Tokamaks de baixa razão de aspecto (LART), também chamados tokamaks esféricos (ST), são dispositivos concebidos teoricamente para ter um alto fator beta IND. T, típico de um disposito de efeito estrição de campo reverso (RFP) ou Spheromak (beta IND. T SETA INFINITO, mas com geometria similar a um ultra-LART), porém mantendo o confinamento de um tokamak convencional, adicionado às melhores propriedades de estabilidade. Aqui beta IND. T 3 BARRAS 91/ V IND. p) INT. pdV/(B IND. To POT. 2/ 2mü IND. 0), B IND. To 3 BARRAS B IND. T POT. vac (R IND. 0) e p é a pressão do plasma. START foi o primeiro LART a demonstrar essas caracterísiticas em temperaturas de T IND. i APROXIMADAMENTE IGUAL A T IND. e 10 POT. 2eV. O trabalho descrito nesta tese teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e a utilização de sistemas de diagnóstivos para o estudo dos regimes de operação da densidade do plasma no START. Desenvolveu-se um interferômetro de dupla-passagem de feixe ao longo do plano médio horizontal do vaso, com a finalidade de medir a densidade média de linha do plasma. Esse interferômetro era composto de um laser HCN (337müm), uma mesa óptica e detectores (díodos Schottky). Mediu-se n BARRA IND. e < 10 POT. 18_ > 2x10 POT. 20m POT. -3. Desenvolveu-se um sistema de pré-ionização por ondas ressonantes elétron-ciclotrônicas, baseado num gerador klystron de 6GHz e P IND. ECR-P < ou =3kW, para o auxílio na ruptura elétrica do gás no regime Tokamak, reduzindo o valor de fluxo magnético necessário para romper e manter a descarga e aumentar sua reprodutibilidade. Observou-se, a pressões de preenchimento 1,1-1,5X10 POT. -5 mbar, uma maior reprodutibilidade da descarga e redução do tempo de ruptura do gás com o aumento de P IND. ECR-P. Colocou-se também em operação um injetor de pastilhas criogênicas (8-9K) de deutério, D IND.2, com o objetivo de aumentar a densidade ) do plasma. Esse era do tipo canhão de gás, de uma única pastilha com valores de massa 3 x 10 IND. 19 átomos e velocidadee de 50-400m/s, propulsiopnadas por gás H IND. 2 (0-4bar). Pastilhas forma injetadas da parte superior do START, quase verticalmente, na região de alto campo magnético do vaso, em regimes ôhmico e aquecido por feixes de partículas neutras (NBI), de alto e baixo beta IND. T, aumentando substancialmente a densidade. Com o uso desses diagnósticos, estudaram-se os regimes de alta e baixa densidade, Com injeção de gás, obteve-se n BARRA IND. e POT. max = 1,0x10 POT.20 densidade de Greenwald N IND. G POT. max APROXIMADAMENTE IGUAL À 0,9) e observou-se a contração da coluna do plasma e o colapso das descargas em duas fases, semelhante ao que ocorre nos Tokamaks convencionais. Observou-se um aumento da densidade com o uso de NBI, mas não da densidade de Greenwald. Obteve-se, também, via injeção de pastilha, simultaneamente, altas densidades (N IND. G 1,0-1,1), grande eficiência de reposição de partículas ( 100%) e melhoria no confinamento em descargas de altos valores de beta IND. T 9 23-27%). É provável que o limite de pressão tenha sido atingido. / Low Aspect Ratio Tokamaks (LARTs) or Spherical Tokamaks (STs) are devices theoretically conceived to have the high toroidal T of the Reversed- Field Pinch and Spheromak (T but similar geometry to an ultra-LART) whilst retaining the confinement of the conventional Tokamak together with improved stability. Here T = (1/Vp) f pdV/ (B2TO/2o) BT= BT (Ro), and p is the plasma pressure. START was the first LART to demonstrate these features at temperatures of Tt ~Te ~102eV. The work described in this thesis has aimed to develop and use diagnostics and their use for studying the density operating regimes on START. A double-pass mid plane interferometer was commissioned for measuring the plasma density. This system was composed by an existing HCN laser (337 ), an optical table, and detectors (Schottky diodes).

O processo de fusão completa foi investigado para a reação ANTPOT. 18 O + ANTPOT 10 B dentro do intervalo de energia de bombardeio 29,0 Mev <E IND. LAB < 72,0 Mev, no intervalo angular 5º < IND. LAB. < 27º. Para esta finalidade foi desenvolvida e construída uma câmara de ionização sensível à posição de alta resolução. Resultados experimentais comparados com previsões de modelos e sistemáticas encontradas na literatura permitem rejeitar a limitarão pelo núcleo composto para e seção de choque de fusão em energias até aproximadamente cinco vezes a barreira coulombiana. Ajustes das intensidades relativas elementares por cálculos em base e o modelo estatístico revelam uma difusividade considerável das seções de choque parciais de fusão no espeço de momento angular. Análises sistemáticas das alturas (V IND. B) e raios da barreira de fusão (R IND. B) pare núcleos vizinhos sugerem uma grande importância da difusividade da matéria nuclear na competição entre os processos de fusão e quasi-elásticos. Cálculos dentro deste contexto foram realizados. / The 18 O + 10 B within the bombarding energy range of 29,0 Mev < E LAB < 72,0 Mev, covering the 5° angular range. For this purpose, a high resolution position sensitive ionization chamber has been developed and constructed. Experimental results compared to model predictions and experimental systematics found in the literature allows to reject compound nucleus limitation to the fusion cross section up to energies as high as five times the coulomb barrier. Statistical model fits to the residues elementary distributions reveal a quite difuse partial fusion cross section in the angular momentum space. Systematic analysis of fusion barrier height (VB) and radius for neighbouring nuclei point out the importance of the nuclear matter diffuseness in the competition between the fusion and quasi-direct process. Calculations within this framework were performed.

Robôs móveis dependem de dados provenientes de sensores para ter uma representação do seu ambiente. Porém, os sensores geralmente fornecem informações incompletas, inconsistentes ou imprecisas. Técnicas de fusão de sensores têm sido empregadas com sucesso para aumentar a precisão de medidas obtidas com sensores. Este trabalho propõe e investiga o uso de técnicas de inteligência artificial para fusão de sensores com o objetivo de melhorar a precisão e acurácia de medidas de distância entre um robô e um objeto no seu ambiente de trabalho, obtidas com diferentes sensores. Vários algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina são investigados para fundir os dados dos sensores. O melhor modelo gerado com cada algoritmo é chamado de estimador. Neste trabalho, é mostrado que a utilização de estimadores pode melhorar significativamente a performance alcançada por cada sensor isoladamente. Mas os vários algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina empregados têm diferentes características, fazendo com que os estimadores tenham diferentes comportamentos em diferentes situações. Objetivando atingir um comportamento mais preciso e confiável, os estimadores são combinados em comitês. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que essa combinação pode melhorar a confiança e precisão das medidas de distâncias dos sensores individuais e estimadores usados para fusão de sensores. / Mobile robots rely on sensor data to have a representation of their environment. However, the sensors usually provide incomplete, inconsistent or inaccurate information. Sensor fusion has been successfully employed to enhance the accuracy of sensor measures. This work proposes and investigates the use of artificial intelligence techniques for sensor fusion. Its main goal is to improve the accuracy and reliability of a distance between a robot and an object in its work environment using measures obtained from different sensors. Several machine learning algorithms are investigated to fuse the sensors data. The best model generated with each algorithm are called estimator. It is shown that the employment of the estimators based on artificial intelligence can improve significantly the performance achieved by each sensor alone. The machine learning algorithms employed have different characteristics, causing the estimators to have different behaviour in different situations. Aiming to achieve more accurate and reliable behavior, the estimators are combined in committees. The results obtained suggest that this combination can improve the reliability and accuracy of the distance measures by the individual sensors and estimators used for sensor fusion.

Funções de excitação para a reação 10B(14N,p)23Na a ? Lab = 165° e para a reação 10B(14N, ?)20Ne a ? Lab 4° no intervalo de energia de bombardeio de 9,5 MeV a 13 MeV foram investigadas. Em ambas as reações não se encontrou evidência, para vários grupos de partículas observadas, da forte ressonância observada na interação 12C + 12C (correspondente à excitação do estado 12+ a 33,2 MeV no 24Mg). A análise da interação 10B + 14N pelo modelo ótico mostrou que o momento angular disponível não é suficiente para popular o estado 12+ do 14Mg. As duas reações foram estudadas com base na teoria estatística de reações nucleares. As ambiguidades nos parâmetros envolvidos foram discutidas. O bom acordo obtido entre a seção de choque experimental e a seção de choque calculada pelo modelo Hauser-Feshbach indica que o processo dominante é o de núcleo composto. / The excitation functions of reactions 10B(14N,p)23Na and 10B(14N, ?)20Ne were measured at ? Lab = 4° and 165° respectively, varying the incident energy between 9,5 and 13 MeV. There is no evidence, in both reactions, of the resonance observed at ECM = 19,3 MeV in the 12C + 12C interaction (corresponding to the excitation of the 12+ state at 33,2 MeV in 24Mg). Optical model analysis of 10B + 14N interaction shows that the angular momentum of the entrance channel is too low to populate this 12+ state of 24Mg. Predictious of the statistical theory of nuclear reactions are compared with experimental reaction cross sections. The ambiguities in optical model and level density parameters are discussed. Good agreement between experimental and calculated cross sections indicates that the dominant mechanism in these reactions is the compound-nucleus process.

Kit Yu Fu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-106). / Chapter I. --- Abstract --- p.vii / Chapter II. --- Acknowledgements --- p.viii / Chapter III. --- List of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter IV. --- Chapter --- p.1 / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases --- p.1 / Chapter a. --- Culture --- p.1 / Chapter b. --- Direct detection by visualization --- p.2 / Chapter c. --- Direct detection by DNA or RNA hybridization --- p.2 / Chapter d. --- Detection by immunological methods (antigen or antibody detection) --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Types of antigen preparations / Chapter a. --- Crude antigenic extracts --- p.5 / Chapter b. --- Affinity-purified antigens --- p.6 / Chapter c. --- Recombinant antigens --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Methods of gene transfer to mammalian cells --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- The immunoglobulins --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Ig structure --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Ig genes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Ig gene rearrangement --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Recombinant Ig --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Myeloma-derived recombinant Ig (chimeric antibodies) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Ig expression vectors --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5 --- Trichinella spiralis and trichinosis --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- The parasite --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Antigens of T. spiralis --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6 --- Aim of present study --- p.25 / Chapter V. --- Chapter2 / Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Chemicals --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Parasite --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- Cell line and expression vectors --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4 --- Extraction of total RNA from T. spiralis --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5 --- Preparation of cDNA fragment from T. spiralis --- p.29 / Chapter 2.6 --- Characterization of Trichinella cDNA fragment --- p.31 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- By gel electrophoresis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- By restriction enzyme digestion --- p.31 / Chapter 2.7 --- Cloning of Trichinella cDNA fragment to g4R --- p.31 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Preparation Trichinella cDNA fragment for ligation --- p.32 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Preparation of g4R vector --- p.32 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Ligation --- p.32 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Transformation of Escherichia coli (TG1) / Chapter a. --- Preparation of competent cells for transformation --- p.33 / Chapter b. --- Transformation of competent cells by heat shock --- p.34 / Chapter 2.7.5 --- Screening of recombinant clones --- p.34 / Chapter 2.8 --- Preparation of fusion gene for transfection --- p.36 / Chapter 2.9 --- Introduction of DNA to myeloma cells by electroporation --- p.36 / Chapter 2.10 --- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect fusion gene product / Chapter 2.10.1 --- Sandwich ELISA --- p.37 / Chapter 2.10.2 --- Detection of Trichinella antigen in fusion gene product --- p.38 / Chapter 2.10.3 --- Detection of Ig CH2-CH3 domains in fusion gene product --- p.38 / Chapter 2.11 --- Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.39 / Chapter 2.12 --- Genomic and transcriptional analysis of transfectants --- p.40 / Chapter 2.12.1 --- Genomic analysis of transfectants / Chapter a. --- DNA isolation --- p.40 / Chapter b. --- PCR amplification of the fusion gene fragment --- p.41 / Chapter 2.12.2 --- Isolation of fusion gene cDNA from transfectants --- p.41 / Chapter 2.12.3 --- Cloning of fusion gene cDNA to M13 mpl9 --- p.43 / Chapter 2.12.4 --- Preparation of single-stranded templates from M13 phage --- p.43 / Chapter 2.12.5 --- Dideoxy sequencing method (Sanger) --- p.44 / Chapter 2.12.6 --- Gel analysis of sequencing products --- p.44 / Chapter 2.13 --- Modification of the g4R expression vector by deletion of the CH2-CH3 exons 3' to the XhoI site / Chapter a. --- Partial EcoRI digestion of g4R --- p.45 / Chapter b. --- Addition of adaptors to the partial Eco RI-digested g4R vector --- p.46 / Chapter c. --- Preparation of modified g4R vector --- p.46 / Chapter 2.14 --- Cloning of the Trichinella P53 gene into the modified g4R vector --- p.46 / Chapter 2.15 --- Detection of Trichinella antigen in the second fusion gene product / Chapter a. --- Preparation of biotinylated mouse anti- Trichinella serum --- p.47 / Chapter b. --- Assay for the activity of biotin-Ts serum --- p.48 / Chapter c. --- "Assay for detection of Trichinella antigen in the fusion gene product from Tc2, Te1 and g4R transfected clones" --- p.48 / Chapter 2.16 --- Northern blot analysis of the RNA of transfected clones --- p.48 / Chapter a. --- RNA gel electrophoresis --- p.49 / Chapter b. --- RNA transfer --- p.49 / Chapter c. --- RNA hybridization --- p.49 / Chapter VI. --- "Chapter3 Construction of Ig-Trichinella fusion gene, Te1" / Chapter 3.1 --- Rationale of the gene construction --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2 --- Isolation of T. spiralis P49 gene by cDNA amplification --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- Cloning of Trichinella P49 cDNA to g4R --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4 --- Screening of recombinant clones --- p.58 / Chapter VII. --- Chapter4 Characterization of Tc1 fusion gene product / Chapter 4.1 --- Transfection of fusion gene to J558L myeloma cells / Chapter 4.2 --- Antigenicity of fusion gene product with respect to Trichinella activity --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3 --- Detection of Ig CH2-CH3 domains in fusion gene product --- p.65 / Chapter 4.4 --- Size determination of fusion gene product --- p.69 / Chapter 4.5 --- Transcriptional and genomic analysis of transfectants producing the fusion gene product --- p.71 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Genomic analysis --- p.71 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Sequence analysis of transcript from the CH1 to CH2 exon --- p.71 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Sequence analysis of transcript from the CH1 to CH3 exon --- p.77 / Chapter VIII. --- "Chapter5 Construction and characterization of second fusion gene, Tc2, using modified g4R vector" --- p.81 / Chapter IX. --- Chapter6 General Discussion / Use of recombinant DNA technology to produceantigen for use in the diagnosis of infectious diseases --- p.89 / Characterization of the fusion gene product --- p.89 / Absence of Trichinella sequence in fusion gene product due to exon skipping --- p.94 / A new strategy for producing Ig fusion proteins: modification of the g4R vector --- p.96 / Prospect of utilizing Ig expression system for producing antigen --- p.97 / Chapter X. --- References --- p.99 / Chapter XI. --- Appendix --- p.107

Vilken musik som tillhör en genre kan i många fall uppfattas som en självklarhet, men vad är det som verkligen kännetecknar en specifik genre? Syftet med denna undersökning är att ta reda på vad som kännetecknar fusiongenren jazzrock, för att sedan jämföra denna med de snarlika genrerna bebop och progressiv rock. I tidigare forskning tas Lilliestam, Milkowski och Björnfots forskning upp, de har olika infallsvinklar. Lilliestam går in på vad musik har för påverkan på oss människor, Milkowski utgår ifrån själva genren fusion och dess utövare medan Björnfot har gjort en undersökning som analyserar snarlika subgenrer. Som teori har Fabbris genredefinitionsmall använts för att med hjälp av hans regler få fram de mest väsentliga resultaten. Gridley tar upp kännetecknande element i jazz respektive rock, hans tidigare arbete har använts för att jämföra och styrka resultaten. Musikanalys är den metod som använts för att djupgående analysera varje enskilt verk och deras diverse aspekter, för att sedan skapa en helhetsbild. I resultat presenteras vad som kommit fram under analysen, vilka kännetecken man hör och upplever under respektive regel och genre. Slutligen anser jag att resultatet av denna undersökning visar att man finner många likheter mellan de tre genrerna. Likheterna i det hörbara uppfattades som mer påtagliga mellan bebop och jazzrock, men det fanns en större likhet mellan progressiv rock och jazzrock när det kommer till beteende samt de sociala och ideologiska reglerna. Det jag anser mig ha kommit fram till vad gäller kännetecknande drag hos jazzrocken är en musikalisk skicklighet, komplexitet och en stor del improvisation, något som härstammar från jazzen, men med en attityd och framtoning som mer påminner om rocken. Att visa på vad som kännetecknar en genre kan vara en svår uppgift, för vem är det som egentligen avgör vilken genre en låt eller en artist tillhör om inte själva artisten.

Tracker-level fusion for video tracking combines outputs (state estimations) from multiple trackers, to address the shortcomings of individual trackers. Furthermore, performance evaluation of trackers at run time (online) can determine low performing trackers that can be removed from the fusion. This thesis presents a tracker-level fusion framework that performs online tracking performance evaluation for fusion. We first introduce a method to determine time instants of tracker failure that is divided into two steps. First, we evaluate tracking performance by comparing the distributions of the tracker state and a region around the state. We use Distribution Fields to generate the distributions of both regions and compute a tracking performance score by comparing the distributions using the L1 distance. Then, we model this score as a time series and employ the Auto Regressive Moving Average method to forecast future values of the performance score. A difference between the original and forecast returns the forecast error signal that we use to detect tracking failure. We test the method with different datasets and then demonstrate its flexibility using tracking results and sequences from the Visual Object Tracking (VOT) challenge. The second part presents a tracker-level fusion method that combines the outputs of multiple trackers. The method is divided into three steps. First, we group trackers into clusters based on the spatio-temporal pair-wise relationships of their outputs. Then, we evaluate tracking performance based on reverse-time analysis with an adaptive reference frame and define the cluster with trackers that appear to be successfully following the target as the on-target cluster. Finally, we fuse the outputs of the trackers in the on-target cluster to obtain the final target state. The fusion approach uses standard tracker outputs and can therefore combine various types of trackers. We test the method with several combinations of state-of-the-art trackers, and also compare it with individual trackers and other fusion approaches.

by Kar-Keung Ching. / "May 2000." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 154-173). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

by Henry Yurianto. / "18 September 1998." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-149). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Vesicular membrane fusion involves the release of contents in a broad array of biological systems, such as intracellular trafficking, secretion, fertilization, and development. It is also a critical step in the infection of cells by membrane enveloped viruses such as HIV, influenza, and Ebola. SNARE proteins form the core of the fusion machinery in nearly all intracellular fusion processes. The initial complete connection between two fusing membranes is the fusion pore. There is considerable evidence that both the fusion machinery and the biophysical properties of the membranes themselves affect contents release, lipid mixing, and fusion kinetics, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Flickering of fusion pores during exocytotic release of hormones and neurotransmitters is well documented, but without assays that use biochemically defined components and measure single pore dynamics the contributions from different influences are almost impossible to separate. This thesis examines the biophysical mechanisms by which SNAREs and lipid composition control fusion rates and fusion pore kinetics. First, we studied fusion pore flickering in vitro. We used total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to quantify fusion pore dynamics in vitro and to separate the roles of SNARE proteins and lipid bilayer properties. To interpret the experimental measurements quantitatively, we developed a mathematical model to describe the diffusion of labelled lipids from a vesicle, through a flickering fusion pore, and into a supported bilayer. When small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) bearing neuronal v SNAREs fused with planar bilayers (SBL) reconstituted with cognate t SNARES, lipid transfer rates were severely reduced, suggesting that pores flickered. We developed an algorithm which included a complete description of fluorophores in the TIRF field. We accounted for the intensity decay of the evanescent TIRF wave normal to the SBL, the polarization of the evanescent TIRF wave, and any potential quenching effects. In general, the first two effects are coupled. This algorithm allowed us to measure the sizes of docked vesicles using fluorescent microscopy. From the lipid release times we used the model to compute pore openness, the fraction of the time the pore is open, which increased dramatically with cholesterol. For most lipid compositions tested SNARE mediated and non specifically nucleated pores had similar openness, suggesting that pore flickering was controlled by lipid bilayer properties. However, with physiological cholesterol levels SNAREs substantially increased the fraction of fully open pores and fusion was so accelerated that there was insufficient time to recruit t SNAREs to the fusion site, consistent with t SNAREs being pre clustered by cholesterol into functional docking and fusion platforms. Our results suggest that cholesterol opens pores directly by reducing the fusion pore bending energy, and indirectly by concentrating a number of SNAREs into individual fusion events. In the second part of the thesis, I describe my contributions to a project in which a mathematical model was developed to describe the behavior of SNAREpins connecting SUVs of different sizes to a planar membrane. It was necessary to quantify the membrane membrane and SNAREpin membrane interaction forces. By combining the well known van der Waals, electrostatic, and steric hydration membrane forces with the SNAREpin membrane electrostatic interactions I developed a complete description of the membrane forces involved in SUV-SBL fusion. We then combined the description of the interactions with experimentally measured SNARE zippering energies. We find that the predominant driving forces for membrane fusion, once the SNAREpins have completely zippered, are steric hydration forces among the SNAREpins and membranes. These forces enlarge a SNAREpin cluster, which in turns pulls the membranes together due to curvature effects.