The past two decades have witnessed significant growth in attention and investment in renewable energy technologies. Replacement of fossil fuels that have long dominated our energy production is favoured as resources are known to be finite and dwindling, leading to increasing prices, as well as the link between their use and global climate change. In 2011, transport accounted for 38% of total national energy consumption with petroleum being the single most used fuel. In terms of how energy use by transport relates to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; in 2011 transport consumed around 55.19 million tonnes of oil equivalent and provisional estimates put emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) at 119 million tonnes (over one quarter of total national CO2 emissions). As a result, biofuels have been increasingly appearing on the agendas of both governments and scientists, and have been picked up by the media and various environmental organisations as a possible means for reducing the GHG contribution from transport. However, the issue is not simple, and there are many who oppose the use of biofuels for various reasons. There are concerns that without a concerted effort to improve the state of knowledge of potential risks and benefits of biofuels, the appropriate long-term development of the technology in the UK may be hindered. The project presented in this thesis was designed to undertake an investigation to identify relevant risks and issues that could inform a risk analysis of the future development, production and use of biofuels in the UK. In the context of biofuels, there is a large and increasing literature in which the associated risks are characterised and assessed scientifically. However, very little research has been done looking at stakeholder opinions, particularly with the public as stakeholders. Increasingly, the media, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the public are concerned about environmental issues and large technological developments that affect the environment and themselves. If any of these groups oppose plans and decisions made then it is possible that they can cause significant disruption or halt progress, despite scientific evidence. Through a series of social science methods involving stakeholders, this project has endeavoured to cast light on the broader understanding and perception of biofuels beyond the academic and research communities and their publications. The primary novel contribution of the thesis is in the insights provided into public awareness, attitudes and perceptions of biofuels, which have previously not been studied in any depth. The data collected and issues identified could potentially be very useful in informing a risk analysis exercise. Working in collaboration with the general public, through focus groups and questionnaires revealed widespread, low level awareness and knowledge of biofuels but little in the way of accurate detailed knowledge of impacts and risks. Public concerns were largely focussed on environmental impacts and personal financial impacts, and their views were almost exclusively informed by mass-media sources such as newspapers and television. There was also some evidence of misinformation and awareness of issues that were not considered to be risks by the scientific literature, as well as notable exaggeration of known risks. Public attitudes were deemed to be quite dated, strongly reflecting the view of biofuels presented by the media around 2008, when a number of critical studies were published and shook global confidence in biofuels. With the onset of the global recession, media coverage of biofuels has dropped significantly, and as such, the public have not been exposed to developments in the field. Interviews with expert stakeholders revealed a different picture to the public, and highlighted a completely different perspective – that of threats and risks to the future of biofuels, rather than biofuels as a threat or risk themselves. There was a strong perception amongst the expert stakeholders that the UK and EU governments presented a significant barrier to the potential for biofuels to develop and expand in Europe. Lack of government interest, confidence and action were cited as significant failings that hindered investment necessary to grow a strong biofuel industry. Recommendations for future developments and expansion of biofuels within the EU, should this be deemed appropriate and acceptable, focus on increased government involvement and support to encourage investments that will allow further improvements in the biofuel production process, as well as significant changes in the way scientific information is communicated to the public.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a highly toxic and soluble substance present in a wide range of industrial effluents. An effective treatment method is the biochemical Cr(VI) reduction to the less toxic trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), and such a transformation has recently been demonstrated in bioelectrochemical systems. However, depending on the pH of the catholyte, a biocatalyst might be required in the cathode and also the process can be very much inhibited by Cr(III) products which tend to form on the electrode surface and deactivate it. Herein is demonstrated how an electrophilic bacterium, that is Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, can be used as a bacterial catalyst in Cr(VI) reducing cathodes of bioelectrochemical systems. Starting with potentiostatically controlled experiments (-500 mV vs. Ag/AgCl for 4 h), the abiotic cathode’s (AC) performance was shown to be affected by the Cr(VI)-reduction products that are deactivating the cathode and are severely inhibiting further Cr(VI) reduction. The presence of metal chelators like lactate delayed this deactivating effect and enhanced the system’s performance to a large extent; in the presence of 30 mM lactate, the AC delivered approximately 3 times more electrons to Cr(VI). In addition, approximately 15 times more electrons were delivered when 5 μM of the electron shuttle riboflavin was also added in the AC. However, the presence of riboflavin did not have any effect in the absence of lactate. The MR-1 biocathode also exhibited an enhanced current production and Cr(VI) reduction, though the pre-treatment conditions were found to be important. When pre-treated in an aerated chamber with a poised electrode at +300 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, the MR-1 biocathode mediated 70% more electrons than the AC with 30 mM lactate, and only 39% more electrons when the electrode was initially poised at -500 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. Cr(VI) reduction was also enhanced, with a decrease in concentration over the 4 h operating period of 9 mg L-1 Cr(VI) in the aerobically pretreated MR-1 chamber, compared to only 1 and 3 mg L-1 in the AC without lactate and in the AC with 30 mM lactate respectively. On the other hand, when pre-treated anaerobically in the presence or absence of Cr(VI), the performance of the MR-1 biocathode was not much different than that of the AC with 30 mM lactate. The positive effect of lactate was further demonstrated in microbial fuel cell (MFC) cathodes, where maximum power densities produced were up to 44 times the power densities reported elsewhere for abiotic cathodes (8.8 mW m-2 vs. 0.2 mW m-2 at pH 7) and at similar levels to the power densities of biotic cathodes at pH 6 and 7. Considerable Cr(VI) reduction was also observed at alkaline pH abiotic cathodes and maximum power densities were 31 times the ones reported elsewhere for biotic cathodes at pH 8 (21.4 mW m-2 vs. 0.7 mW m-2). In MFCs, the presence of MR-1 enhanced the performance of pH 7 cathodes; in the presence of 30 mM lactate, the MR-1 biocathode bioelectrochemically reduced 3 times the amount of Cr(VI) reduced by the AC with the same amount of lactate. Compared to the results in the absence of an electrode, the MFC results suggested that different Cr(VI) reduction pathways could be utilised by MR-1 when the electron donor is in the poised electrode form rather than in the lactate form. In conclusion, effective and continuous Cr(VI) reduction with associated current production were achieved when MR-1 and lactate were both present in the biocathodes.

Approximately 80 of the 170 commercial ports in the UK are either in or near areas protected under the European Habitats Directive. These areas are often also focal points for related industries, urbanisation and recreation. This brings in to question what impact these developments have had on these protected habitats and should future developments be given permission to occur. Pressures on estuaries were found to impact upon the dynamic equilibrium of an estuary through changes in the balance of the sediment budget, energy dispersal and estuary morphology. It was the aim of this thesis to show that through understanding the historical relationship between various pressures and the impact on these components that management of these environments could be improved to protect their environmental interest while allowing sustainable development to occur. Also by understanding the state of equilibrium it could be determined whether historic projects should be included in the cumulative and in-combination impact assessment for new plans or projects under the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010. Southampton Water is an industrialised estuary on the South coast of England, the European protected salt marsh and mudflats lining its shores have been declining so this was an ideal case study site to investigate the relationship between pressures on estuaries and their impacts. A geographical information system was used to analyse historic data for Southampton Water between 1783 and 2008 to create 3D model for Southampton Water over time. From this model the volume changes of estuary components, the sediment budget and the change in dynamic equilibrium were quantified for the entire estuary. In novel work the changes were related to historic events which had occurred in the estuary. Importantly the errors associated with the sediment budget and morphological changes were quantified to provide a degree of confidence to these findings. This thesis found that the biggest influences on the sediment budget and equilibrium state of the estuary between 1783 and 2008 were dredging, land claim and Spartina growth/dieback. Land claim alone immobilized 255.4(+/-62) x106m3 of sediment. The estuary has moved from equilibrium state between 1783 and 1894 to one which is sediment starved due to a combination of these pressures.1,525 (+/-280) x103m3/yr of sediment was needed between 2001 and 2008 to balance the budget. Due to continued pressures the basin area is too large for the intertidal area the estuary supports. Error analysis was important in providing confidence to these results. The Main Channel and Test Estuary are still adjusting to historic changes this means that future plans/ projects should take these in to account when assessing the cumulative impact for Habitat Risk Assessments. This thesis showed that future management of the estuary should focus on securing sediment supplies to the estuary and on stabilising the intertidal zone. Subject to data constraints the methods used in this thesis could be applied to any estuary to assess the impacts of drivers and pressures on protected habitats and the management regimes which could be used to ensure their survival.

World-wide there are substantial quantities of sugar beet pulp, which arises as a residue after the processing of whole beet to extract sugar for refining as a foodstuff or for use in fermentation, in particular for the production of ethanol for the biofuel market. In both cases the resulting pulp residue is still rich in pentose sugars and fibre, and the research considered anaerobic digestion (AD) as a potential technology for the conversion of this material into renewable energy in the form of biogas. To determine the best operational conditions for biogas production both mesophilic and thermophilic digestion options were considered. Both were tested using 4-litre working volume mixed digesters operated with semi-continuous feed over a minimum of three hydraulic retention times (HRT). The first long term trial used mesophilic temperatures (37 oC±0.5 oC) at applied organic loading rates (OLR) from 2-5 g volatile solids (VS) l-1 day-1. This resulted in a specific methane yield of ~0.31 l CH4 g-1 VS day-1 with a biogas methane content of 51.05%. VS destruction was ~90% at all loadings, and increasing the loading resulted in an increase in volumetric biogas and methane production without significant loss in specific yields. The major limitation found was not in the biochemical conversion but in dewatering of the digestate, the characteristics of which were assessed using capillary suction time (CST) and frozen image centrifugation (FIC). At the higher loading there was also the appearance of a stable foam which made the digesters difficult to operate as this could block the gas outlet, leading to pressure increases and the loss of digestate by ‘blow out’. In the same digesters at mesophilic temperatures antifoam was tested to assess if this could offer a solution by suppressing foam formation. In practice this required unusually high doses of the reagent and, in continued use, these appeared to have an inhibitory effect on the digestion process. Dilution of the feedstock to the digester was also tested but showed no beneficial effects on dewaterability or foaming. As a post-treatment alternative cellulolytic enzymes were added to the digestate, but had no effect on improving dewaterability. Trace element (TE) supplementation to the digesters was, however, shown to eliminate the occurrence of foaming and also gave a slight improvement in dewaterability. TE supplementation reduced the polymer dose required for dewatering as determined by the CST test, and eliminated polymer dosing when dewatering was by centrifugation. Digestate dewaterability could also be improved in a post-digestion one- and two-stage chemical treatment with the use of chemical coagulants/flocculants alone or combined. The second long-term trial compared mesophilic (37 oC±0.5 oC) and thermophilic (55 oC±0.5 oC) digestion over 3 HRT using duplicate digesters fed at OLR of 4 and 5 g VS l-1 day-1. The digesters were operated without water addition. The thermophilic digesters gave higher biogas and methane productivity and were also able to operate stably at the higher OLR, whereas the mesophilic digesters showed signs of instability. Digestate dewaterability was assessed by the CST and FIC tests and the likelihood of stable foam forming was assessed using a foaming potential test. The results showed thermophilic operation performed better even at the higher loading and gave a digestate with superior dewatering characteristics and with very little foaming potential. Using a combination of CST tests, filtration tests, Frozen Image Centrifugation, SEM and grading centrifugation it was concluded that the poor dewaterability seen in mesophilic digestate was due to the presence of extracellular polymer substance (EPS) leading to blinding of the filter by fine particulate materials. The carbon, energy and nutrient (CEN) footprint was estimated for mesophilic and thermophilic digestion in which the process was coupled with combined heat and power (CHP) and biogas upgrading to biomethane. The results showed that the energy input for thermophilic digestion was higher than for mesophilic although this could be compensated for by the increased specific methane yield at the higher loadings modelled. There was also no significant difference in the emissions savings or in the quantities of nutrients recycled in the digestate. The model indicated that the use of CHP gave a higher net energy yield compared to biogas upgrading, but this of course is dependent on there being an economic use for the heat produced. Keywords: anaerobic digestion, sugar beet pulp, biogas, trace elements; digestate, dewatering, foam formation, carbon footprint, energy footprint, nutrient footprint.

As a consequence of climate change, global coastal communities are increasingly at risk from sea level rise and increased storm intensities. Therefore, to inform coastal zone management coastal vulnerability assessments with respect to present and predicted climate change scenarios is important. Most of the literature concentrates on physical, and to a lesser extent socio-economic aspects but no comparable studies detailing coastal vulnerability from both physical and economic vulnerability were found. To fill this important research gap, the current study developed a combined coastal vulnerability (physical + economic) index by integrating both a Physical Coastal Vulnerability Index (PCVI) and an Economic Coastal Vulnerability Index (ECVI). All indices were applied to eleven case study sites across the country and based on assessments, the Combined Coastal Vulnerability Index (CCVI) was validated. Subsequently, coastal areas were ranked according to their PCVI, ECVI and CCVI values. PCVI results showed that Great Yarmouth and Happisburgh have high vulnerability, contrasted against an Aberystwyth frontage that was least vulnerable. ECVI assessments showed that both Great Yarmouth and Skegness have high economic vulnerability while Spurn Head had low economic vulnerability. In total, the economic costs related to case study site vulnerability was assessed at £22.36 billion. Combined coastal vulnerability results showed that Great Yarmouth is highly vulnerable with the highest aggregated score (25) followed by Aberystwyth (21). Llanelli (16) and Lynmouth (16) were least vulnerable with respect to site CCVI. This research makes a contribution to knowledge, not just for the UK but on a global level. Each location has a unique set of conditions and economic needs, and was found to be functions of physical and economic pressures, e.g. number of properties, coastal erosion and population. Finding the most effective and sustainable solution is important and one that includes knowledge of environmental impact and socio-economic consequences. The three indices (PCVI, ECVI and CCVI) are justified as tools for planners and policy makers for developing management strategies to improve coastal resilience under scenarios of sea-level rise and climate change.

The global economic system has been undergoing fundamental changes since the 1980s. Many emerging countries drastically increased their openness to trade and foreign investments. Formerly socialist countries entered a transition towards a market-based model and deepened their integration into the global economy. As a result, the geography of trade, investment flows, and innovation is becoming more multipolar. This thesis seeks to improve our understanding of the links between these macro-level shifts and the geography of innovation, spatial patterns of economic deprivation, as well as firm-level outcomes in emerging countries. This thesis is structured into an introductory chapter and four analytical papers. The introductory chapter outlines three themes corresponding to the areas to which this thesis makes a contribution: (1) the interplay of the local and the global dimension in shaping regional patterns of knowledge creation, (2) the link between the relative weight of the private sector and spatial patterns of economic deprivation, and (3) the role of global production networks and the changing geography of trade in shaping regional patterns of innovative performance and heterogeneous firm-level outcomes. The first paper examines the geography of innovation in Russia, adopting a perspective that combines Soviet-era legacies, contemporaneous regional conditions, and global linkages. The results shed light on multinational enterprises’ (MNEs) role as key agents providing Russian regions with knowledge from distant places. The findings simultaneously point to the importance of path dependencies in regional patterns of knowledge generation. The second paper investigates the link between regional innovative performance in Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia and investments of MNEs categorized by entry mode and business function. The analysis suggests that the relationship between global linkages established by MNEs and regional knowledge creation is jointly shaped by the heterogeneity of MNEs’ investments and the heterogeneity of region-specific conditions in Latin American economies at different stages of technological development. The third paper focuses on Vietnam, a country that has seen some provinces act as pioneers and others as laggards in the journey towards an outward-oriented marketbased economy. The link between the private sector’s weight in the economy and economic deprivation is a topic of considerable policy interest, but its subnational dimension remains underexplored. The analysis considers the relationship between provincial differences in the change of private firms’ formal employment share and changes in the geography of economic deprivation. The findings reveal that increases in private firms’ employment share are associated with reductions in poverty. MNEs appear to be a key driver of this association. Finally, the fourth paper concerns Vietnam’s growing trade with China. It looks at the link between imports from China and firm-level outcomes in Vietnam’s manufacturing sector. The results show that, contrary to previous findings for advanced economies, exposure to imports from China is positively linked with firm-level employment. Information on trade in intermediates suggests that inputs imported from China may support Vietnam’s export growth. The findings cast light on the necessity to consider the role of global production networks and trade in intermediates when assessing the developmental implications of changing trade patterns.

This thesis explores two distinct but related aspects of the relationship between the spatial location of people within a country and national economic growth. The first three essays set out to establish whether a country’s urban structure impacts economic growth at the aggregate level. Each paper explores a different aspect of the location of people, including the level of urban concentration and the size of a country’s cities. The analyses rely on cross-country regressions and employ different estimation techniques, including fixed effects, system GMM and instrumental variables. Particular attention is paid to whether the relationship differs between developed and developing countries and how contextual factors, such as a country’s economic structure and government capacity, shape the relationship. Across the three papers, the results consistently suggest that concentration and larger cities can be growth promoting at the country level; however only in developed countries or if certain contextual factors are met. The findings add to a growing body of empirical literature which questions the universal validity of the benefits of agglomeration for economic growth. Furthermore, they specifically address a gap in the empirical literature which so far had failed to link city size to aggregate growth as opposed to city-level productivity. The fourth essay moves to the policy level and analyses Special Economic Zones (SEZs) – a policy which isfrequently employed to influence the location of economic activity and people. Specifically, it studies the performance drivers of SEZs. A scarcity of data has limited quantitative research on this topic so far. The analysis relies on a novel dataset, which resorts to nightlights as SEZ performance proxy and covers zone and policy characteristics for SEZs in 22 countries. The findings partially confirm, but also refute the dominant knowledge on the viability of SEZs. While larger zones tend to perform better, growth is difficult to sustain over time and particularly hard to achieve for high-technology focused zones. Other factors commonly assumed to matter, such as the nature of the zone operator, the incentive package and programme set-up, seem to be highly context dependent. Furthermore, contextual factors, such as proximity to markets and a pre-existing industrial base, influence zone performance.

This research examines the process of inclusion of aviation into the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). The thesis investigates an environmentally-recalcitrant community (aviation industry) and its attempts to suspend the application of the EU ETS on the sector. It focuses on the decision-making processes at the European Union (EU) level and juxtaposes the European policy-making with the resistance to inclusion shown in the political system of the United States (US). More specifically, it seeks to understand the factors affecting the effectiveness of efforts to forge effective international environmental policy, especially those driven by the EU in the context of climate change. Theoretically, this research draws on three theories: Multi-level governance, Policy Network Analysis and Interpretive Policy Analysis. These theories are advanced by considering the meaning-making activities pursued by the stakeholders and discursive aspects of the process analysed. Empirically the thesis is informed by a series of semi-structured interviews conducted in Washington, DC in 2013 and in Brussels, Belgium in 2014, policy documents, and media content analysis. The thesis concludes that the climate ambitions of the (EU) may instigate international resistance leading to deterioration of relations with international partners. The thesis proves too that the conflict in the EU ETS case is related to the construction of interests both within the EU and vis à vis its international partners. The research contributes also to understanding the internal proceedings of the European Commission by showing discrepancies in decision-making between the Directorate Generals. It shows that the locus of policy making can be changed towards more non-material venues. Finally, the results show that aviation enjoys a particularly powerful position among other businesses both in the EU and in the US and is able to shape policy-making at the national and international level.

The main aim of this thesis is to assess the economic impact of climate change and climatic variability on agriculture in Northeast (NE) Thailand. Climate change is a slow and complex phenomenon. Therefore, decision-making in climate change context involves long-time scales and that have led uncertainties associated with many risks. To assess the impact of climate change in agriculture as well as supporting long-term adaptation planning, long-term climate change scenarios are required. This study achieved this requirement by developing long-term climate change scenarios for NE Thailand under the SRES A2 and B2 climate change scenarios for 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s based upon data from the SEA START RC. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that the assessment of climate change impacts on NE Thailand agriculture through a careful consideration of spatial issues in the Ricardian framework that this study has undertaken would be useful in providing a more accurate picture of the potential impacts of climate change on farmer income in NE Thailand. By the end of the 21st century (2080s), NE Thailand farmers of 62 sub-districts in 8 provinces are expected to experience the severe impact of climate change. A full implementation of the key planned adaptation, the IWRM, would therefore be required to alleviate the risk to climate change in NE Thailand agricultural sector.

This research aims to assess the Impact of the Emerging Climate Change Risks (IECCR) on Urban Infrastructure (UI) such as; housing stock, road transport systems, energy systems and water systems; economic impact (associated with housing stock) and social well-being Impact (impact on human health) applicable to Damaturu (Yobe State, Nigeria). It also seeks to develop a viable adaptation strategy (AIECCR) that could lead to a resilient and sustainable urban growth of the town. The research made use of the criteria developed by the Climate Change Risks Observatory (CCRO) for extracting the IECCR applicable to the study area. The IECCR & AIECCR variables were transformed into a Self-Administered Questionnaire (SAQ) and administered to one hundred and five built environment professionals from the field of Architecture, Engineering & Surveying, Planning and several other professions categorised as ‘Others’ to weight the likelihood of the impacts, effectiveness of the strategies, and their willingness to implement them in their plans, designs or future policies. Subsequently, data analysis was carried out using the SPSS statistical tool. Ranking of the data was carried out using the Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W), and the Reliability analysis of the data was carried out using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The research has compiled a comprehensive list of IECCR & AIECCR strategies for the study area that was not put together prior to this study, several statistical tools were used to carry out the analysis of the data obtained and has revealed a disparity among the built environment professionals. Ranking of the data obtained has shown clearly how their views differ on certain subject. One-way ANOVA has also revealed 10 out of 100 variables of the study has statistical difference such as; IECCR on Energy Systems (PI3j), IECCR on Water Systems (PI4e, PI4f), IECCR on Social Well-Being (SWIa), AIECCR on Housing Stock (API1a), AIECCR on Energy Systems (API3f), AIECCR on the Economy (AEIb, AEIc), and AIECCR on Social Well-Being (ASWIe). Some of the variables were rejected and some retained. ‘Climate Change’ as a topic itself is still an alien phenomenon, and is often mystifying and even blasphemous in the study area, an in-depth reconnaissance survey of the study area were limited and raise suspicion, accessibility to acquiring a more diverse data had also been restricted due to the on-going insurgencies. Identifying the IECCR & AIECCR strategies, acknowledgment by the wider society and integrating them into policies can eventually affect the way towns and cities are designed, planned, and constructed. It can also save considerable time, lives, and resources if implemented in every plan and development. The built environment professionals, policy makers, stakeholders and residents in the study area if enlightened with these impacts and their adaptation strategies could work together to ensure a resilient and sustainable urban growth. There is also a room for further research to find out which is more important? Adhering to ‘standards’ regardless of how it affects professional practice and urban growth or the need to study the vulnerability of town and cities to climate change, assessment of its impact and the provision of its adaptation strategies before carrying out any future plans or designs? This is the first research carried out for the study area that has identified a comprehensive list of IECCR & AIECCR strategies, which when implemented could lead to resilient and sustainable growth of Damaturu. This research aims to assess the Impact of the Emerging Climate Change Risks (IECCR) on Urban Infrastructure (UI) such as; housing stock, road transport systems, energy systems and water systems; economic impact (associated with housing stock) and social well-being Impact (impact on human health) applicable to Damaturu (Yobe State, Nigeria). It also seeks to develop a viable adaptation strategy (AIECCR) that could lead to a resilient and sustainable urban growth of the town. The research made use of the criteria developed by the Climate Change Risks Observatory (CCRO) for extracting the IECCR applicable to the study area. The IECCR & AIECCR variables were transformed into a Self-Administered Questionnaire (SAQ) and administered to one hundred and five built environment professionals from the field of Architecture, Engineering & Surveying, Planning and several other professions categorised as ‘Others’ to weight the likelihood of the impacts, effectiveness of the strategies, and their willingness to implement them in their plans, designs or future policies. Subsequently, data analysis was carried out using the SPSS statistical tool. Ranking of the data was carried out using the Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W), and the Reliability analysis of the data was carried out using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The research has compiled a comprehensive list of IECCR & AIECCR strategies for the study area that was not put together prior to this study, several statistical tools were used to carry out the analysis of the data obtained and has revealed a disparity among the built environment professionals. Ranking of the data obtained has shown clearly how their views differ on certain subject. One-way ANOVA has also revealed 10 out of 100 variables of the study has statistical difference such as; IECCR on Energy Systems (PI3j), IECCR on Water Systems (PI4e, PI4f), IECCR on Social Well-Being (SWIa), AIECCR on Housing Stock (API1a), AIECCR on Energy Systems (API3f), AIECCR on the Economy (AEIb, AEIc), and AIECCR on Social Well-Being (ASWIe). Some of the variables were rejected and some retained. ‘Climate Change’ as a topic itself is still an alien phenomenon, and is often mystifying and even blasphemous in the study area, an in-depth reconnaissance survey of the study area were limited and raise suspicion, accessibility to acquiring a more diverse data had also been restricted due to the on-going insurgencies. Identifying the IECCR & AIECCR strategies, acknowledgment by the wider society and integrating them into policies can eventually affect the way towns and cities are designed, planned, and constructed. It can also save considerable time, lives, and resources if implemented in every plan and development. The built environment professionals, policy makers, stakeholders and residents in the study area if enlightened with these impacts and their adaptation strategies could work together to ensure a resilient and sustainable urban growth. There is also a room for further research to find out which is more important? Adhering to ‘standards’ regardless of how it affects professional practice and urban growth or the need to study the vulnerability of town and cities to climate change, assessment of its impact and the provision of its adaptation strategies before carrying out any future plans or designs? This is the first research carried out for the study area that has identified a comprehensive list of IECCR & AIECCR strategies, which when implemented could lead to resilient and sustainable growth of Damaturu.