nÃo hà / Colombia y Estados Unidos han mantenido una relaciÃn bilateral estrecha y amigable por casi dos siglos. Este fenÃmeno contrasta con el bajo nivel de inglÃs mostrado por la poblaciÃn Colombiana de manera general, y, particularmente, por los estudiantes del sector pÃblico. Esta debilidad ha sido evidenciada por resultados obtenidos en exÃmenes de proficiencia en ingles realizados a nivel nacional e internacional. Por este motivo, desde la dÃcada de los 80Âs el Ministerio de EducaciÃn Nacional de Colombia (MEN) ha desarrollado una serie de medidas con el fin de mejorar esta situaciÃn, en el aÃo 2004, se institucionalizà el: âPrograma de BilingÃismo,â con una polÃtica que se estructurà basada en el Marco ComÃn Europeo (MCER) y se oficializà el 12 de julio del 2013, cuando recibià el completo respaldo del Gobierno Nacional a travÃs de la Ley del BilingÃismo. Finalmente, en 2016, a travÃs de un convenio entre el (MEN) y el British Council fue diseÃado, y divulgado en dominio pÃblico el material -English Please! Fast Track, para la enseÃanza de inglÃs en la educaciÃn secundaria del paÃs. Sin embargo, algunas caracterÃsticas de este material no han sido analizadas aÃn, una de ellas es el uso que se le da a la traducciÃn como complemento en su propÃsito educativo. En atenciÃn a lo cual y para ser mÃs especÃfico los ejercicios de traducciÃn presentes en el material, fueron clasificados con base en los tipos de traducciÃn descritas por RomÃn Jakobson (1973), para ser analizados bajo la luz del funcionalismo de Christiane Nord (2012, 2010, 2009), Reiss y Vermeer (1996). El funcionalismo permitià obtener una visiÃn poco explorada en esta Ãrea de enseÃanza, principalmente, por el cuidado que la teorÃa alemana da al anÃlisis de los elementos inter/extratextuales circundantes al texto a ser traducido, este anÃlisis permite una interacciÃn y entendimiento no solo en el Ãmbito idiomÃtico, sino tambiÃn del cultural. El segundo aspecto es de alta relevancia, ya que es fundamental cuando se tiene como propÃsito enseÃar un idioma extranjero con una base comunicativa. Con esta base, se evidencià que los ejercicios de traducciÃn analizados carecÃan de informaciÃn suficiente con respecto lugar, gÃnero, tiempo, funciones del texto base y de las culturas envueltas en el proceso, para generar un acto comunicativo. En contraste, la teorÃa funcionalista presenta una guÃa detallada del proceso pretraslativo que ayudarà a los profesores de inglÃs a diseÃar y a evaluar materiales de traducciÃn funcional con un propÃsito comunicativo claro y estructurado para los alumnos. Lo cual es visible en las propuestas de traducciÃn planteadas en este trabajo.

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)