Tsang Yiu-Yuen. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-218). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgments --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vi / List of figures --- p.xi / List of tables --- p.xvi / Abbreviations --- p.xviii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Organic pollutant and environment --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Distributions and treatment standards of two target PAHs --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Pentachlorophenol --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Distribution and treatment standard of PCP --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Distribution and treatment standard of DDT --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- Indigo carmine --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6 --- Cleanup technologies towards organopollutants --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Treatment methods for organopollutants --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Enzyme technology on environmental cleanup --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Oxidoreductase --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Enzyme preparation --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6.5 --- Spent mushroom compost --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.5.1 --- Laccase --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6.5.2 --- Catalytic cycle of laccase --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6.5.3 --- Lignin peroxidase --- p.25 / Chapter 1.6.5.4 --- Catalytic cycle of LiP --- p.26 / Chapter 1.6.5.5. --- Manganese peroxidase --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.5.6 --- Catalytic cycle of MnP --- p.28 / Chapter 1.6.6 --- Limitations on enzyme technology --- p.29 / Chapter 1.6.7 --- Enhancement of laccase activity and/or catalytic lifetime --- p.30 / Chapter 1.6.8 --- Enhancement of MnP activity and/or catalytic lifetime --- p.32 / Chapter 1.6.9 --- Other general approaches to maintain enzyme activity --- p.34 / Chapter 1.7 --- Aims of my study --- p.35 / Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Production of spent mushroom compost (SMC) --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2 --- Effect of age and batches of SMCs on enzyme qualities --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3 --- Maximization of enzymes extracted from SMC --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Effect of extraction solution type --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Effect of extraction volume --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Effect of extraction time --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Effect of rotation speed --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4 --- Enzyme and protein quality --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Protein assay --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Laccase assay --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Manganese peroxidase assay --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Lignin peroxidase assay --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- p-glucanase assay --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Carboxymethylcellulase assay --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Xylanase assay --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- Lipase assay --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.9 --- Protease assay --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5 --- Freeze-drying on crude enzyme preparation --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Effect of freeze-drying --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6 --- Partial purification on crude enzyme preparation --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- PAGE analyses on Pleurotus SMC's laccase and MnP --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Effect of dialysis --- p.45 / Chapter 2.7 --- Characterization of crude enzyme powder --- p.46 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Metal analysis --- p.46 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Anion contents --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- H202 content --- p.47 / Chapter 2.8 --- Stability of crude enzyme at storage --- p.48 / Chapter 2.9 --- Optimization of crude enzyme activities --- p.48 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- Ligninolytic enzyme --- p.48 / Chapter 2.9.1.1 --- Crude enzyme amount --- p.48 / Chapter 2.9.1.2 --- pH effect --- p.49 / Chapter 2.9.1.3 --- Temperature effect --- p.49 / Chapter 2.9.1.4 --- EDTA addition --- p.49 / Chapter 2.9.1.5 --- Copper ion addition --- p.49 / Chapter 2.9.1.6 --- Manganese ion addition --- p.50 / Chapter 2.9.1.7 --- Hydrogen peroxide addition --- p.50 / Chapter 2.9.1.8 --- Malonic acid addition --- p.50 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- "Other enzymes (beta-glucanase, carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase)" --- p.51 / Chapter 2.9.2.1 --- Temperature effect --- p.51 / Chapter 2.9.2.2 --- pH effect --- p.51 / Chapter 2.10 --- Studies on the degradation ability of crude enzyme towards organopollutants --- p.51 / Chapter 2.10.1 --- Removal of PAH (naphthalene and phenanthrene) --- p.52 / Chapter 2.10.1.1 --- Experimental setup --- p.52 / Chapter 2.10.1.2 --- Effect of PAH concentration --- p.53 / Chapter 2.10.1.3 --- Effect of ABTS addition --- p.54 / Chapter 2.10.1.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.54 / Chapter 2.10.1.5 --- Putative identification and quantification of PAHs --- p.54 / Chapter 2.10.2 --- Removal of pentachlorophenol --- p.56 / Chapter 2.10.2.1 --- Experimental setup --- p.56 / Chapter 2.10.2.2 --- Effect of PCP concentration --- p.57 / Chapter 2.10.2.3 --- Effect ofABTS addition --- p.57 / Chapter 2.10.2.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.57 / Chapter 2.10.2.5 --- Putative identification and quantification of PCP --- p.57 / Chapter 2.10.3 --- "Removal of 4,4´ة-DDT" --- p.58 / Chapter 2.10.3.1 --- Experimental setup --- p.58 / Chapter 2.10.3.2 --- Effect of DDT concentration --- p.59 / Chapter 2.10.3.3 --- Effect ofABTS addition --- p.59 / Chapter 2.10.3.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.59 / Chapter 2.10.3.5 --- Putative identification and quantification of DDT --- p.60 / Chapter 2.10.4 --- Removal of dye ´ؤ Indigo carmine --- p.61 / Chapter 2.10.4.1 --- Experimental setup --- p.61 / Chapter 2.10.4.2 --- Effect of dye concentration --- p.62 / Chapter 2.10.4.3 --- Effect of ABTS addition --- p.62 / Chapter 2.10.4.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.62 / Chapter 2.11 --- Assessment criteria --- p.62 / Chapter 2.11.1 --- Degradation ability --- p.62 / Chapter 2.11.2 --- Toxicity of treated samples (Microtox® test) --- p.63 / Chapter 2.12 --- Statistical analysis --- p.64 / Chapter 3. --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- The best SMC for enzyme preparation --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2 --- Maximization of enzymes extracted from SMC --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Effect of extraction solution type and volume on crude enzyme recovery --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Effect of extraction time on crude enzyme recovery --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Effect of rotation speed on crude enzyme recovery --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of dialysis on crude enzyme preparation --- p.82 / Chapter 3.4 --- Freeze-drying on crude enzyme preparation --- p.82 / Chapter 3.5 --- Characterization of crude enzyme powder --- p.86 / Chapter 3.6 --- Optimization of crude enzyme activities --- p.87 / Chapter 3.7 --- Storage stability of crude enzyme in powder form and liquid form --- p.115 / Chapter 3.8 --- Studies on degradation ability of crude enzyme towards organopollutants --- p.135 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- Degradation of naphthalene (NAP) by crude enzyme solution --- p.135 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- Degradation of phenanthrene (PHE) by crude enzyme solution. --- p.141 / Chapter 3.8.3 --- Degradation of pentachlorphenol (PCP) by crude enzyme solution --- p.147 / Chapter 3.8.4 --- "Degradation of 4,4´ة-DDT by crude enzyme solution" --- p.152 / Chapter 3.8.5 --- Degradation of Indigo carmine by crude enzyme solution --- p.158 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- The best SMC for enzyme preparation --- p.163 / Chapter 4.2 --- Maximization of ligninolytic enzymes extracted from SMC --- p.168 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of extraction solution type and volume on crude enzyme recovery --- p.168 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of extraction time on crude enzyme recovery --- p.169 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effect of rotation speed on crude enzyme recovery --- p.169 / Chapter 4.3 --- Effect of dialysis on crude enzyme extract --- p.171 / Chapter 4.4 --- Freeze-drying on crude enzyme extract --- p.171 / Chapter 4.5 --- Characterization of crude enzyme powder --- p.172 / Chapter 4.6 --- Optimization of crude enzyme activities --- p.173 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Effect of crude enzyme amount --- p.173 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Effect of incubation pH --- p.174 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.176 / Chapter 4.6.4 --- Effect of EDTA addition --- p.177 / Chapter 4.6.5 --- Effect of copper and manganese ion addition --- p.177 / Chapter 4.6.6 --- Effect of hydrogen peroxide addition --- p.179 / Chapter 4.6.7 --- Effect of malonic acid on maintaining enzyme activities --- p.180 / Chapter 4.6.8 --- Activities and stabilities of ligninolytic enzymes under the combined optimal conditions --- p.181 / Chapter 4.7 --- Storage stability of crude enzyme in powder form and liquid form --- p.182 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- "β-glucanase, carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) and xylanase activities" --- p.182 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Protein content --- p.182 / Chapter 4.7.3 --- Laccase activity --- p.183 / Chapter 4.7.4 --- MnP activity --- p.183 / Chapter 4.8 --- Studies on the degradation ability of crude enzyme towards organopollutants --- p.185 / Chapter 4.8.1 --- Degradation of naphthalene (NAP) by crude enzyme solution --- p.185 / Chapter 4.8.2 --- Degradation of phenanthrene (PHE) by crude enzyme solution. --- p.187 / Chapter 4.8.3 --- Degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by crude enzyme solution --- p.189 / Chapter 4.8.4 --- "Degradation of 4,4-DDT by crude enzyme solution" --- p.190 / Chapter 4.8.5 --- Degradation of Indigo carmine by crude enzyme solution --- p.191 / Chapter 4.9 --- Prospect for SMC as a source of organopollutant-degrading enzyme --- p.193 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusions --- p.195 / Chapter 6. --- Further Investigation --- p.197 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.198

Thesis (M.S.)--Youngstown State University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-40). Also available via the World Wide Web in PDF format.

Thesis (M.E.S.)--Evergreen State College, 2009. / "April 2, 2009." Title from title screen (viewed 4/8/2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-67).

by Wang Pui. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-128). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / List of Figures --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / Abbreviations --- p.ix / Chapter 1. --- Introduction Pg no / Chapter 1.1 --- Ligninolytic enzyme systems --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Three main ligninolytic enzymes --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Lignin peroxidases (LiP) --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Gene structure and Amino acid sequence structure --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Regulation of expression --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3. --- MnP --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- General properties --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Gene structure and Amino acid sequence --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Regulation of Expression --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- Laccase --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- General Properties --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Gene structure and Amino acid sequence --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5 --- Pentachlorophenol (PCP) --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Production --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Toxicity --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Persistence --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6 --- Oyster mushroom --- p.22 / Chapter 1.7 --- Application of ligninolytic enzymes in bioremediation --- p.23 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Genetic modification --- p.23 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Characterization of enzymes properties --- p.25 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Ligninolytic enzymes Purification and extraction --- p.26 / Chapter 1.7.4 --- Immobilization of ligninolytic enzymes --- p.26 / Chapter 1.8 --- Fermentation --- p.29 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- Different types of fermentation --- p.29 / Chapter 1.8.1.1 --- Submerged fermentation (SF) --- p.29 / Chapter 1.8.1.2 --- Solid State Fermentation (SSF) --- p.30 / Chapter 1.9 --- Proposal and experimental plan of the project --- p.33 / Chapter 1.9.1 --- Objectives --- p.34 / Chapter 2. --- Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Culture maintenance --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Preparation of Pentachlorophenol (PCP) stock solution --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2 --- Optimization of production of ligninolytic enzymes by effective PCP concentration --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation of mycelial homogenate --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Incubation --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Specific enzyme assays --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Laccase --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Manganese peroxidase (MnP) --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Lignin peroxidase (LiP) --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Protein --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3 --- Cloning of specific PCP-degradative laccase cDNA --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Isolation of total RNA --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Spectrophotometric quantification and qualification of DNA and RNA --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- First strand cDNA synthesis --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Amplification of laccase cDNA --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Design of primers for PCR reaction --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Polymerase chain reaction --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- TA cloning of PCR products --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Preparation of Escherichia coli competent cells --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.9 --- Bacterial transformation by heat shock --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.10 --- Colony screening --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.11 --- Mini-preparation of plasmid DNA --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.12 --- Sequencing --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.13 --- Identification of sequence --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4 --- Study of regulation temporal expression of laccase genes by PCP --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Semi-quantitative PCR --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Design of gene-specific primers --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Determination of suitable PCR cycles --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Normalization of the amount of RNA of each sample --- p.54 / Chapter 2.5 --- Quantification of residual PCP concentration --- p.55 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Extraction of PCP --- p.55 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- High performance liquid chromatography --- p.55 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Assessment criteria --- p.56 / Chapter 2.6 --- Effect of other componds on laccase activity and laccase expression --- p.56 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Study of different isoform of laccase --- p.57 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins --- p.58 / Chapter 2.7 --- Study of laccase expression and laccase activity in fruiting process of oyster mushroom --- p.59 / Chapter 2.8 --- Statistical analysis --- p.60 / Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1 --- Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes by oyster mushroom / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Optimization of laccase production --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Optimization of MnP production --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Change of Protein content at different PCP concentration and time --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Change of specific activity at different PCP concentration and time --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Toxicity of PCP towards mycelial growth --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Enzyme productivities of laccase and MnP --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Change of % of residual PCP concentrations during 14 days --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2. --- Cloning of PCP-degradative laccase genes --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3 --- Regulation of expression of the laccase genes by PCP --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Determination of suitable PCR cycles --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Normalization of total RNA amount of different samples --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Regulation of temporal expression of the laccase genes by PCP --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of other compounds and physiological status on laccase activity and expression --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5 --- Study of different forms of laccase --- p.86 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1 --- Production of Ligninolytic enzymes by Pleurotus pulmonarius / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Optimization of laccase and MnP production by PCP --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2 --- Cloning of laccase genes --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Cloning strategy --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Analysis of Nucleotide sequence of Lac1 - Lac3 --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Characterization and comparison of deduced amino acid sequences of Lacl-Lac3 --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3 --- Regulation of expression of the laccase genes by PCP --- p.100 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Regulation of temporal expression by PCP --- p.100 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of the potential inducers on laccase activity and expression --- p.103 / Chapter 4.5 --- Effect of the physiological status on laccase activity and expression --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Production of PCP-degradative laccase by Solid-state fermentation --- p.107 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Uses of molecular probe in bioremediation --- p.107 / Chapter 4.6 --- Different isoforms of laccase --- p.109 / Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.112 / Chapter 4.8 --- Further studies / Chapter 4.8.1 --- Confirmation of PCP-degradation by gene product of Lac1 and Lac2 --- p.114 / Chapter 4.8.2 --- Optimization of PCP-degradative laccases production by solid-state fermentation --- p.114 / Chapter 5. --- References --- p.115

Chan Kam Che. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-219). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstracts --- p.iii / 摘要 --- p.v / Contents --- p.vii / List of figures --- p.xiv / List of tables --- p.xix / Abbreviations --- p.xxii / Chapter Chapter I --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Persistent organic pollutants --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- DDT and DDE --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Background --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Health effects --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Environmental exposure of DDE --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Level of DDE in human --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Biodegradation of DDE --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Remediation methods --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Physical/ chemical treatment --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Bioremediation --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Fungal Bioremediation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5 --- Ligninolytic enzymes --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Laccase --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Peroxidases --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Manganese Peroxidase (MnP) --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) --- p.24 / Chapter 1.6 --- Cultivation of Pleurotus pulmonarius --- p.27 / Chapter 1.7 --- Enzyme technology on environmental cleanup and its limitation --- p.28 / Chapter 1.8 --- Aims and objectives of this study --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter II --- Materials and Methods --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1 --- Organism and growth conditions --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Cultivation and the expression of the ligninolytic enzyme-coding genes during solid-state-fermentation of edible mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- Treatment of DDE by living P. pulmonarius --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Optimization of DDE removal in broth system --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Effects of initial DDE concentration on the removal of DDE --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Effects of inoculum size on the removal of DDE --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Effects of incubation time on the removal of DDE and transcriptional profiles of the ligninolytic enzyme-coding genes --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Optimization of DDE removal in soil system --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Effects of initial DDE concentration on the removal of DDE --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Effects of inoculum size on the removal of DDE --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Effects of incubation time on the removal of DDE --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2.4 --- Transcription of the ligninolytic enzyme-coding genes --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4 --- Treatment of DDE by 1st SMC of p. pulmonarius grown on straw-based compost --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Optimization of DDE removal in soil system --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5 --- Treatment of DDE by crude enzyme preparations of P. pulmonarius grown on straw-based compost --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Optimization of DDE removal in broth system --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Effects of initial DDE concentration on the removal of DDE --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Effects of amounts of crude enzyme preparations on the removal of DDE --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.1.3 --- Effects of incubation time on the removal of DDE --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Optimization of DDE removal in soil system --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- Effects of initial DDE concentration on the removal of DDE --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- Effects of amount of crude enzyme preparations on the removal of DDE --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5.2.3 --- Effects of incubation time on the removal of DDE --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6 --- Soil characterization --- p.39 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Identification of organic contaminants in soil sample from Gene Garden using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) --- p.39 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Determination of soil texture --- p.42 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Fresh soil/air-dried sample moisture --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- "Soil pH, electrical conductivity & salinity" --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- Total organic carbon contents --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.6 --- Total nitrogen and total phosphorus --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.7 --- Available nitrogen --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6.8 --- Available phosphorus --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6.9 --- Potassium value --- p.46 / Chapter 2.7 --- Quantification of residual DDE level --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Preparation of DDE stock solution --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Extraction and quantification of DDE using Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detector (GC/μECD) --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Identification of DDE breakdown products by GC/MS --- p.50 / Chapter 2.8 --- Extraction of protein and ligninolytic enzymes --- p.53 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Protein assay --- p.53 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Laccase assay --- p.53 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Manganese peroxidase assay --- p.54 / Chapter 2.8.4 --- Calculation of activity and specific activity of laccase and manganese peroxidase --- p.54 / Chapter 2.9 --- Estimation of fungal biomass --- p.55 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- Preparation of ergosterol standard solution --- p.56 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- Analysis of ergosterol content --- p.56 / Chapter 2.10 --- Expression of the ligninolytic enzyme-coding genes --- p.58 / Chapter 2.10.1 --- Preparation of ribonuclease free reagents and apparatus --- p.58 / Chapter 2.10.2 --- RNA isolation and purification --- p.58 / Chapter 2.10.3 --- cDNA synthesis --- p.59 / Chapter 2.10.4 --- Semi-quantification of ligninolytic enzyme-coding gene expression by RT-PCR --- p.59 / Chapter 2.11 --- Preparation of crude enzyme preparations from P. pulmonarius compost --- p.63 / Chapter 2.12 --- "Assessment criteria: removal efficiency, RE, and removal capacity, RC" --- p.63 / Chapter 2.13 --- Statistical analysis “ --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter III --- Results --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1 --- Soil characterization --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2 --- Cultivation and the expression of the ligninolytic enzyme-coding genes during solid-state-fermentation of edible mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Mushroom yield --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Protein content --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Specific ligninolytic enzymes activities --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Ergosterol content --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Ligninolytic enzymes productivities --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Expression of the ligninolytic enzyme-coding genes during solid-state-fermentation --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3 --- Treatment of DDE by living P. pulmonaruis --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Optimization of DDE removal in broth system --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Effects of initial DDE concentration on the removal of DDE --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.1.1.1 --- Effects of DDE on biomass development --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.1.1.2 --- Protein content --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.1.1.3 --- Specific ligninolytic enzyme activities --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.1.1.4 --- Ligninolytic enzyme productivities --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.1.1.5 --- DDE removal and removal capacity --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Effects of inoculum sizes on the removal of DDE --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.1.2.1 --- Effects of DDE on biomass development --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.1.2.2 --- Protein content --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.1.2.3 --- Specific ligninolytic enzyme activities --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.1.2.4 --- Ligninolytic enzyme productivities --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.1.2.5 --- DDE removal and removal capacity --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Effects of incubation time on the removal of 4.0 mM DDE/g biomass --- p.89 / Chapter 3.3.1.3.1 --- Effects of DDE on biomass development --- p.89 / Chapter 3.3.1.3.2 --- Protein content --- p.89 / Chapter 3.3.1.3.3 --- Specific ligninolytic enzyme activities and ligninolytic enzyme productivities --- p.89 / Chapter 3.3.1.3.4 --- DDE removal and removal capacity --- p.90 / Chapter 3.3.1.3.5 --- Putative degradation derivatives --- p.90 / Chapter 3.3.1.3.6 --- Expression of the ligninolytic enzyme-coding genes during the removal of 4.0 mM DDE/g biomass --- p.94 / Chapter 3.3.1.4 --- Effects of incubation time on the removal of 10.0 mM DDE/g biomass --- p.100 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.1 --- Effects of DDE on biomass development --- p.100 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.2 --- Protein content --- p.100 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.3 --- Specific ligninolytic enzyme activities and ligninolytic enzyme productivities --- p.100 / Chapter 3.3.1.4.4 --- Expression of the ligninolytic enzyme-coding genes during the removal of 10.0 mM DDE/g biomass --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Optimization of DDE removal in soil system --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Effects of initial DDE concentration on the removal of DDE --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.1 --- Ergosterol content --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.2 --- Protein content --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.3 --- Specific ligninolytic enzyme activities and ligninolytic enzyme productivities --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.4 --- DDE removal and removal capacity --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Effects of inoculum sizes on the removal of DDE --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.1 --- Ergosterol content --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.2 --- Protein content --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.3 --- Specific ligninolytic enzyme activities and ligninolytic enzyme productivities --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.2.2.4 --- DDE removal and removal capacity --- p.112 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Effects of incubation time on the removal of DDE --- p.115 / Chapter 3.3.2.3.1 --- Ergosterol content --- p.115 / Chapter 3.3.2.3.2 --- Protein content --- p.115 / Chapter 3.3.2.3.3 --- Specific ligninolytic enzyme activities and ligninolytic enzyme productivities --- p.115 / Chapter 3.3.2.3.4 --- DDE removal and removal capacity --- p.116 / Chapter 3.3.2.3.5 --- Putative degradation derivatives --- p.116 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- Transcription of the ligninolytic enzyme-coding genes --- p.121 / Chapter 3.4 --- Treatment of DDE by 1st SMC of p. pulmonarius grown on straw-based compost --- p.127 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Optimization of DDE removal in soil system --- p.127 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Effects of initial DDE concentration on the removal of DDE --- p.127 / Chapter 3.4.1.1.1 --- Ergosterol content --- p.127 / Chapter 3.4.1.1.2 --- Protein content --- p.127 / Chapter 3.4.1.1.3 --- Specific ligninolytic enzyme activities and ligninolytic enzyme productivities --- p.127 / Chapter 3.4.1.1.4 --- DDE removal and removal capacity --- p.128 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Effects of inoculum sizes on the removal of DDE --- p.132 / Chapter 3.4.1.2.1 --- Ergosterol content --- p.132 / Chapter 3.4.1.2.2 --- Protein content --- p.132 / Chapter 3.4.1.2.3 --- Specific ligninolytic enzyme activities and ligninolytic enzyme productivities --- p.132 / Chapter 3.4.1.2.4 --- DDE removal and removal capacity --- p.133 / Chapter 3.4.1.3 --- Effects of incubation time on the removal of DDE --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.1.3.1 --- Ergosterol content --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.1.3.2 --- Protein content --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.1.3.3 --- Specific ligninolytic enzyme activities and ligninolytic enzyme productivities --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.1.3.4 --- DDE removal and removal capacity --- p.137 / Chapter 3.4.1.3.5 --- Putative degradation derivatives --- p.137 / Chapter 3.5 --- Treatment of DDE by crude enzyme preparations of P. pulmonarius grown on straw-based compost --- p.142 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- The crude enzyme preparations of P. pulmonarius grown on straw-based compost --- p.142 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Optimization of DDE removal in broth system --- p.143 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Effects of initial DDE concentration on the removal of DDE --- p.143 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Effects of amounts of crude enzyme preparations on the removal of DDE --- p.145 / Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- Effects of incubation time on the removal of DDE --- p.147 / Chapter 3.5.2.4 --- Putative degradation derivatives --- p.147 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Optimization of DDE removal in soil system --- p.151 / Chapter 3.5.3.1 --- Effects of initial DDE concentration on the removal of DDE --- p.151 / Chapter 3.5.3.2 --- Effects of amounts of crude enzyme preparations on the removal of DDE --- p.151 / Chapter 3.5.3.3 --- Effects of incubation time on the removal of DDE --- p.154 / Chapter 3.5.3.4 --- Putative degradation derivatives --- p.154 / Chapter Chapter IV --- Discussions --- p.158 / Chapter 4.1 --- Quantification of the expression of the ligninolytic enzyme-coding genes --- p.158 / Chapter 4.2 --- Artificial cultivation and the expression of the ligninolytic enzyme-coding genes during solid-state-fermentation of edible mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius --- p.164 / Chapter 4.3 --- Treatment of DDE by living P. pulmonarius --- p.166 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Optimization of DDE removal in broth system --- p.166 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Optimization of DDE removal in soil system --- p.169 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Phylogeny of the ligninolytic enzyme-coding genes --- p.170 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Laccase coding genes --- p.170 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- MnP coding genes --- p.175 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Transcription of the ligninolytic enzyme-coding genes --- p.178 / Chapter 4.4 --- Treatment of DDE by 1st SMC of P. pulmonarius grown on straw-based compost --- p.183 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Optimization of DDE removal in soil system --- p.183 / Chapter 4.5 --- Treatment of DDE by crude enzyme preparations of P. pulmonarius grown on straw-based compost --- p.184 / Chapter 4.6 --- Cost-effectiveness of the bioremediation method --- p.185 / Chapter 4.7 --- Further investigations --- p.194 / Chapter Chapter V --- Conclusions --- p.197 / References --- p.199

Yau Sze-nga. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-177). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xiv / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Organopollutants and environment --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Pentachlorophenol --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Application of pentachlorophenol --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Characteristics of PCP --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Toxicity of PCP --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Environmental exposure of PCP --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Wastewater treatments of organopollutants --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Physical treatment --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Chemical treatment --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Bioremediation --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Biodegradation of PCP --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Biodegradation of PCP by bacteria --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Biodegradation of PCP by fungi --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5 --- Ligninolytic enzyme --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Lignin peroxidase --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Manganese peroxidase --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Laccase --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Biodegradation of PCP and other organopollutants by ligninolytic enzymes --- p.25 / Chapter 1.6 --- Structure and gene regulation --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- MnP gene and structure --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.1.1 --- Structure of MnP --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.1.2 --- MnP gene regulation --- p.30 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Laccase gene and structure --- p.31 / Chapter 1.6.2.1 --- Structure of laccase --- p.31 / Chapter 1.6.2.2 --- Laccase gene regulation --- p.32 / Chapter 1.7 --- Pleurotus pulmonarius --- p.36 / Chapter 1.8 --- Aims of study --- p.37 / Chapter 2 --- MATERIALS & METHOD --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1 --- Optimization of PCP induction in broth system --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Specific enzyme assays --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Assay for laccase activity --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Assay for manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Assay for protein assay --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- PCP effect on biomass gain --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Extraction of PCP --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Preparation of PCP stock solution --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Extraction efficiency of PCP --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- Quantification of PCP by HPLC --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.3.4 --- Study of PCP degradation pathway using GC-MS --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2 --- Isolation of laccase and manganese peroxidase coding genes --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation of ribonuclease free reagents and apparatus --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Isolation of RNA --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Quantification of total RNA --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- First strand cDNA synthesis --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Gel electrophoresis --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Preparation of Escherichia coli competent cells --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Ligation and E. coli transformation --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- PCR screening of E. coli transformation --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Isolation of recombinant plasmid --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- Sequence analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.13 --- Construction of dendrogram for Pleurotus sp. laccase and manganese peroxidase dendrogram --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.13.1 --- Dendrogram of laccase genes --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.13.2 --- Dendrogram of manganese genes --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3 --- Differential regulation profiles of laccase and manganese peroxidase genes --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Time course of the effects of PCP on levels of laccase and manganese peroxidase mRNAs --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Isolation of RNA --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- RT-PCR --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The effect of different stresses --- p.65 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Pollutant removal analysis --- p.66 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Differential gene expression under different stresses --- p.69 / Chapter 2.4 --- Construction of full-length cDNA --- p.69 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Primer design --- p.69 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- First-strand cDNA synthesis --- p.71 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- RACE PCR reactions --- p.71 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.73 / Chapter 3 --- RESULT --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1 --- Optimization of PCP induction in broth system --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Enzyme Assay --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Protein content --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Specific laccase activity --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.1.3 --- Specific MnP activity --- p.76 / Chapter 3.1.1.4 --- Laccase productivity --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1.1.5 --- MnP productivity --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- PCP effect on biomass development --- p.80 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- PCP removal --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2 --- isolation of laccase and manganese peroxidase coding genes --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Dendrogram construction for heterologous MnP and laccase coding genes --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Phylogeny of ligninolytic enzyme coding genes of P. pulmonarius --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Phylogeny of MnP coding genes --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Phylogeny of laccase coding genes --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3 --- differential regulation profiles of laccase and MnP genes --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Time course of the effects of PCP on levels of MnP and laccase mRNAs --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Time course of the effects of PCP on levels of MnP mRNAs --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Time course of the effects of PCP on levels of laccase mRNAs --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The effects of different stresses and two lignocellulosic substrates --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- The effect on laccase and MnP enzyme activities --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.1 --- Protein content --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.2 --- Specific laccase activity --- p.100 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.3 --- Specific MnP activity --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.4 --- Dry weight of P. pulmonarius --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.5 --- Laccase productivity --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.6 --- MnP productivity --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Organopollutant removal --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Differential gene expression under different stresses --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.2.3.1 --- The effect on MnP mRNAs --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.2.3.2 --- The effect on laccase mRNAs --- p.115 / Chapter 3.4 --- Construction of full-length cDNA --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- PPMnP5 --- p.117 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- PPlac2 --- p.120 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- PPlac6 --- p.120 / Chapter 4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.123 / Chapter 4.1 --- Optimization of PCP induction in broth system --- p.123 / Chapter 4.2 --- Isolation of MnP and laccase coding genes --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3 --- Differential regulation profiles of MnP and laccase genes --- p.128 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The effects incubation time and PCP on levels of MnP and laccase mRNAs --- p.128 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- MnP --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Laccase --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Regulation of MnP and laccase by different substrates --- p.130 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Regulation of MnP and laccase activities --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Organopollutant removal --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Regulation of MnP coding genes --- p.136 / Chapter 4.3.2.4 --- Regulation of laccase coding genes --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4 --- "Characterization of full length cDNAs of PPMnP5, PPlac2 and PPLAC6" --- p.140 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- PPMnP5 --- p.140 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- PPlac2 and PPlac6 --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Real-time PCR --- p.146 / Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- Methodology for SYBR-Green real-time PCR --- p.146 / Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- Comparison of conventional PCR and real-time PCR --- p.148 / Chapter 4.5 --- APPLICATION AND FURTHER INVESTIGATION --- p.150 / Chapter 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.152 / Chapter 6 --- REFERENCES --- p.155

by Wai Lok Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-155). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstracts --- p.ii / Contents --- p.vii / List of figures --- p.xiii / List of tables --- p.xvi / Abbreviations --- p.xviii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Pentachlorophenol / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Applications of pentachlorophenol --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Characteristics --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Pentachlorophenol in the environment --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2 --- Treatments of Pentachlorophenol --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Physical treatment --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Chemical treatment --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Biological treatment --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Biodegradation of PCP by bacteria --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Biodegradation of PCP by white-rot fungi --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4 --- Biosorption --- p.24 / Chapter 1.5 --- Proposed Strategy --- p.28 / Chapter 1.6 --- Spent Mushroom Compost / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Background --- p.28 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Physico-chemical properties of SMC --- p.29 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- As a biosorbent --- p.29 / Chapter 1.6.3.1 --- Factors affecting biosorption --- p.31 / Chapter 1.6.3.2 --- Contact time --- p.31 / Chapter 1.6.3.3 --- Initial pH --- p.32 / Chapter 1.6.3.4 --- Concentration of biosorbent --- p.33 / Chapter 1.6.3.5 --- Initial PCP concentration --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6.3.6 --- Incubation temperature --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6.3.7 --- Agitation speed --- p.35 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Modeling of adsorption --- p.36 / Chapter 1.6.4.1 --- Langmuir isotherm --- p.36 / Chapter 1.6.4.2 --- Freundlich isotherm --- p.36 / Chapter 1.6.5 --- As a source of PCP-degrading bacteria --- p.38 / Chapter 1.6.5.1 --- Identification of PCP-degrading bacterium --- p.40 / Chapter 1.6.6 --- As a source of fungus --- p.42 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives of this Study --- p.43 / Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1 --- Spent Mushroom compost (SMC) Production --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2 --- Characterization of SMC --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- pH --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Electrical conductivity --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur contents" --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Infrared spectroscopic study --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Metal analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Anion content --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.7. --- Chitin assay --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3 --- Extraction of PCP --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Selection of extraction solvent --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Selection of desorbing agent --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Extraction efficiency --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4 --- Adsorption of Pentachlorophenol on SMC --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Preparation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) stock solution --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Batch adsorption experiment --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Quantification of PCP by HPLC --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Data analysis for biosorption --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Optimization of PCP adsorption --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.5.1 --- Effect of contact time --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.5.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.5.3 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.5.4 --- Effect of shaking speed --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.5.5 --- Effect of initial PCP concentration and amount of biosorbent --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Adsorption isotherm --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Effect of removal efficiency on reuse of biosorbent --- p.54 / Chapter 2.5 --- Biodegradation by Isolated Bacterium --- p.54 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Isolation of PCP-tolerant bacteria from mushroom compost --- p.54 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Screening for the best PCP-tolerant bacterium --- p.54 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Identification of the isolated bacterium --- p.55 / Chapter 2.5.3.1 --- 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing --- p.55 / Chapter 2.5.3.1.1 --- Extraction of DNA --- p.55 / Chapter 2.5.3.1.2 --- Specific PCR for 16S rDNA --- p.56 / Chapter 2.5.3.1.3 --- Gel electrophoresis --- p.57 / Chapter 2.5.3.1.4 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.57 / Chapter 2.5.3.1.5 --- Sequencing of 16S rDNA --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.3.2 --- Gram staining --- p.60 / Chapter 2.5.3.3 --- Biolog Microstation System --- p.60 / Chapter 2.5.3.4 --- MIDI Sherlock Microbial Identification System --- p.61 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Optimization of PCP degradation by PCP-degrading bacterium --- p.62 / Chapter 2.5.4.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5.4.2 --- Effect of shaking speed --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5.4.3 --- Effect of initial PCP concentration and inoculum size --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5.4.4 --- Study of PCP degradation pathway by isolated bacterium using GC-MS --- p.64 / Chapter 2.6 --- Biodegradation by Fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius --- p.64 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Optimization of PCP degradation by P. pulmonarius --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.1.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.1.2 --- Effect of shaking speed --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.1.3 --- Effect of initial PCP concentration and inoculum size --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Study of PCP degradation pathway by fungus using GC-MS --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Specific enzyme assays --- p.66 / Chapter 2.6.3.1 --- Extraction of protein and enzymes --- p.66 / Chapter 2.6.3.2 --- Protein --- p.66 / Chapter 2.6.3.3 --- Laccase --- p.67 / Chapter 2.6.3.4 --- Manganese peroxidase (MnP) --- p.67 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Microtox® assay --- p.67 / Chapter 2.7 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1 --- Physico-chemical Properties of SMC --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2 --- Extraction Efficiency and Desorption Efficiency of PCP --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3 --- Batch Adsorption Experiments --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Optimization of adsorption conditions --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Effect of contact time --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Effect of shaking speed --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.1.4 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.1.5 --- Effect of initial PCP concentration and amount of biosorbent --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Reuse of SMC --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Isotherm plot --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4 --- Biodegradation by PCP-degrading Bacterium --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Isolation and purification of PCP-tolerant bacteria --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Identification of the isolated bacterium --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- 16S rDNA sequencing --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Gram staining --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- Biolog MicroPlates Identification System --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.4 --- MIDI Sherlock Microbial Identification System --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Growth curve of PCP-degrading bacterium --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Optimization of PCP degradation by PCP-degrading bacterium --- p.97 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.97 / Chapter 3.4.4.2 --- Effect of shaking speed --- p.97 / Chapter 3.4.4.3 --- Effect of initial PCP concentration and inoculum size of bacterium --- p.101 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Determination of breakdown products of PCP by PCP-degrading bacterium --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5 --- Biodegradation by Fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Growth curve of P. pulmonarius --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Optimization of PCP degradation by P. pulmonarius --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Effect of shaking speed --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- Effect of initial PCP concentration and inoculum size of fungus --- p.108 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Determination of breakdown products of PCP by P. pulmonarius --- p.108 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Enzyme assays --- p.108 / Chapter 3.6 --- Integration of Biosorption by SMC and Biodegradation by P. pulmonarius --- p.112 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Evaluation of PCP removal by an integration system --- p.112 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Evaluation of toxicity by Micortox® assays --- p.112 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.115 / Chapter 4.1 --- Physico-chemical Properties of SMC --- p.115 / Chapter 4.2 --- Extraction Efficiency and Desorption Efficiency of PCP --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3 --- Batch Biosorption Experiment --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Effect of contact time --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of shaking speed --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Effect of initial PCP concentration and amount of biosorbent --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Reuse of SMC --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Modeling of biosorption --- p.122 / Chapter 4.4 --- Biodegradation of PCP by PCP-degrading Bacterium --- p.124 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Isolation and purification of PCP-tolerant bacterium --- p.124 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Identification of the isolated bacterium --- p.125 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Optimization of PCP degradation by PCP-degrading bacterium --- p.126 / Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.126 / Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- Effect of shaking speed --- p.128 / Chapter 4.4.3.3 --- Effect of initial PCP concentration and inoculum size of bacterium --- p.128 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- PCP degradation pathway by S. marcescens --- p.129 / Chapter 4.5 --- Biodegradation of PCP by Pleurotus pulmonarius --- p.130 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Optimization of PCP degradation by P. pulmonarius --- p.130 / Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.131 / Chapter 4.5.1.2 --- Effect of shaking speed --- p.131 / Chapter 4.5.1.3 --- Effect of initial PCP concentration and inoculum size of fungus --- p.131 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Enzyme activities --- p.132 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- PCP degradation pathway by P. pulmonarius --- p.133 / Chapter 4.6 --- Comparison of PCP Degradation between S.marcescens and P. pulmonarius --- p.133 / Chapter 4.7 --- Integration of Biosorption by SMC and Biodegradation by P. pulmonarius --- p.135 / Chapter 4.8 --- Evaluation of toxicity by Microtox® assay --- p.135 / Chapter 4.9 --- Comparison of PCP Removal by Integration System of Sorption and Fungal Biodegradation and Conventional Treatments --- p.136 / Chapter 4.10 --- Further Investigations --- p.137 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.139 / Chapter 6. --- References --- p.142

No description available.

by Chan Sze Sze. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-218). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstracts --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.v / Contents --- p.viii / List of figures --- p.xv / List of tables --- p.xix / Abbreviations --- p.xxii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The North Tsing Yi Abandoned Shipyard area --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the site --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Characteristics of PAHs --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sources of PAHs --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Environmental fates of PAHs --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Biodegradation of PAHs --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Toxicity of PAHs --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- PAHs contamination in Hong Kong --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.7 --- Soil decontamination assessment in Hong Kong --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.8 --- Environmental standards of PAHs --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.9 --- Remediation technology of PAHs --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.9.1 --- Bioremediation --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3 --- Heavy metals in the site --- p.28 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- "Characteristics of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.29 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- "Sources of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.32 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- "Environmental fates of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.34 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- "Toxicities of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.36 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- "Copper, lead and zinc contamination in Hong Kong" --- p.39 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- "Environmental standards of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.40 / Chapter 1.3.7 --- Remediation technology of heavy metal --- p.42 / Chapter 1.3.7.1 --- Chemical method --- p.42 / Chapter 1.3.7.2 --- Biological method --- p.43 / Chapter 1.3.7.3 --- Stabilization and Solidification --- p.45 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aim of study --- p.47 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives --- p.47 / Chapter 1.6 --- Research Strategy --- p.47 / Chapter 1.7 --- Significance of study --- p.48 / Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.49 / Chapter 2.1 --- Soil Collection --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2 --- Characterization of soil --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- "Soil pH, electrical conductivity & salinity" --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Total organic carbon contents --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Soil texture --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Moisture --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Total nitrogen and total phosphorus --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Available nitrogen --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Available phosphorus --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Soil bacterial and fungal population --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Extraction of PAHs and organic pollutants --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.10.1 --- Extraction procedure --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.10.2 --- GC-MS condition --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.10.3 --- Preparation of mixed PAHs stock solution --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Oil and grease content --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.13 --- Total heavy metal analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.14 --- Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.15 --- Extraction efficiency --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3 --- Production of mushroom compost --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4 --- Characterization of mushroom compost --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Enzyme assay --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Laccase assay --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Manganese peroxidase assay --- p.62 / Chapter 2.5 --- Addition of mushroom to soil on site --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Transportation of mushroom compost to Tsing Yi --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Mixing of mushroom compost and soil --- p.64 / Chapter 2.6 --- Soil Monitoring --- p.64 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- On site air and soil measurements --- p.64 / Chapter 2.6.1.1 --- Air temperature and moisture --- p.64 / Chapter 2.6.1.2 --- Light intensity --- p.64 / Chapter 2.6.1.3 --- UV intensity --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.1.4 --- Rainfall --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.1.5 --- Soil temperature --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Soil chemical characteristic --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Relative residue pollutant (%) --- p.65 / Chapter 2.7 --- Toxicity of treated soil --- p.66 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Seed germination test --- p.66 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Indigenous bacterial toxicity test --- p.67 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Fungal toxicity test --- p.68 / Chapter 2.7.3.1 --- Preparation of ergosterol standard solution --- p.70 / Chapter 2.8 --- Soil Washing --- p.70 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Optimization of soil washing --- p.70 / Chapter 2.8.1.1 --- Effect of hydrochloric acid concentration --- p.70 / Chapter 2.8.1.2 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.71 / Chapter 2.9 --- Phytoremediation --- p.71 / Chapter 2.10 --- Mycoextraction --- p.72 / Chapter 2.11 --- Integrated bioextraction --- p.72 / Chapter 2.12 --- Cementation --- p.73 / Chapter 2.13 --- Glass encapsulation --- p.73 / Chapter 2.14 --- Statistical analysis --- p.74 / Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1 --- Characterization of soil --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2 --- Characterization of mushroom compost --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Enzyme activity --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3 --- Soil monitoring --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Initial pollutant content in biopile and fungal treatment soils --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- On site air and soil physical characteristics --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Soil temperature and air temperature --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Soil chemical characteristic --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Effect of type of treatment on total petroleum hydrocarbon content --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Effect of type of treatment on oil and grease content --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Soil pH --- p.89 / Chapter 3.3.3.4 --- Moisture --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.3.5 --- Electrical conductivity --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.3.6 --- Salinity --- p.93 / Chapter 3.3.3.7 --- Microbial population --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.3.8 --- Removal of organopollutant PAHs in biopile and fungal treatment --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3.3.9 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual PAHs at Day 4 --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3.3.10 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual PAHs at peak levels --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.3.11 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual organopollutants at the end of treatments --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3.3.12 --- Effect of type of treatment on total nitrogen and phosphorus contents --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.3.13 --- Effect of type of treatment on physical and chemical properties of soil --- p.113 / Chapter 3.4 --- Toxicity of treated soil --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Seed germination test --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Indigenous bacterial toxicity test --- p.120 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Fungal toxicity test --- p.125 / Chapter 3.5 --- Soil washing --- p.129 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Optimisation of soil washing --- p.129 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- The effect of hydrochloric acid concentration --- p.129 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- The effect of incubation time --- p.134 / Chapter 3.6 --- Mycoextraction --- p.139 / Chapter 3.7 --- Phytoextraction and integrated bioextraction --- p.146 / Chapter 3.8 --- Cementation --- p.153 / Chapter 3.9 --- Glass encapsulation --- p.158 / Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.160 / Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of soil --- p.160 / Chapter 4.2 --- Characterization of mushroom compost --- p.162 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Enzyme activity --- p.162 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents --- p.163 / Chapter 4.3 --- Soil monitoring --- p.163 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Initial pollutant content in biopile and fungal treatment soil --- p.163 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- On site air and soil physical characteristics --- p.164 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Soil chemical characteristic --- p.164 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Soil pH --- p.164 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Moisture --- p.165 / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Electrical conductivity --- p.165 / Chapter 4.3.3.4 --- Salinity --- p.166 / Chapter 4.3.3.5 --- Microbial population in biopile and fungal treatments --- p.166 / Chapter 4.3.3.6 --- Removal of organopollutant PAHs in biopile and fungal treatments --- p.168 / Chapter 4.3.3.7 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual PAHs at peak levels --- p.170 / Chapter 4.3.3.8 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual oil and grease and TPH contents --- p.171 / Chapter 4.3.3.9 --- Effect of type of treatment on total nitrogen and phosphorus contents --- p.172 / Chapter 4.3.3.10 --- Effect of type of treatment on physical and chemical properties of the soil --- p.173 / Chapter 4.4 --- Toxicity of treated soil --- p.174 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary of Pleurotus pulmonarius mushroom compost on organopollutant remediation --- p.177 / Chapter 4.6 --- Soil washing --- p.178 / Chapter 4.7 --- Mycoextraction --- p.180 / Chapter 4.8 --- Phytoextraction and integrated bioextraction --- p.182 / Chapter 4.9 --- Cementation --- p.184 / Chapter 4.10 --- Glass encapsulation --- p.185 / Chapter 4.11 --- "Summary of physical, chemical and biological heavy metal removal treatments" --- p.186 / Chapter 4.12 --- Future studies --- p.187 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.190 / Chapter 6 --- References --- p.193

by Law Wing Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 192-206). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / List of Figures --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.xii / Abbreviations --- p.xv / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1. --- Pesticides --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Types and uses --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Development of pesticides --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3. --- The case against pesticides --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2. --- Pentachlorophenol --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Production --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Toxicity --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Persistency --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3. --- Methyl-parathion --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Production --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Toxicity --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3. --- Environmental fate --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4. --- Conventional methods dealing with pesticides --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5. --- Bioremediation --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6. --- Spent mushroom compost --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.1. --- Background --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.2. --- "Physical, chemical and biological properties of SMC " --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6.3. --- Recycling of agricultural residuals --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.3.1. --- Definition --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.3.2. --- Types of recycling --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6.4. --- Potential uses of SMC as bioremediating agent --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6.4.1. --- Use of microorganisms in SMC --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6.4.2. --- Use of ligninolytic enzymes in SMC --- p.24 / Chapter 1.7. --- Ligninolytic enzymes --- p.28 / Chapter 1.7.1. --- Background --- p.28 / Chapter 1.7.2. --- What are white rot fungi? --- p.29 / Chapter 1.7.3. --- Why is lignin so difficult to degrade? --- p.29 / Chapter 1.7.4. --- Three main ligninolytic enzymes --- p.32 / Chapter 1.7.4.1. --- Lignin peroxidases (LiP) --- p.32 / Chapter 1.7.4.2. --- Manganese peroxidase (MnP) --- p.36 / Chapter 1.7.4.3. --- Laccase --- p.37 / Chapter 1.8. --- Why SMC was chosen to be the bioremediating agent in my project? --- p.40 / Chapter 1.9. --- Bioremediation of chlorophenols and PCP --- p.44 / Chapter 1.9.1. --- Bacterial system --- p.44 / Chapter 1.9.2. --- Fungal system --- p.45 / Chapter 1.10. --- Bioremediation of methyl-parathion --- p.49 / Chapter 1.10.1. --- Bacterial system --- p.49 / Chapter 1.10.2. --- Fungal system --- p.51 / Chapter 1.11. --- Proposal and experimental plan of the project --- p.51 / Chapter 1.11.1. --- Study the removal of pesticides in both aquatic and soil system --- p.52 / Chapter 1.11.2. --- Research strategy --- p.52 / Chapter 1.11.3. --- Optimization of pesticide removal --- p.53 / Chapter 1.11.4. --- Identification of breakdown products --- p.54 / Chapter 1.11.5. --- Toxicity assay --- p.54 / Chapter 1.11.6. --- Isotherm plot --- p.55 / Chapter 1.12. --- Objectives of the study --- p.56 / Chapter 2. --- Material and Methods --- p.58 / Chapter 2.1. --- Material --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2. --- Production of Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC) --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3. --- Characterization of SMC --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- PH --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Electrical conductivity --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- "Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur contents " --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- Ash content --- p.61 / Chapter 2.3.5. --- Metal analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 2.3.6. --- Anion content --- p.62 / Chapter 2.3.7. --- Chitin assay --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4. --- Characterization of soil --- p.63 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Soil texture --- p.63 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Moisture content --- p.64 / Chapter 2.5. --- Basic studies on the removal capacity of pesticides by SMC --- p.65 / Chapter 2.5.1. --- Preparation of pentachlorophenol and methyl- parathion stock solution --- p.66 / Chapter 2.6. --- Experimental design --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.2. --- In soil system --- p.68 / Chapter 2.7. --- Extraction of pesticides --- p.68 / Chapter 2.7.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.68 / Chapter 2.7.2. --- In soil system --- p.69 / Chapter 2.8. --- Quantification of pesticides --- p.69 / Chapter 2.8.1. --- By high performance liquid chromatography --- p.69 / Chapter 2.8.2. --- By gas chromatography-mass spectrometry --- p.71 / Chapter 2.9. --- Optimization of pesticides degradation by SMC in both aquatic and soil systems --- p.72 / Chapter 2.9.1. --- Effect of initial pesticide concentrations on the removal of pesticides --- p.72 / Chapter 2.9.2. --- Effect of amount of SMC used on the removal of pesticides --- p.73 / Chapter 2.9.3. --- Effect of incubatoin time on the removal of pesticides --- p.73 / Chapter 2.9.4. --- Effect of initial pH on the removal of pesticides --- p.73 / Chapter 2.9.5. --- Effect of incubation of temperature on the removal of pesticides --- p.74 / Chapter 2.10. --- The study of breakdown process of pesticides --- p.74 / Chapter 2.10.1. --- GC/MS --- p.74 / Chapter 2.10.2. --- Ion chmatography --- p.74 / Chapter 2.11. --- Microtox® assay --- p.75 / Chapter 2.12. --- Assessment criteria --- p.75 / Chapter 2.12.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.75 / Chapter 2.12.2. --- In soil system --- p.76 / Chapter 2.13. --- Statistical analysis --- p.77 / Chapter 3. --- Results / Chapter 3.1. --- Characterization of SMC and soil --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2. --- Quantification of pesticides by HPLC and GC/MS --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3. --- Extraction efficiencies of pesticides with hexane --- p.82 / Chapter 3.4. --- Stability of pesticides against time --- p.82 / Chapter 3.5. --- Effect of sterilization of soil in the removal abilities of pesticides…… --- p.88 / Chapter 3.6. --- Optimization of removal of pentachlorophnol --- p.88 / Chapter 3.6.1. --- Effect of incubation time --- p.88 / Chapter 3.6.1.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.88 / Chapter 3.6.1.2. --- In soil system --- p.88 / Chapter 3.6.2. --- Effect of initial PCP concentrations and amout of SMC used --- p.91 / Chapter 3.6.2.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.91 / Chapter 3.6.2.2. --- In soil system --- p.94 / Chapter 3.6.3. --- Effect of pH --- p.97 / Chapter 3.6.3.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.97 / Chapter 3.6.3.2. --- In soil system --- p.97 / Chapter 3.6.4. --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.97 / Chapter 3.6.4.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.97 / Chapter 3.6.4.2. --- In soil system --- p.101 / Chapter 3.6.5. --- Potential breakdown intermediates and products --- p.101 / Chapter 3.6.5.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.101 / Chapter 3.6.5.2. --- In soil system --- p.104 / Chapter 3.7. --- Microtox® assay of PCP --- p.110 / Chapter 3.7.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.110 / Chapter 3.7.2. --- In soil system --- p.110 / Chapter 3.8. --- Optimization of removal of methyl-parathion --- p.113 / Chapter 3.8.1. --- Effect of incubation time --- p.113 / Chapter 3.8.1.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.113 / Chapter 3.8.1.2. --- In soil system --- p.113 / Chapter 3.8.2. --- Effect of initial concentration and amount of SMC --- p.115 / Chapter 3.8.2.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.115 / Chapter 3.8.2.2. --- In soil system --- p.117 / Chapter 3.8.3. --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.120 / Chapter 3.8.3.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.120 / Chapter 3.8.3.2. --- In soil system --- p.120 / Chapter 3.8.4. --- Potential breakdown intermediates and products --- p.121 / Chapter 3.8.4.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.121 / Chapter 3.8.4.2. --- In soil system --- p.124 / Chapter 3.9. --- Microtox ® assay of methyl-parathion --- p.133 / Chapter 3.9.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.133 / Chapter 3.9.2. --- In soil system --- p.133 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1. --- Characterization of SMC and soil --- p.137 / Chapter 4.2. --- Stability of pesticides against time in aquatic and soil system --- p.141 / Chapter 4.3. --- Effect of sterilization of soil in the removal abilities of pesticides --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4. --- Optimization of removal of PCP --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Effect of incubation time --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.1.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.1.2. --- In soil system --- p.143 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Effect of initial PCP concentrations and amount of SMC --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.2.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.2.2. --- In soil system --- p.147 / Chapter 4.4.3. --- Effect of pH --- p.149 / Chapter 4.4.3.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.149 / Chapter 4.4.3.2. --- In soil system --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.4. --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.4.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.4.2. --- In soil system --- p.152 / Chapter 4.4.5. --- Potential breakdown intermediates and products --- p.152 / Chapter 4.4.5.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.152 / Chapter 4.4.5.2. --- In soil system --- p.158 / Chapter 4.5. --- Microtox® assay of PCP --- p.159 / Chapter 4.5.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.159 / Chapter 4.5.2. --- In soil system --- p.160 / Chapter 4.6. --- Removal of PCP by the aqueous extract of SMC --- p.162 / Chapter 4.7. --- Optimization of removal of methyl-parathion --- p.164 / Chapter 4.7.1. --- Effect of incubation time --- p.164 / Chapter 4.7.1.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.164 / Chapter 4.7.1.2. --- In soil system --- p.165 / Chapter 4.7.2. --- Effect of initial methyl-paration concentrations and amount of SMC used --- p.165 / Chapter 4.7.2.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.165 / Chapter 4.7.2.2. --- I in soil system --- p.166 / Chapter 4.7.3. --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.168 / Chapter 4.7.3.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.168 / Chapter 4.7.3.2. --- In soil system --- p.169 / Chapter 4.7.4. --- Potential breakdown intermediates and products --- p.169 / Chapter 4.7.4.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.169 / Chapter 4.7.4.2. --- In soil system --- p.170 / Chapter 4.8. --- Microtox® assay of Methyl-parathion --- p.173 / Chapter 4.8.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.173 / Chapter 4.8.2. --- In soil system --- p.174 / Chapter 4.9. --- Removal of methyl-parathion by the aqueous extract of SMC --- p.174 / Chapter 4.10. --- The ability of different types of SMC in the removal of organic pollutants --- p.176 / Chapter 4.11. --- The storage of SMC --- p.178 / Chapter 4.12. --- The effect of scale in the removal of pesticides --- p.180 / Chapter 4.13. --- Cost-effectiveness of using SMC as crude enzymes sources --- p.180 / Chapter 4.14. --- The effect of surfactant on the removal of PCP --- p.182 / Chapter 4.15. --- Prospects for employment SMC in removal of pollutants --- p.185 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusions --- p.186 / Chapter 6. --- Future investigation --- p.190 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.192