No description available.

The purpose of this study was to develop a fibrin gel system capable of serving as a three dimensional scaffold for the chondrogenesis of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and to examine the effect of two fibrinolytic inhibitors, aprotinin and aminohexanoic acid, on this system. Rabbit BM-MSCs were obtained from the tibias and femurs of New Zealand white rabbits. After chondrogenic potential of BM-MSCs was verified by pellet culture, 2 x 106 cells were pelleted and suspended in fibrinogen (80mg/ml) and then mixed with equal parts of thrombin (5 IU/ml). The specimen were then divided into four groups: aprotinin control (with aprotinin); aprotinin + transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) (with aprotinin and TGF-beta 1); amino control (with aminohexanoic acid); and amino+TGF-beta (with aminohexanoic acid and TGF- beta1). Each of these groups was further divided into three groups depending on the concentration of the inhibitor. Both of the aprotinin groups received 0.0875, 0.175, or 0.35 TIU/ml of aprotinin and both of the aminohexanoic acid groups were supplemented with 2, 4, or 8 mg/ml of aminohexanoic acid. The gels were harvested and analyzed at 7, 14, and 21 days. All of the aprotinin+TGF-beta groups exhibited a significantly higher aggrecan gene expression than control groups whereas only the amino+TGF-â group treated with 8mg/ml was significantly higher than those of the control groups. In addition, the 0.0875 and 0.175 TIU/ml aprotinin+TGF-beta groups exhibited significantly higher levels of expression than the 2 and 4 mg/ml amino+TGF-beta groups. There were no significant differences among the different concentrations of aprotinin or aminohexanoic acid with or without the treatment of TGF-beta. Similar trends were also seen when the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was measured and analyzed. These findings suggest that fibrin gels are a suitable environment for the chondrogenesis of BM-MSCs and that aprotinin in combination with TGF-beta1 is the optimal condition for stimulating BM-MSCs to differentiate into chondrocytes.

In preparation of gelant solution for making crosslinked polymer gels for water shutoff applications unpublished experiments plus chemical intuition suggest that, unless hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymer is fully hydrated before addition of crosslinker, the final gel will have lower than optimum mechanical strength. It is suggested so because polymer chains need to be unfolded before proper crosslinking can occur. We have evaluated gel strengths of “flowing” gels for water shut off in natural fractures and other non-matrix features as a function of time of addition of crosslinker relative to time of hydration of polymer. Gels were prepared from moderately high molecular weight HPAM crosslinked with chromium(III) acetate (CrAc) or polyethyleneimine (PEI). Crosslinker was added after either (1) initial wetting of solid polymer particles or (2) complete hydration of polymer. HPAM can be purchased as a fine particulate hydrocarbon slurry or as a solution concentrate, either of which, when diluted into makeup water, rapidly provides fully hydrated polymer solution. However, dry HPAM is often preferred because of lower overall cost of active material and smaller storage footprint than slurry or liquid concentrates. The down side of using the solid product is that it generally requires two or more large blending tanks in order to fully hydrate polymer for large volume gel treatments. However, if conditions exist where crosslinker can be added to wetted but not fully hydrated polymer, then dry polymer and crosslinker can be blended in a small continuous flow unit, with full hydration occurring downhole prior to gelation. Gel strengths were determined using a common qualitative coding system for gels prepared in identical manner except for timing of crosslinker addition. Crosslinker was added immediately after wetting of polymer or after polymer had been agitated until complete hydration. Samples were prepared in fresh water or 4% NaCl brine and at ambient temperature or 122 °F. For almost all samples of polymer gels prepared with identical concentrations of HPAM and CrAc, there was no observable difference in gel strength regardless of time of addition of crosslinker. HPAM/CrAc polymer gels with 4wt% NaCl make up water were lower in strength by one code level with respect to those prepared with fresh water. For polymer gels hydrated at 122 °F with 4wt% NaCl there was no gel strength code level difference with respect to those prepared at ambient temperature with 4wt% NaCl. For HPAM/PEI polymer gels the majority of the samples showed similar gel strengths regardless of the timing of crosslinker addition. A few polymer gels showed weaker gel strengths when prepared from partially hydrated polymer solution before crosslinker addition. Presence of 4wt% NaCl in the makeup water gave weaker gel strengths than those prepared with fresh water with an average difference of four code levels. The pre-gel viscosity of a polymer solution was also compared to the timing of crosslinker addition at ambient temperature. For HPAM/PEI system the overall polymer solution viscosity decreased when PEI was added whereas for HPAM/CrAc system the polymer solution viscosity remained similar after crosslinker was added to the completely hydrated polymer solution but increased when crosslinker was added to partially hydrated polymer solution. The most significant result of this work is the demonstration that for most field applications optimum quality gel can be obtained using dry polymer and a small continuous mixing system for initial wetting of the polymer after which the crosslinker can be added to the polymer solution on the fly. This practice can decrease the footprint, equipment requirements and labor and thus the cost of large volume flowing gel treatments.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

Ph.D.

No description available.

No / Polymer gel electrolytes (PGE) based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), lithium salts and appropriate solvent systems, developed at Leeds University, have been shown to form tough rigid films with conductivities approaching 10¿2 S cm¿1. A continuous process has now been developed for the construction of rechargeable lithium cells by extruding the PGE as a melt and directly laminating between the anode and cathode electrodes. On cooling, the solid PGE acts as electrolyte and separator and binds the cell laminate together from within requiring no external case. This process has been successfully applied for the fabrication of cells with electrodes developed by SpectraPower Inc. in a commercial process enabling cell laminates with PGE thickness less than 0.1 mm and with energy densities approaching 170 Wh kg¿1. A prototype manufacturing facility has been set up to produce rechargeable cells of high specific capacity and high energy density. Future developments will enable rechargeable lithium ion cells to be produced on a continuous process as flat sheets opening the way for novel battery geometries.

No / We demonstrate the self-assembly of bola-amphiphile-type conjugates of dipeptides and perylene bisimide (PBI) in water and other polar solvents. Depending on the nature of the peptide used (glycine-tyrosine, GY, or glycine-aspartic acid, GD), the balance between H-bonding and aromatic stacking can be tailored. In aqueous buffer, PBI-[GY]2 forms chiral nanofibers, resulting in the formation of a hydrogel, while for PBI-[GD]2 achiral spherical aggregates are formed, demonstrating that the peptide sequence has a profound effect on the structure formed. In water and a range of other polar solvents, self-assembly of these two PBI-peptides conjugates results in different nanostructures with highly tunable fluorescence performance depending on the peptide sequence employed, e.g., fluorescent emission and quantum yield. Organogels are formed for the PBI-[GD]2 derivative in DMF and DMSO while PBI-[GY]2 gels in DMF. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful strategy for using short peptides, specifically, their sequence/structure relationships, to manipulate the PBI nanostructure and consequent optical properties. The combination of controlled self-assembly, varied optical properties, and formation of aqueous and organic gel-phase materials may facilitate the design of devices for various applications related to light harvesting and sensing.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 3 octobre 2023) / La radiothérapie externe est une modalité de traitement utilisée contre le cancer qui vise à distribuer de la dose de radiation à une région atteinte par la maladie. Les dosimètres sont les instruments utilisés pour mesurer de la dose livrée par l'appareil de traitement. Le besoin de valider des distributions de dose en trois dimensions pour des traitements de radiothérapie de haute précision a récemment généré de l'intérêt face aux dosimètres en gel. Le gel polymère est un type de gel permettant une mesure de la dose en 3D. Le principe de ces instruments repose sur les réactions de polymérisations croisées qui sont déclenchées dans la zone irradiée entraînant une diminution, proportionnelle à la dose, du temps de relaxation transversale T₂, obtenu en imagerie par résonance magnétique. Ce projet de maîtrise a pour but de faire la caractérisation et la comparaison de gels dosimétriques fabriqués à base du monomère N-Isopropylacrylamide 97 % (NIPAM). Plusieurs recettes ont été développées dans les précédentes études, mais aucune ne s'entend sur la composition du gel qui optimise ses performances dosimétriques. Dans le but de déterminer une recette optimisée de gel NIPAM, quatre recettes tirées de la littérature ont été comparées. L'analyse repose sur la réponse à la dose, la qualité des images produites, la sensibilité ainsi que le coût de chacun des dosimètres produits. Les résultats ont démontré qu'une plus grande concentration de NIPAM augmente la sensibilité du gel et permet d'obtenir une meilleure qualité d'image. La recette composée de 5% de NIPAM est celle qui offre le meilleur compromis entre la qualité d'image et le coût d'un dosimètre. Ces résultats ont permis l'élaboration d'une recette optimisée dont les performances ont été évaluées. Enfin, un dosimètre fabriqué à partir de cette recette optimisée a été utilisé pour valider un plan de traitement clinique. La carte de dose mesurée avec ce dosimètre est comparée à celle du logiciel de planification de traitement à l'aide d'une analyse Gamma 3 mm/3 % avec un seuil d'analyse de 10 % et 75 % des pixels analysés ont présenté un indice γ inférieur ou égal à 1. / External beam radiation therapy is a treatment modality used against cancer that aims to deliver a dose of radiation to a region of the body. Dosimeters are instruments used to measure the dose delivered by the treatment machines. The need to validate three-dimensional dose distributions for high-precision radiotherapy treatments has recently generated interest in gel dosimeters. Polymer gel is a type of gel that enables measurement of both absolute and spatial dose. Irradiation induces cross-linking polymerization reactions resulting in a decrease, proportionaly to delivered dose, in the transverse relaxation time T₂. The purpose of this master's project is to characterize and compare dosimetric gels made from N-isopropylacrylamide 97% monomer (NIPAM). Several recipes have been developed in previous studies, but none agrees on the composition of the gel that optimizes its dosimetric performance. In order to determine an optimized recipe for NIPAM gel, four recipes taken from the literature were compared. The analysis is based on dose response, image quality, sensitivity, and the cost of a phantom from each recipe. The results showed that a higher concentration of NIPAM increases the sensitivity of the gel and allows a better image quality. The recipe composed of 5% NIPAM is the one that offers the best compromise between image quality and the cost of a dosimeter. These results allowed the development of a optimized recipe whose performance was evaluated. Finally, a dosimeter made from this optimized recipe was used to validate a clinical treatment plan. The dose map measured with this dosimeter is compared to that of the treatment planning software using a 3mm/3% with threashold of 10% Gamma analysis, and 75% of the analyzed pixels showed a gamma index equal to or less than 1.