The Division of Applied nuclear physics at Uppsala university, isregularly performing high-precision measurements on isomeric fissionyield ratios (IYR). Its aim is to explore the physics behind nuclearfission, in particular how angular momentum is generated. Thedepartment has developed a method to obtain the root mean square(rms) values of the primary fission fragment angular momentumdistribution (Jrms). However, several assumptions are made in themodel; thus this project aims to assess the sensitivity of the modelparameters. In particular, the focus is on assessing the mean andwidth of the excitation energy distribution, as well as thecorrelation between the excitation energy and the angular momentum.The task is to implement a method that builds upon the previousmodel. The method that was implemented is based on random sampling,which randomises values of the parameters in a specific rangedepending on the type of distribution.Three types of distributions (Normal, Rayleigh and Poisson) of theexcitation energy were tested, and it seemed to have little effecton the system. The fact that the distributions are symmetric orantisymmetric seemed to have negligible impact.The nucleus that was studied was 134I after the fission process withparent nucleus 235U in the thermal energy range. The IYR was plottedagainst four parameters: Jrms, a proportionality constant (A)between the energy and angular momentum, the intrinsic energy (Eint)and the spread of the energy (E).Their mean values and spread wasacquired from a fission simulations software called GEF. Using theseas inputs to another software TALYS, one can acquire the isomericyield ratios (IYR) for the nucleus with different neutron channels.Jrms has the most impact, and had a clear interval which gave a IYRvalue close to experiments. The three other parameters showed noclear correlation which results in the conclusion: the IYR says verylittle about the fragments excitation energy but quite a lot aboutits angular momentum in the case of 134I with the assumptions made.

TiAlN  thin  films  are  used  commercially  in  the  cutting  tool  industry  as  wear protection  of  the  inserts.  During  cutting,  the  inserts  are  subjected  to  high temperatures (~ 900  ° C and sometimes higher). The  objective of this work is to simulate the material behavior at such high temperatures. TiAlN has been studied experimentally at least for two decades, but no microstructure simulations have so far been performed. In this thesis two models are presented, one based on regular solution and one that takes into account clustering effects on the thermodynamic data.  Both  models  include  anisotropic  elasticity  and  lattice  parameters  deviation from  Vegard’s  law.  The  input  parameters  used  in  the  simulations  are ab  initio calculations and experimental data.Methods for extracting diffusivities and activation energies as well as Young’s modulus  from  phase  field  results  are  presented.  Specifically,  strains,  von  Mises stresses,  energies,  and  microstructure  evolution  have  been  studied  during  the spinodal  decomposition of  TiAlN. It  has  been  found  that  strains  and  stresses  are generated during the decomposition i.e. von Mises stresses ranging between 5 and 7.5  GPa  are  typically  seen.  The  stresses  give  rise  to  a  strongly  composition dependent  elastic  energy  that  together  with  the  composition  dependent  gradient energy   determine   the   decomposed   microstructure.   Hence,   the   evolving microstructure depends strongly on the global composition. Morphologies ranging from isotropic, round domains to entangled outstretched domains can be achievedby  changing  the  Al  content.  Moreover,  the  compositional  wavelength  of  the evolved  domains  during  decomposition  is  also  composition  dependent  and  it decreases with  increasing  Al  content.  Comparing  the  compositional  wavelength evolution extracted from simulations and small angle X-ray scattering experiments show that the decomposition of TiAlN occurs in two stages; first an initial stage of constant  wavelength and  then  a  second  stage  with  an  increasing  wavelength are observed.  This  finding  is  characteristic  for  spinodal  decomposition  and  offers conclusive evidence that an ordering transformation occurs. The Young’s modulus evolution  for  Ti 0.33 Al 0.67 N  shows  an  increase  of  5%  to  ~398  GPa  during  the simulated decomposition.

This licentiate thesis reports experimental and theoretical work on the high temperature mechanical properties and the thermal stability of cubic (c)-(Ti-Cr-Al)1-N1 coatings. It is demonstrated that it is possible to tailor and improve the properties of hard nitride coatings by different degrees of multicomponent alloying. When Cr is added to Ti-Al-N the coatings exhibit age hardening up to 1000 ºC which is higher compared to what is observed for Ti-Al-N. In addition, the coatings show a less pronounced hardness decrease when hexagonal (h)-Al-N is formed compared to Ti-Al-N. The improved thermal stability is discussed in terms of a lowered coherency stress and a lowered enthalpy of mixing due to the addition of Cr. When Ti is added to Cr-Al-N the formation and growth of the detrimental h-Al-N phase is suppressed and delayed improving the mechanical properties. This is discussed in terms of kinetic effects where the Ti atoms obstruct the Al diffusion and consequently the growth of h-Al-N precipitates. The microstructure evolution investigated at different stages of spinodal decomposition, coarsening and phase transformations are correlated to the thermal responses and the mechanical hardness of the coatings. Upon annealing up to 1400 ºC the coatings decompose into c-TiN, bcc-Cr and h-AlN. The decomposition takes place via several intermediate phases, c-CrAlN, c-TiCrN and hexagonal (β)-Cr2N.    The oxidation resistance of (Tix-Cry-Al60)1-N1 is also investigated and presented for different x/y ratios. The results show that it is possible to generate coatings with both excellent mechanical properties and oxidation resistance improving the functionality in the working temperature range of 850-1100 ºC of for example cutting tools.

The purpose of this project is to study the plasma delay time phenomenon in preparation for the construction of the VERDI spectrometer. To accomplish this, simulations of the spontaneous fissioning process of Cf-252 were created using the fission code GEF, as well as MATLAB. GEF has produced one million fission events, from which the time of flight and kinetic energy of each fission fragment have been calculated with classical mechanics, to replicate the experiment. To imitate the plasma delay time phenomenon, three different models, found in the literature, have been compared. Accounting for other realistic resolution effects and using the first model as the plasma delay time phenomenon, the absolute errors of the mass-yields reaches up to 4 u, whereas the second and third model display absolute errors up to 3 u. Furthermore, it is found that, despite the significant differences in the models' dependencies, the resulting effects are quite similar. All models are found to have a narrowing influence on the pre-neutron emission mass- yield distributions, resulting in an increased peak-to-valley ratio. In the detection of fission fragments, a higher peak-to-valley resolution is often associated with a better mass resolution. This study shows that the plasma delay time could have a misleading influence in regards to estimating an experimental mass resolution.

Background: Protecting against ionizing radiation is important, since ionizing radiation can break the DNA molecule. This in turn can cause acute injuries such as burns to the skin or cause late effects such as cancer development in the future. Radiation can be useful, but it can also be harmful to humans in wrong handling. The healthcare provider is therefore responsible for ensuring that the operation is radiant safe for workers, patients and the general public.In 1 June 2018 a new Radiation Protection law (2018:396) took effect, together with a new radiation protection ordinance (2018:506) and new regulations. The reason for this is that Swedish legislation must adapt to the new EU Radiation Protection Directive of 2013, which in turn is based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) publication of 2007. Method: In this project differences have been investigated between the current Radiation Protection Manual at Region Blekinge and the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority's new regulations for revising the Radiation Protection Manual relating to X-ray diagnostics. The gap has been identified by using gap analysis, and it has been concluded that in these areas there was room for revision:  Dose limits for workers  Category classification of workers Patient radiation protection Category classification of premises Control of equipment The concept of justification and optimization Specific requirements for X-ray operations Inconnection with the revision, a new website for the Radiation Protection Manual would be created. Therefore, a survey was conducted to determine what the staff thought of the current Radiation Protection Manual and the Radiation Protection Manual after the measures were introduced.To create the website, you write all Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) codes first on W3Schools. Thereafter the code was embedded and inserted into the software tool SharePoint server to create the website. Results: After the gap was found, the above-mentioned areas were revised in the Radiation Protection Manual. Under the control of equipment, the CT (Computed Tomography) method has been added to detect defects on radiation protection aprons. The method is quite a new method and has many advantages including, the control goes much faster and there is no scattered radiation to the personnel who perform the control.The website for Radiation Protection Manual X-ray has been created with clickable dropdown menu as the X-ray site contains nine chapters and each chapter contains many documents. The dropdown menu opens by clicking on the desired chapter and then clicking on the desired document to move on. Conclusions: The Radiation Protection Manual was revised as new requirements have been received from the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority. Another conclusion that can be drawn is that a new website has been created for the Radiation Protection Handbook and the measures that have been introduced on the new Radiation Protection Handbook really meet the requirements of both the Radiation Safety Authority and the staff of the Blekinge Region.

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The goal of this thesis is the development and application of model-independent analysis techniques to characterise New Physics states of different kinds from their signatures at the LHC and future colliders. In the first part of the thesis, we outline the general steps from the building of the simplified model and identification of the parameter space to the characterisation potential of the current searches with the focus on the characterisation between different scenarios of Beyond the Standard Model physics. We then demonstrate the outlined procedure on two specific and relevant examples: discrimination of exotic decays of vector-like quarks and determination of the spin of a dark matter candidate.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka om det är det ekonomiskt försvarbart att investera i gröna byggnader utifrån ett fastighetsägarperspektiv. Idag svarar fastighets- och byggsektorn för en tredjedel av Sveriges energianvändning och miljömedvetenheten ökar alltmer från allmänheten. Vikten att börja arbeta för en minskad klimatpåverkan och ökad hållbarhet har aldrig varit viktigare. Ett resultat av klimatdebatten har varit att produktionen av gröna byggnader och användningen av miljöcertifieringar har ökat. Studiens syfte är att undersöka om fastighetsägare anser att det är lönsamt att investera i gröna byggnader samt vilken miljöcertifiering som är den mest tillämpade. Vad är en grön byggnad? En grön byggnad är en byggnad som i sin design, konstruktion eller drift minskar eller eliminerar negativa effekter och skapar positiva effekter på vårt klimat och miljö. Gröna byggnader bevarar naturresurser och förbättrar vår livskvalité. Varje byggnad kan vara en grön byggnad oavsett användningsområde. Gröna byggnader blir till genom att vi använder oss av miljöcertifieringar som fungerar som ett kvitto på att en byggnad är hållbar sett ur ett ekonomiskt, socialt och miljömässigt perspektiv. De mest förekommande miljöcertifieringarna i Sverige är Miljöbyggnad, BREEAM, LEED och GreenBuilding. Studien baseras på två forskningsfrågor; Anser fastighetsägarna att det är lönsamt att investera i gröna byggnader? Vilken miljöcertifiering är den mest tillämpade? För att uppnå studiens syfte så har ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt använts där respondenter från de fem största kommersiella fastighetsbolagen har intervjuats. Intervjuerna har skett med respondenter som har lång erfarenhet samt god insikt i branschen och i ämnet. Då respondenterna har olika befattningar så ger det flera infallsvinklar och en bredare förståelse inom ämnet. Teorin som har använts i arbetet behandlar asymmetrisk information, signaleringsteorin, CSR, miljöcertifieringar, gröna byggnader och andra certifieringssystem. Teorierna ger en helhetsbild om hur arbetet ser ut kring gröna byggnader och vad för nyttor som tillkommer för en fastighetsägare att använda sig av miljöcertifieringar. Fastighetsägare använder sig främst av Miljöbyggnad, BREEAM och LEED. Respondenterna redogör fördelarna med gröna byggnader vilket främst är minskade drift- och underhållskostnader. Bättre möjligheter till kapitalanskaffning och finansieringsvillkor. Gröna byggnader är ett verktyg för att stärka varumärket och attrahera högutbildad personal samt som fastighetsvärdet är stabilare. Slutligen blir den ekonomiska livslängden längre, vakanstider förkortas samt att miljöcertifieringar är nästintill en grundförutsättning för att attrahera potentiella hyresgäster. / The purpose of the study is to investigate whether it is economically justifiable to invest in green buildings based on a property owner's perspective and also to study which environmental certification is the most widely used. For today the real estate and construction sector stands for one third of Sweden's energy use, and the environmental awareness is growing increasingly from the public. The importance of starting to work for reduced climate impact and increased sustainability has never been more important. A result of the climate debate has been that the production of green buildings and the use of environmental certifications have increased. Nevertheless, what is a green building? A green building is a building that in its design, construction or operation reduces or eliminates negative effects and creates positive effects on our climate and environment. Green buildings conserve natural resources and improve our quality of life. Each building can be a green building regardless of the area of use. Green buildings are created by using environmental certification that serves as a receipt that a building is sustainable from an economic, social and environmental perspective. The most common environmental certifications in Sweden are Miljöbyggnad, BREEAM, LEED and GreenBuilding. The study is based on two research questions; Do property owners consider it profitable to invest in green buildings? Which environmental certification is the most applied?In order to achieve the purpose of the study, a qualitative approach has been used in which respondents from the five largest commercial real estate companies have been interviewed. Interviews have been conducted with respondents who have long experience and good insight into the industry and the subject. As respondents have different positions, they give more angles of approach and a broader understanding of the subject. The theory used in the work deals with asymmetric information, signaling theory, CSR, environmental certifications, green buildings and other certification systems. The theories provide an overall picture of how work looks around green buildings and what benefits a property owner is to use for environmental certification. Property owners mainly use Environment Building, BREEAM and LEED. Respondents report the benefits of green buildings, which are mainly reduced operating and maintenance costs, better opportunities for capital procurement and financing conditions. Further, green buildings are a tool for strengthening the brand and attracting highly trained staff, also, the property value is more solid. Finally, the economic life expectancy will be long, the time of vacancy is shorted also is the environmental certification a qualification that is necessary for attracting potential tenants.

Vi undersöker tidvattendeformationen av ett icke-roterande, så kallade Schwarzschild, svarta hål. Vi formulerar geometrin i form av inre och yttre geometriska kvantitet på händelsehorisonten, som beskrivs av en hyperyta inbäddad i rumtiden, och vi gör det genom att formulera Gauss-Codazzi teorin om nollhyperytor som sträcker det standard resultat för rumslika och tidslika fallen. Denna formalism tillämpas sedan på en lösning av Einstein-fältekvationerna i vaccum, för att beskriva tidvattensförvrängningar till svarthålshorisonten på grund av en liten kretsande objekt. De tekniker som vi använder är giltiga för små objekt som rör sig snabbt i omloppsbanor, i det svarta hålets starka gravitationsfält. Denna analys bygger på en perturbativ strategi för två kroppar med ett mycket stort massförhållande - det vill säga, det små objektet är mycket mindre än den andra. Vi genomför studien i frekvensdomänen för störningsteori för svart hål, för en liten kropp som går i en cirkulär bana. Resultaten visualiseras genom att bädda in den förvrängda horisonten i det euklidiska rymden, vilket visar hur horisonten deformeras från en inbäddad sfär till en ellipsoid när den lilla kroppen är nära det svarta hålet, och när orbitalavskiljningen ökar, vilket i båda fallen visar vinkelförskjutning mellan horisontbukten och kroppen som producerar den. För båda orbitalskillnader som beaktas tillhandahåller vi ögonblicksbilder av tidvattenförvrängningen när den mindre kroppen kretsar runt det svarta hålet.

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