Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-28T17:58:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese PPGEM Doutorado Sérvulo José Ferreira Alves 2016.pdf: 1519348 bytes, checksum: 490570bb98ca33461aa0ff92d42da7d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T17:58:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese PPGEM Doutorado Sérvulo José Ferreira Alves 2016.pdf: 1519348 bytes, checksum: 490570bb98ca33461aa0ff92d42da7d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Na união de materiais metálicos, sobretudo nos aços, os processos de soldagens são predominantes e com grande destaque para soldas ao arco elétrico. E dentre os processos de soldas ao arco elétrico há no segmento metal mecânico mundial uma enorme utilização do GMAW que necessita de gases de proteção que evitam a contaminação das áreas soldadas pelos gases presentes na atmosfera, em especial o nitrogênio, o oxigênio e o hidrogênio. O GMAW por sua vez é subdividido em dois tipos de processos de soldagens que dependem das características físicas e químicas dos gases de proteção, bem como, do metal de base a ser soldado. O primeiro deles quando se usa como gás de proteção um gás inerte como o argônio e o hélio ou uma mistura de gases inertes sendo denominado então MIG. Já o segundo tipo ocorre quando no gás de proteção há a presença de um gás ativo como o oxigênio ou o dióxido de carbono ou uma mistura de gases ativos e inertes e é conhecido como MAG. Foi realizada a coleta e a análise em Pernambuco dos fumos (particulados) e gases gerados na soldagem GMAW, no soldador, em duas empresas do segmento metal mecânico de Pernambuco de acordo com a NR-15 e a ACGIH. A caracterização dos fumos foi obtida por ICP-OES enquanto, a dos gases ocorreu por cromatografia em fase gasosa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi coletar e analisar qualitativa e quantitativamente os fumos e os gases gerados no soldador no processo de soldagem GMAW. E desenvolver uma metodologia eficiente e de baixo custo na coleta e acondicionamento das amostras dos gases no soldador de duas empresas do segmento metal mecânico de Pernambuco. A conclusão deste trabalho se baseou nas análises dos fumos e dos gases, em cada um dos soldadores. E indicou que nas duas empresas, cada soldador não estava exposto a fumos acima dos limites da NR-15 e da ACGIH. As análises do CO2 e do CO, indicaram que o soldador da empresa “A” não excedia os limites toleráveis da ACGIH e da NR-15. O soldador da empresa “B” ficou exposto apenas ao CO acima do limite da ACGIH e quanto ao CO2 não excedeu os limites da NR-15 e da ACGIH. / In the union of metallic materials, mainly in steel, welding processes are predominant and with great emphasis on the electric arc welds. And among the processes of arc welding to metal segment in the world there is a huge mechanical use of GMAW that requires shielding gas to prevent contamination of the welded areas by gases present in the atmosphere, in particular nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. The GMAW is in turn subdivided into two types of welding processes that depend on the physical and chemical characteristics of shielding gases, as well, as the base metal being welded. The first of them when used as a shielding gas as an inert gas argon and helium or a mixture of inert gases then being called MIG. The second type occurs when there is the presence of an active gas such as oxygen or carbon dioxide or a mixture of active and inert gas in the shielding gas and is known as MAG. Was performed the collection and analysis in Pernambuco of the fumes (particulate) and gases generated in GMAW welding, in the welder, in two companies of Pernambuco mechanical metal segment of according to NR -15 and the ACGIH. The aim of this work was to collect and analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the fumes and gases, in the welder, in GMAW welding process. And develop an efficient methodology and low cost in the collection and packaging of the samples of gases, in the welder, in the GMAW welding in two metal mechanic segment companies Pernambuco. The characterization of the smoke was obtained by ICP-OES while the gases occurred by gas chromatography. The conclusion of this work was based on analysis of the fumes and gases in each of the welders. And indicated that the two companies, each welder was not exposed to fumes and gases or CO and CO2 above the limits of the NR-15 and ACGIH. Analyses of CO2 and CO indicated that the welder of the company "A" did not exceed the tolerable limits of the ACGIH and NR-15. Welder the company "B" was exposed only to CO above the ACGIH limit and how much CO2 has exceeded the scope of the NR-15 and ACGIH.

Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Moretti, Luis Gustavo Barioni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T21:29:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_RafaeldeOliveira_M.pdf: 1266731 bytes, checksum: c7c072db6adf998a52f0d31e791f3996 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O Brasil e um dos primeiros países em desenvolvimento a se comprometer com metas de redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). As metas estabelecidas requerem uma redução entre 36,1% a 38,9% relativos as emissões estimadas para 2020. Focando na regiao central do Cerrado, responsavel por cerca de 35% da producao total de carne bovina do Brasil, este estudo estima as emissoes totais de GEE de 2006 a 2030. O estudo tambem identifica o custo efetivo do potencial de reducao das emissoes. A analise foi feito por meio da construcao de um modelo de programacao linear, batizado de "EAGGLE" (Analise Econômica dos Gases de Efeito Estufa das Emissoes da Pecuária), que representa um sistema de producao de gado de corte a pasto, com e sem suplementação, e confinamento. Um segundo modelo foi desenvolvido para estimar os estoques de carbono no solo sob pastagens com diferentes níveis de produtividade. Neste modelo e simulado o efeito da degradação, manutenção, recuperação, e dinâmica de mudança de uso da terra nos estoques de carbono. Os resultados mostraram que, no cenário de referencia, a regiao vai emitir cerca de 1,2 Gt de CO2 entre 2010 a 2020, o que equivale a 8% das emissoes liquidas totais do pais. Um conjunto de tecnologias de mitigação de GEE, foram analisados através da construcao de Curvas de Custo de Abatimento Marginal (CCAM). Os resultados indicam que ate 2030, a regiao e capaz de reduzir as emissoes em 24,3 Mt de CO2 equivalente por ano (CO2e/yr), utilizando tecnologias com custo efetivo negativo, enquanto que o potencial de reducao total apresentado pelas CCAM e 24.7MtCO2e.yr-1. Uma analise de sensibilidade foi feita para avaliar o potencial de mitigação da recuperação de pastagens em função de variações na demanda por carne. Ao contrario do que poderia se esperar, os resultados mostraram que, se as projeções de demanda diminuírem em 10%, 20% ou 30 %, ate 2030, as emissoes totais para o período aumentam em 1%, 4% e 5%, em GWP, respectivamente. Em contrapartida, considerando que as projeções de demanda cresçam em 10%, 20%, ou 30%, ate 2030, haverá uma reducao de 2%, 3 % e 4% do total das emissoes de GEE, respectivamente. Isto sugere que a recuperação de pastagens e capaz de compensar as emissoes diretas de CH4 e N2O pelo gado brasileiro, devido ao aumentando das taxas de seqüestro de carbono do solo / Abstract: Brazil is one of the first major developing countries to commit to a national emissions target that requires a reduction of between 36.1% and 38.9% relative to baseline emissions by 2020. Focusing on the Cerrado core (Central Brazilian Savanna), responsible for about 35% of the country's beef production, this study estimates the region GHG emissions from 2006 to 2030. This work also investigates the cost-effectiveness of the GHG abatement potential. The analysis was made by means of a construction of linear programing (LP) model, coined EAGGLE (Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Gases for Livestock Emissions). The LP model represents a beef production system under grazing and feedlot finishing. A second model was developed to estimate the C stocks under pastures soils with different dry-matter productivity. In this model it is simulated the effects of degradation, maintenance, restoration end the land use change dynamics over the C stocks. As a baseline, the region is going to emit 1.2 Gt from 2010 to 2020, the equivalent of 8% of the country's total liquid emissions. A set of mitigation measures, applicable to Brazil, were analyzed by constructing a marginal abatement cost curve (MACC). The results show that by 2030 the region could reduce emissions by 24.3 MtCO2e.yr-1 with negative costs; while total abatement potential shown by the MACC is 24.7MtCO2e.yr-1. Pasture restoration, involving avoided deforestation, offers the largest contribution to these results. Sensitivity analysis is used to evaluate the abatement potential of pasture restoration against variations in beef demand. Counterintuitively, the results showed, if demand projections decreases by 10%, 20% or 30% until 2030, the total liquid emissions for the period increases 1%, 4%, and 5%, in GWP, respectively. Whereas increasing demand projections by 10%, 20%, and 30% until 2030, there will be a reduction of 2%, 3% and 4% in total liquid GHG emissions for the period. This suggests that PR is able to offset the cattle direct emissions of CH4 and N2O by boosting carbon soil sequestration rates / Mestrado / Matematica Aplicada / Mestre em Matemática Aplicada

MESHWR / Department of Hydrology and Water Resources / Greenhouse gases (GHGs) from coal power station affect the behaviour of climatic parameters such as the temperature, rainfall and evaporation, over a long period of time, hence causing climatic trends. This study focused on investigating the impacts of Greenhouse gases (GHGs) from coal power stations on climatic and hydrological trends in Witbank area. To accomplish this, linear regression (LR) and Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test were used to detect the hydro-climatic trends and their significance. GHG emissions were obtained from Eskom’s sustainability report on the Eskom website. Temperature data for the years 1950- 2000 and 1993-2016 and rainfall data for the years 1925-2000 and 1993-2016 were used. Double Mass Analysis (DMA) was used to check the homogeneity and consistency of temperature and rainfall data from South African Weather Services (SAWS) station with the Lynch database and Water Research Commission (WRC) data. Data was patched and extended using LR where necessary. Trends in temperature, precipitation and flow were assessed using MK trend test and LR based on monthly, seasonal, and annual scales. GHG emissions were compared with the hydro-climatic data over time in order to detect the impacts of GHG emissions on temperature, rainfall and streamflow. The MK results indicated that GHG emissions had some impacts on temperature with statistically significant increase in annual, monthly and seasonal time scales for the period 1950-2016. LR also produced the same results for annual temperature. Monthly and seasonal temperature could not be produced with the LR method because of data gaps. The MK and LR models produced similar results, indicating that there was a non-significant increase in temperature before coal power stations were introduced (1950-1974) and a significant increase in temperature after the commissioning of coal power stations (1975-2016). MK and LR also produced the same results for annual rainfall data, indicating that there was a significant increase in rainfall before coal power stations were introduced (1925-1974) and a non-significant increase after the commissioning of coal power stations (1975-2016). For monthly time scales MK and LR indicated increasing and decreasing trends before and after coal power stations were introduced. MK and LR results for streamflow stations B2H004 and B2H007 showed similar results indicating non-significant increase in annual and seasonal streamflow, but differed in monthly streamflow where MK showed significant increases whilst LR showed non-significant trends. The study concluded that GHGs from coal power stations had significant impacts on the hydro-climatic trends in Witbank area. GHGs from coal power stations caused significant increase in temperature as temperature increased by 3.7°C after coal power stations were introduced, whereas temperature had increased by 1.7 °C. It is recommened that more research should be done on alternative sources of energy such as wind and solar energy to check their suitability and applicability in South Africa. / NRF

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Call number: LD2668 .T4 1956 C65 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 P63 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 T36 / Master of Science

This thesis presents the results of a study of the mechanisms responsible for limiting the laser pulse duration obtainable in xenon chloride lasers which are excited by UV-preionized, self-sustained gas discharges. The xenon chloride laser system, the principal emission band of which is centred around 308 nm, belongs to the class of high pressure gas lasers known as 'rare-gas halides'(RGH). RGH lasers are now well known for their high peak power output at a number of wavelengths from 193 nm to 353 nm in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. To date, however, they have only been operated in the pulsed mode with laser pulse durations of ^~1000 ns for devices employing electron beam excitation and ^~30 ns for devices employing transverse discharge excitation. There is no a priori kinetic limitation which prevents RGH lasers from operating in the CW mode, and an attempt to extend the duration of the laser pulse would enable the quality of laser output to be improved. The laser pulse duration of a discharge excited XeCl^* laser was extended by about one order of magnitude - to 270 ns FWHM - by the use of a distributed resistance electrode to stabilize the discharge. The typical gas mixture used in the laser was ~2 atm of Ne (buffer gas), ~25 mbar of Xe, and 2.5 mbar of HC1. However, the laser pulse duration obtained was considerably shorter than the 500 ns duration, 2000 A peak current, discharge excitation pulse. The cause of this difference between the duration of the laser output pulse and the discharge current pulse was found by carrying out a comprehensive parametric study of the laser, combined with a detailed spectroscopic analysis and the results of a semi-empirical computer model. Two interrelated factors were identified as being responsible for the short duration of the laser output: namely, a temporal collapse of the discharge volume and a spatially non-uniform depletion of the HCl within this volume. The experimental results presented here contradict an earlier theory which ascribed the onset of discharge instabilities in RGH lasers to step-wise ionization of the minority rare gas atoms, and which attributed stability enhancement properties to the electronegative halogen gases used in RGH lasers.

1. The free radical gas nitric oxide (NO) is now recognised as a ubiquitous and versatile signalling molecule and the investigation of its biological roles has involved a wide range of scientific disciplines in many different species. Yet despite this, its potential roles in the development of rhythmic motor activities in vertebrates have been largely ignored. 2. Physiological experiments recording extracellular ventral root output suggest that NO is playing an inhibitory role in the swimming system of Xenopus laevis larvae, shortening the duration of swim episodes and slowing swim frequency. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry labelled three populations of neurons in the brainstem, which putatively co-localise NO with the aminergic neuromodulators serotonin (5-HT) and noradranaline (NA), and the fast descending inhibitory neurotransmitter, y-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This suggests that the inhibitory role is supraspinal in origin. 3. Intracellular recordings from neurons presumed to be spinal motor neurons provide further evidence for the inhibitory influence of NO. My experiments suggest that NO potentiates both glycinergic and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibition onto spinal motor neurons. The facilitation of the release of these inhibitory transmitters is consistent with the observed effects on swim frequency and swim episode duration, respectively. Additionally, NO appears to affect membrane properties, causing a pronounced membrane potential depolarisation and a decrease in membrane conductance. This suggests that NO shuts off a resting membrane conductance. 4. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was subsequently applied to determine the four dimensional expression of putative nitrergic neurons in the central nervous system and related structures. The developmental sequence of staining identifies groups and subgroups of interconnected intemeurons, and provides further clues to their identity. NADPH-diaphorase labelling was also located in the eyes, skin and blood vessels, further confirming the validity of this staining technique for identirying nitric oxide synthase. 5. In the related anuran species, Rana temporaria nitric oxide donor drugs appear to have no affect on swimming, but instead reliably initiates a non-rhythmic "lashing" motor pattern similar to that elicited by dimming of the illumination. Interestingly the NADPH-diaphorase technique labelled three clusters of apparently homologous interneurons in the brainstem and additionally the inner layer of the skin was intensely stained, implicating a species-specific role for NO released from brainstem neurons.

published_or_final_version / Physics / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy