex articular del muscle. Finalment, dels resultats s'extrau l'interés de l'ús de mesures repetides usant el subjecte com a factor i utilitzant les escales de valoració funcional, ja que l'ús sol de dades biomecanics no sembla ser suficient. / [EN] The shoulder complex is a structure of joints with the largest range of motion. Consequently, it is susceptible to injury. Shoulder pathologies involve different levels of functional impairment that can be assessed either by clinical scales or by objective methods such as kinematic analysis. However, currently available kinematic models do not offer a realistic representation of joint movement, which is an important limitation when developing functional assessment systems. The main goal of current dissertation is to describe the movement of the shoulder, using advanced kinematic techniques that include the use of position, velocity and acceleration variables, as well as the use of the instantaneous helical axis, in order to develop new techniques of functional assessment. This study included 41 healthy subjects and 15 subjects with shoulder pathology. Subjects performed humeral elevation in 2 planes (frontal and scapular) and 2 conditions (loaded and unloaded). The VAS (visual analog scale) was used to determine the level of perceived pain and the DASH scale (Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) to define the functional impairment. An analysis of numerical variables, functional variables, reproducibility and harmony of the movement and description of the trajectory of the instantaneous helical axis (IHA) was carried out. As a result, the high reliability of the procedure has been demostrated. Significative differences were found between healthy and pathological subjects. However, it was only evident about groups, in addition the dispersion was considerable. Reproducibility and harmony values were similar for both. The functional analysis showed that the pathological group had lower angle, velocity and acceleration throughout the entire cycle. It was found that the DASH scale had a moderate relation with the functional kinematic variables. On the other hand, when increasing the level of affectation, an obvious decrease of the angular velocity, and a change in the movement pattern was observed. Regarding the effect of loading, no clear differences were found in the study population. Finally, the IHA described a vertical and mid-lateral displacement, with an initial point below the acromion. The pattern was similar in both groups, however it was affected by the level of pain and functional impairment. In conclusion, these findings suggest that functional variables are more sensitive to changes than classical numerical variables. On the other hand, differences between healthy and pathological subjects are only evident at group level. It seems that it is only evident in highly affected patients, not in those with a mild or intermediate impairment. Moreover, the study of the IHA is novel and provides relevant information about the shoulder joint coordination. Finally, we concluded that the use of repeated measurements using the subject as a factor along with the use of scales of functional assessment provides a better description of the movement since the exclusive use of biomechanical data, does not seem to be sufficient. / Cáceres Cáceres, ML. (2019). Aplicación de la cinemática articular a la valoración funcional del hombro [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/133994

Shore zones of large rivers are hot spots of biodiversity and contribute significantly to riverine ecosystem functioning. Today, shore degradation and other structural impair-ments like river straightening and channelization are strong impact factors on river ecosystem health. However, we still lack a thorough understanding of how structural shore zone degradation affects benthic community composition and their inherent ecosystem functions. In this thesis I tested the influence of training structure induced environmental factors on benthic macroinvertebrate community composition and the share of non-native species. Moreover, I assessed the community-associated ecosystem functions in terms of secondary production and resource utilization. In the main channel, communities were composed of only a few specialized taxa with low abundances, which contributed little to riverine secondary production. This is probably due to the harsh conditions produced by constantly high flow velocities and relocation of the fine sandy sediment. Main channel habitats were hardly affected by the adjacent training structure. Hence, species compositions and productivities were similar at all investigated main channel sites. By contrast, each of the shore communities was diverse, highly abundant and productive in comparison to the main channel. However, variations between shore structure communities and their ecosystem functions were prominent. One particular training structure, i.e. the off-bankline revetment, bore the most diverse and by far most productive benthic community, which utilized vast total amounts of basal resources (1,323 g DM m-² y-1). Varying sediment compositions, availability of macrophytes and diverse flow velocities, including lentic conditions, were revealed as key factors for increasing biodiversity, secondary production and resource utilization. Allochthonous boulder habitats were generally highly prone to non-native species invasion. Neozoa proved less productive than many native community members and consumed minor relative and total amounts of the prevailing resource pelagic algae. The present quantitative comparison of shore type specific effects on biodiversity, biomass and productivity provides managers with a tool to improve the ecological attributes of large river ecosystems with an unchangeable, impaired macrostructure. In its entirety, this thesis constitutes a sound basis to increase the mechanistic understanding of the way in which shore zone manipulation can affect riverine benthic communities and their associated ecosystem functions. / Die Uferbereiche großer Flüsse sind für die Biodiversität und Funktion dieser Ökosys-teme von enormer Bedeutung. Uferdegradierung und Kanalisierung gehören zu wichti-gen Faktoren, die Flussökosysteme nachhaltig beeinträchtigen. Wie sich anthropogene Umstrukturierungen der Uferbereiche auf die Zusammensetzung benthischer Ge-meinschaften und deren Ökosystemfunktion auswirken ist jedoch weitestgehend unbe-kannt. In dieser Arbeit werden die Effekte von uferspezifischen Habitatfaktoren auf die Komposition des Makrozoobenthos und den Anteil an Neozoen getestet. Zudem wurden die gemeinschaftsassoziierten Ökosystemfunktionen in Bezug auf Sekundärproduktion und Ressourcennutzung erfasst und bewertet. Die benthische Gemeinschaft des Hauptstroms bestand lediglich aus wenigen spezialisierten Arten, welche nur geringfügig zur Gesamtsekundärproduktion des Flusses beitrugen. Dies war vermutlich auf die rauen Bedingungen im Hauptstrom (insbesondere hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten und damit verbundener Sedimenttransport) zurückzuführen. Die Makrozoobenthosgemeinschaften des Hauptroms wurden von den jeweils angrenzenden Ufertypen nicht beeinflusst. Im Gegensatz zum Hauptstrom zeigte jeder der untersuchten Ufertypen hohe Dichten an benthischen Invertebraten wobei sich Zusammensetzung und Funktion der Artengemeinschaften zwischen den Ufertypen stark unterschieden. Dabei brachte das Parallelwerk die diverseste und produktivste Makroinvertebratenfauna hervor, welche enorme Mengen basaler Ressourcen ingestierte (1,323 g DM m-2y-1). Hauptfaktoren für eine Erhöhung von Biodiversität, Sekundärproduktion und Ressourcennutzung waren neben variablen Sedimentzusammensetzungen und Makrophytenbeständen sich oft ändernde Fließgeschwindigkeiten mit lentischen Phasen. Allochthone Steinhabitate waren generell anfällig für die Invasion nicht heimischer Arten. Diese Neozoen waren weniger produktiv als viele heimische Taxa und nutzten nur geringe Mengen pelagischer Algen, welche die meist verfügbare Ressource darstellten. Aus dem ökologischen Vergleich der verschiedenen Ufertypen lassen sich Managementempfehlungen zur Verbesserung des ökologischen Zustandes in Bezug auf Biodiversität und Ökosystemfunktionen ableiten, welche für große Flüsse mit degradierter und unveränderbarer Makrostruktur in Betracht gezogen werden können. In ihrer Gesamtheit liefert diese Arbeit ein fundiertes mechanistisches Verständnis über die Effekte von Ufermanipulationen auf benthische Gemeinschaften und deren assoziierte Ökosystemfunktionen in großen Flüssen.

Title: Functional consequences of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia in rat Objectives: The aim of this diploma thesis is to design a set of behavioral tests which provide an effective assessment of motor and cognitive-behavioural deficits in adults rats after experimental hypoxic-ischemic insult during the perinatal period (P7). Supposed benefit is to establish a model of motor and cognitive-behavioural abilities of individuals after this procedure. Methods: The present thesis has a theoretical-empirical character. The practical part describes how the experiment was performed. 32 long Evans Rats were randomly devided into two groups: experimental group (HIE) and control group (Ctrl). The method to produce hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the 7 day-old rats consisted of right common carotid ligation followed by systemic hypoxia by the inhalation of 8% oxygen and 92% nitrogen. The adult animals (55-75 days old) were tested by the following list of behavioral tests: Bar holding test, Rotarod test, Ladder rung walking test, Reaching test, Open field test and Morris water maze test. Sigma Plot and Microsoft Excel 2010 were the programs used for statistical analysis. Results: Results of Open field test, Ladder rung walking test and Morris water maze test confirmed that hypoxic-ischemic insult affects the...

O gerenciamento de uma malha rodoviária engloba avaliações constantes das condições estruturais e, principalmente, funcionais. Assim sendo, uma forma de coleta automatizada, realizada em velocidades de tráfego, em que a influência humana possa ser desconsiderada, está em desenvolvimento na engenharia rodoviária brasileira, assim como é visto internacionalmente. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a contribuição para o processo de avaliação funcional de pavimentos através do estudo sobre a aplicabilidade do processo de inventário funcional de pavimentos rígidos com o emprego do equipamento Pavement Scanner. Para tanto, após a revisão bibliográfica sobre a sistemática de inventário de pavimentos rígidos e também sobre o equipamento Pavement Scanner, seções testes foram definidas e avaliadas de acordo com o método tradicional de levantamento da superfície do pavimento (ICP - DNIT 062/PRO, DNIT 060/PRO), o método volumétrico tradicional de mancha de areia para avaliação de macrotextura (ASTM E 965/96), através de imageamento com análise de imagens obtidas no trecho e sob a utilização do equipamento Pavement Scanner. Com os resultados foi realizada uma análise estatística destas técnicas utilizadas, demonstrando a viabilidade de utilização do equipamento e do procedimento de análise adotado. / The management of a road network encompasses constant assessments of structural conditions and, above all, functional conditions. Thus, a form of automated survey, carried out at traffic speeds, in which human influence can be unconsidered, is under development in Brazilian road engineering, as it is seen internationally. This present work aims to contribute to the process of functional assessment of pavements through the study of applicability of the functional inventory process of rigid pavements with the use of Pavement Scanner equipment. In order to do so, after the literature review of rigid pavement inventory and Pavement Scanner equipment, test sections were defined and evaluated according to the traditional method of surface survey (ICP - DNIT 062 / PRO, DNIT 060 / PRO), the traditional sand patch volumetric method for the evaluation of macrotexture (ASTM E 965/96), through imaging analysis from the test sections and under the use of Pavement Scanner equipment. With the results, a statistical analysis of these techniques were performed, demonstrating the feasibility of using the equipment and the analysis procedure adopted.

One in three American older adults fall every year, making falls the leading cause of nonfatal injury treated in the emergency department (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013). Fall-related injuries cost the United States healthcare system nearly $30 billion a year and result in 27,000 deaths per year (Burns, Stevens, & Lee, 2016). The risk of falls increases with age, occurring more often in women than man. Age-related muscle weakness and functional decline contribute to fall risk. Age-related changes in neuroendocrine hormone production and shifts in circadian rhythms promote sleep disorders, affecting nearly two-thirds of older adults. Poor sleep quality over time leads to drowsiness and impaired attention span and judgment. The purpose of this secondary analysis of a previously collected data set was to describe the relationships among frailty, subjective sleep quality, and falls in community-dwelling older adults. This secondary analysis also sought to determine the extent to which frailty and subjective sleep quality predict risk of future falls among community-dwelling older adults. Correlational analyses were performed to determine the nature and significance of the relationship between sleep quality and falls, frailty and falls, and sleep quality and frailty. A multiple regression analysis was performed to determine if sleep quality and frailty combined could predict falls. Frailty was found to account for a small variance in fall risk. However, sleep quality was not significantly related to falls nor was sleep quality predictive of falls. Risk for falls should be assessed at every clinical encounter and efforts to promote restful sleep should be addressed at least annually to reduce the risks of falls, functional decline, and sleep disorders among older adults in the community. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:18:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberta Maia Marcon.pdf: 786825 bytes, checksum: 17ff39c24c5b9b198943e9b875f41af5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-17 / This study intention was to experimentally investigate the control by antecedent events, such as control to respond to discriminative stimulus or by motivating operation, and also by consequent events on the verbal response from three people: two males and a female, diagnosed with schizophrenia, aged 26 and 53 years. It was applied functional assessment strategies through direct and indirect observation, as well as by functional analyses or function analyses methodology. The latter implicates in the environmental events manipulation, especially in four conditions: attention, control, escape demand and alone. These conditions were manipulated in the presence of motivating operation, identified based on context variables, and operation in the presence of positive and negative reinforcement (attention conditions and escape demand). Functional analyses data indicated that bizarre vocalizations were issued with high frequency conditions attention and escape demand; showing the control to respond to establishing or reinforcement operation. For the control condition it was possible to decrease the effect from changing the reinforced stimuli effectiveness from the establishing operation. However, bizarre vocalizations were not emitted as the reinforcement stimulus were offered regardless it occurred or not, as reinforcement operation was not used. When alone, the bizarre vocalizations were abolished, evidencing the control to respond to the presence of abolishing operation and without reinforcement operation. Based on this study information, the conclusion is that the control exercised by antecedent events explains the control exercised from consequent events. This is because in different antecedent conditions, the probability of bizarre vocalization changes, justifying the necessity to analyze with same relevance the control from antecedent and consequent events as response to experimental manipulation as in this context. The functional analysis was complementary to the functional assessment from direct observation, which data were not enough to elucidate controlled events to bizarre vocalization. In addition, it was complementary to the functional assessment by direct observation that, although with enough data to indicate manipulations, these are from an experimental strategy. For this reason it was justified the use of functional analysis methodology from empiric studies about the control from the antecedents from behavior, including bizarre vocalizations from people with schizophrenia. / O presente estudo objetivou investigar experimentalmente o controle exercido pelos eventos antecedentes seja o controle do responder pelo estímulo discriminativo ou pela operação motivadora , e também pelos eventos consequentes sobre as respostas verbais de três pessoas: duas do sexo masculino e uma do sexo feminino, com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia e idades entre 26 e 53 anos. Com essa finalidade, empregou-se estratégias de avaliação funcional por observação indireta e por observação direta e a análise funcional ou metodologia de análise funcional. Esta última envolveu a manipulação de eventos ambientais em quatro condições principais: atenção, controle, fuga de demanda e sozinho. Essas condições foram manipuladas na presença de operação motivadora, identificada com base em variáveis de contexto, e na presença de operação de reforçamento positivo e negativo (condições atenção e fuga de demanda). Os dados da análise funcional apontaram que as vocalizações bizarras foram emitidas com alta frequência nas condições atenção e fuga de demanda, sendo evidenciado o controle do responder pela operação estabelecedora e pela operação de reforçamento. Na condição controle foi possível deduzir o efeito de alterar a eficácia do estímulo reforçador pela operação estabelecedora. Contudo, as vocalizações bizarras não foram emitidas haja vista que o estímulo reforçador foi disponibilizado independentemente da ocorrência das mesmas, por estar ausente uma operação de reforçamento. Na condição sozinho as vocalizações bizarras foram suprimidas, sendo evidenciado o controle sobre o responder quando na presença de operação abolidora e ausência de operação de reforçamento. Com base nos dados deste estudo conclui-se que o controle do responder exercido pelos eventos antecedentes melhor elucida o controle exercido pelos eventos consequentes. Isso porque na presença de diferentes condições antecedentes as vocalizações bizarras alteraram sua probabilidade de ocorrência na operação de reforçamento, o que justifica a importância de se analisar, com igual relevância, o controle pelos eventos antecedentes e consequentes sobre o responder em manipulações experimentais no contexto aplicado. Cumpre ressaltar que a análise funcional mostrou-se complementar à avaliação funcional por observação indireta, cujos dados não se mostraram suficientes para elucidar eventos controladores das vocalizações bizarras. Também mostrou-se complementar à avaliação funcional por observação direta que, embora forneça dados suficientes para delinear manipulações, estas se dão por meio de uma estratégia com a estrutura de um experimento. Isso justifica o uso da metodologia de análise funcional em estudos empíricos acerca do controle exercido pelos antecedentes sobre o comportamento, incluindo vocalizações bizarras de pessoas com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LOHANNA NOLETO BUENO.pdf: 675950 bytes, checksum: eef661d4fe786305a2109f56731cedc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-01 / This study aimed at functionally assess reports that indicating negative emotional states of two people diagnosed, by psychiatric medicine, as major depressive episode. Participated in this study a male person, 25 years old and one female, aged 23, who used antidepressant medications. The research was conducted in experimental therapeutic context. To evaluate the antecedents and the consequences of the reports of negative emotional states of the participants, we applied three methods such as (a) indirect functional evaluation, (b) functional evaluation through direct observation and (c) experimental functional evaluation, with using the experimental design of reversion with the first participant and reversion-replication, within follow-up for the second participant. This design was used to control the procedures during interventions in order to reduce reports of negative emocional states, to express in front of people for the first participant and to increase the frequency of desired behaviors for social interaction with second participant s husband. Another class of target behavior was to look away, however none specific consequence was scheduled, since the goal was to assess if the intervention s efficacy was extended to other classes. The results showed that reports of negative emotional states was reduced in its frequency, under differential reinforcement alternative effect (DRA). They also demonstrated the increasing frequency of expressing in front of people, as well as the desired behaviors for social interaction with the husband. The results also showed that the behavior of look away reduced frequency even if not have been applied an specific consequence for that behavior class. Consequently, they also demonstrated the importance of the procedures applied, such as functional assessment interviews and direct observation of target behaviors. The results indicated that depressive behaviors are a function of social environment and absense of appropriate repertoire for dealing with aversive events, when of the impossibility of liberation of other reinforcing agents. Therefore, besides having advanced the researche, the results corroborate with the literature of the area and its implications. / Este estudo objetivou avaliar funcionalmente relatos indicativos de estados emocionais negativos de duas pessoas diagnosticadas, pela medicina psiquiátrica, com episódio depressivo maior. Participou deste estudo uma pessoa do sexo masculino, de 25 anos e uma pessoa do sexo feminino, de 23 anos, que faziam uso de medicamentos antidepressivos. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em contexto terapêutico experimental. Para avaliar os antecedentes e consequentes de relatos de estados emocionais negativos dos participantes, foram empregados procedimentos de (a) avaliação funcional indireta, (b) avaliação funcional por meio de observação direta e (c) avaliação funcional experimental com o uso do delineamento de reversão para o primeiro participante e reversão-replicação, seguido por follow-up para o segundo participante. Esse delineamento foi utilizado para o controle dos procedimentos durante as intervenções para a redução de relatos de estados emocionais negativos, expressar diante das pessoas para o primeiro participante e para aumentar a frequência de comportamentos desejados para a interação social com o esposo do segundo participante. Outra classe de comportamento-alvo foi o desviar os olhos, porém nenhuma consequência específica foi programada, uma vez que o objetivo era avaliar se a eficácia da intervenção se estenderia para outras classes. Os resultados demonstraram que os relatos de estados emocionais negativos reduziram de frequência sob o efeito do reforçamento diferencial alternativo (DRA). Demonstraram, também, que o comportamento de expressar diante das pessoas aumentou de frequência, assim como os comportamentos desejados para a interação com o esposo. Os resultados apontaram, também, que o comportamento de desviar o olhar reduziu de frequência mesmo não tendo sido aplicada uma consequência específica para essa classe. Apontaram, ainda, para a relevância dos procedimentos adotados, como as entrevistas de avaliação funcional, bem como da observação direta dos comportamentos-alvo. Os resultados indicaram serem os comportamentos depressivos função do ambiente social e da falta de repertórios apropriados para lidar com eventos aversivos, quando da impossibilidade da liberação de outros agentes reforçadores. Por conseguinte, além de ter avançado nas pesquisas, os resultados corroboraram com a literatura da área e suas implicações.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ellen Portilho de Souza.pdf: 1371955 bytes, checksum: 3ec9f0f9cb974638e8fca9566dbc2586 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-10 / This study aimed to functionally analyze and assess a series of treatments for the reduction of self-injurious behavior on a person with development disability. The assignment was carried out in a special education institute in central Goiás, and the subject was a 26-years-old female. Two experimental designs, multiple elements and alternate treatments, were applied. In order to assess the antecedents and consequents of self-injuring behavior, a functional assessment process was used, which included (1) indirect assessment through interview, (2) direct observation, and (3) functional analysis, through the design of multiple conditions using the following: attention, demand, control, and alone. The attention condition was subdivided into three sub conditions: shared attention, attention-reprimand, and noncontingent attention. The demand condition was subdivided into two kinds of academic demand: shape fitting and reading activities. The alone condition was subdivided into: alone with activity and alone without activities. The use of an intervention program through the design of ABCAD alternate treatments was chosen to intervene in self injurious behavior. The results suggest selfinjurious behavior has the role of self-stimulation, i.e., automatic reinforcement. The demand condition as an establishing operation for the emission of these behaviors and negative reinforcement was also discussed. Conditions of 30-seconds fixed-time (B) and differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors (D) resulted in reduction on the frequency of these behaviors. Density reduction of the noncontingent design as the responsible for the increase of self-injurious behavior frequency on condition (C) was also discussed. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar uma série de tratamentos para diminuição do comportamento autolesivo de uma pessoa com desenvolvimento atípico após avaliação funcional. O trabalho foi realizado em uma instituição de ensino especial do interior de Goiás e teve como participante uma pessoa adulta, sexo feminino e 26 anos. Foram empregados dois delineamentos experimentais: o de múltiplos elementos e o de tratamentos alternados. Para avaliar os antecedentes e consequentes do comportamento autolesivo, foi usado processo de avaliação funcional que incluiu (1) avaliação indireta por meio de entrevista, (2) observação direta e, (3) análise funcional, por meio do delineamento de múltiplas condições utilizando as condições: atenção, demanda, e controle e sozinha. A condição de atenção foi subdivida em três subcondições: atenção-dividida, atenção-reprimenda e atenção não contingente. A condição demanda foi subdivida em: demanda encaixe e demanda leitura. A condição sozinha foi subdivida em: sozinha c atividade e sozinha sem atividades. Para intervir no comportamento autolesivo, optou-se pelo uso de um programa de intervenção por meio do delineamento de tratamentos alternados do tipo ABCAD. Os resultados sugerem que o comportamento autolesivo tem função de autoestimulação, ou seja, reforçamento automático. Também foi discutida a condição de demanda como operação estabelecedora para emissão desses comportamentos e reforçamento negativo. As condições de tempo-fixo 30 segundos (B) e reforçamento diferencial de comportamentos alternativos (D) ocasionaram redução na frequência desses comportamentos. Discute-se ainda a diminuição da densidade do esquema não-contingente como sendo responsável pelo aumento da frequência do comportamento autolesivo na condição (C).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brunah Pasa Rockenbach.pdf: 1026581 bytes, checksum: ecbac5fd285aab3ebd942d247151b701 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-11 / The present study analyzed functionally inappropriate verbal responses of a person who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia in a psychiatric service (CAPS) located in Cuiabá, MT. The participant, male, single, 25 years old. To investigate the antecedent and consequent events from inappropriate verbal responses, was used the functional assessment process being interviewed staff CAPS and family; also direct observations of their behavior. This information supported the functional analysis with the conditions: (1) attention, (2) demand, (3) alone and (4) control. The condition (1) attention was divided into: (1.1) attention-team, (1.2) attention-comment, (1.3) attention-doubt and (1.4) attention-reprimand. The condition (2) demand was subdivided into (2.1) and activitydemand (2.2) demand group. The results showed that under the conditions of attention and demand was highest occurrences of inappropriate verbal than in other conditions: alone and control. It is inferred from these findings that inappropriate verbal responses were maintained by the sources of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. To intervene, was used the design of type AB1B2A followed by follow-up, was applied to the differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) procedure, allowing a reduction of inappropriate words and increasing appropriate. Such studies enable the development of more effective interventions aimed at increasing desired from people who have psychiatric diagnosis of schizophrenia behaviors. / O presente estudo analisou funcionalmente as respostas verbais inapropriadas de uma pessoa que possuía o diagnóstico de esquizofrenia em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) localizado em Cuiabá, MT. O participante, sexo masculino, solteiro e idade de 25 anos. Para investigar os eventos antecedentes e consequentes das respostas verbais inapropriadas empregou-se o processo de avaliação funcional sendo entrevistadas a equipe do CAPS e familiares do participante e também observações diretas de seus comportamentos. Essas informações subsidiaram a análise funcional com as condições: (1) atenção, (2) demanda, (3) sozinho e (4) controle. A condição de (1) atenção foi subdividida em: (1.1) atenção-equipe, (1.2) atenção-comentário, (1.3) atenção-dúvida e (1.4) atenção-reprimenda. A condição de (2) demanda foi subdividida em: (2.1) demanda atividade e (2.2) demanda grupo. Os resultados apontaram que nas condições de atenção e demanda houve maiores ocorrências de falas inapropriadas do que nas demais condições: sozinho e controle. Infere-se a partir desses achados que as respostas verbais inapropriadas foram mantidas pelas fontes de reforçamento positivo e reforçamento negativo. Para intervir utilizou-se o delineamento do tipo AB1B2A seguido por follow-up, em que foi aplicado procedimento de reforçamento diferencial de comportamento alternativo (DRA), que possibilitou a redução de falas inapropriadas e aumento das apropriadas. Estudos como esse possibilitam o desenvolvimento de intervenções mais eficazes, visando o aumento de comportamentos desejados de pessoas que possuem o diagnóstico psiquiátrico de esquizofrenia.