Appropriate sampling and experimental programs resulted in a qualitative and quantitative assessment of seaweed litter biomasses, decomposition rates and concomitant changes in nitrogen content; detritus biomass and decomposition rates; and faunal distribution patterns for the significant species within a successional seaweed community in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. A simulation model incorporating suitable data obtained from these sampling and experimental programs facilitated prediction of detritus formation rates, biomass, nitrogen content and the seasonal availability of detritus as a food resource for fauna. Soluble matter release rates from decomposing seaweed litter and its nitrogen content were also determined. Of the ca 43 taxa identified within the seaweed litter collections, Fucus distichvs L. (41%), Irldaea cordata (Turner) Bory (26%), Nereocystis 1uetkeana (Mertens) Postels and Ruprecht (27%), and Laminaria (4%) (L. saccharina (L.) Lamouroux and L. groenlandica Rosenvinge) accounted for more than 97% of total litter deposition. The mean peak summer biomass of all litter was ca 5 g ash-free dry weight (AFDW)/m² with this figure approaching zero during January and February. Litter distribution was patchy and there was sufficient evidence to conclude that most litter was retained, and underwent decomposition, in the immediate vicinity of its place of deposition. Litter decomposition experiments performed on the 10 most significant contributors to seaweed community structure indicated that decomposition of seaweed litter occurs rapidly compared to vascular plant litter. The time required for seaweed litter to disappear from 2 mm mesh litter bags ranged from six days, for the lamina of Nereocystis luetkeana, to ca 70 days, for Fucus distichus. Some similarity in decomposition rates was observed amongst species displaying taxonomic and/or morphologic affinities. Assessment of nitrogen content of decomposing seaweed litter revealed that nine of the 10 species assayed lost nitrogen less rapidly than total litter biomass. As determined by assaying microbial consumption of particulate material, the time required for detritus (particle size < 1 mm, dry) to fully decompose was short. Of the 10 species tested, Iridaea cordata detritus decomposed most rapidly at a rate of 5.7% per day while rates for Gigartina papillata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh, Laminaria groenlandica, Laminaria saccharina and Nereocystis luetkeana ranged from 2-4% per day. Data for the remaining species were less conclusive although all decomposed at rates less than one percent per day. Variation in specific decomposition rates was shown to be correlated with the structural composition of the detritus. Those species with a relatively small percentage of crude fibre as a component of their particulate fraction decomposed more rapidly than those species with a higher percentage of crude fibre. For the two most rapidly decomposing species, Iridaea cordata and Nereocystis luetkeana, a trend toward a more rapid decomposition rate as mean particle size decreased was evident. Natural detritus (particle size < 2 mm, wet) biomass accumulation within the study site peaked at ca 1.4 g AFDW/m² during the latter half of August 19 76. This value represents 1-5% of the quantity of detritus predicted to have been formed from seaweed litter alone and a lesser percentage of the total quantity of seaweed detritus formed. Exportation out of the seaweed zone is believed to be responsible for this discrepancy. The predicted rates of detritus formation and soluble matter release from decomposing seaweed litter peaked at ca 0.6 and 0.5 g AFDW/m²per day, respectively, in early September 1976 from a low near zero in February. In total, ca 56% of litter biomass formed detritus, the remainder being released as soluble matter. The mean nitrogen contents of the detritus formed and the soluble matter released were 2.48 ± 0.03% and 1.36 ± 0.03% of their dry weights, respectively. The annual contribution of seaweed litter biomass via detritus and soluble matter to local coastal waters is estimated to be in the range of 70-85 g C/m². Detritus formed from seaweed litter was determined to have a C:N ratio of 10-13:1, rendering it suitably nutritious for utilization by fauna as a food resource, however it could not be shown conclusively that the coincidence, en masse, of specific fauna and maximum detritus availability was a response to the availability of detritus as a food resource. The possibility of such a correlation is discussed with reference to two species of caprellids, Caprella alaskana Mayer and Metacaprella anomala Mayer, and the benthic gastropod Lacuna marmorata Dall. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

Populations of Euphausia pacifica Hansen in the Strait of Georgia region which have recently been commercially harvested were studied with respect to life history, distribution and population dynamics in order to examine aspects of the management of the resource. The potential use of local euphausiids as a food item for fish rearing was also evaluated through chemical analyses and feeding trials with juvenile coho salmon. The maximum life span in local populations was 19 months for males and 22 months for females. Spawning, which occurred from May to September, appeared to be closely related to phytoplankton abundance. First-year growth was maximal in summer (0.094 mm/day) but slowed in autumn and halted in winter. Growth in the following year showed a similar pattern. Males appeared to grow faster and experienced size-selective mortality following early maturity (11-12 mm). Survival increased with life phase changes between egg (6%/mo) and early adult stages (68%/mo) but declined sharply for individuals over 18 mm. Total biomass, B, in each population reached a maximum in October-November. Production by E. pacifica , P, in Saanich Inlet during July-November was 26.8 mgC/m²/day (P/B = 8.8), which is similar to that for herbivorous copepods, but higher than a previous estimate for E. pacifica . Juvenile coho salmon at 9 C showed mean growth rates of 3.8%/day on freeze-dried euphausiids compared to 3.0%, 2.7% and 3.1%/day on diets of euphausiid meal, frozen euphausiids and Oregon Moist Pellet, respectively. Local euphausiids have a well-balanced spectrum of amino acids in their proteins and high carotenoid concentrations (80-219 μ/g tissue) , making them suitable for use in aquacultural feeds. British Columbia's euphausiid fishery harvested about 100 metric tons during early 1977; the main uses are as an aquarium fish food and as a dietary supplement in salmon aquaculture. Yield calculations and other management considerations have indicated that the optimal harvesting time for E. pacifica is between October and December rather than from January to March as suggested by government guidelines on plankton harvesting, a limited and carefully monitored euphausiid fishery in the Strait of Georgia region appears to have potential value to the new plankton harvesting industry and to managers of associated fisheries who need further information on zooplankton population dynamics. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Drawn June 1968 by Katherine W. Ewing, Nashville, Tenn. from a tracing of a modern Georgia Highway map for county outlines, water courses, county seats, etc. County formations from the best available and most authoritative sources. Discontinue counties drawn and indexed as E - Extinct. Amended October 1972 from data in the "Official and Statistical Register, 1969-1970," Georgia Department of Archives and History, Atlanta. Copyright Katherine W. Ewing, 1973. No scale provided. / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1136/thumbnail.jpg

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In this study overall financial development and the performance of commercial banks in Georgia during 1991-2000 is analyzed. Georgian banking system emerged from a scratch after the country gained its independence in 1991. Initial reform path turned out to be very arduous, full of failures and disappointments. After complete chaos of 1991-1994 the banking sector recovered quickly owing to extreme measures taken by the authorities. We discuss in detail the policies pursued by the National Bank of Georgia, the outcomes of these policies and contrast general performance of Georgian banks with banks in other transitional economies and developed countries. To measure performance of individual commercial banks in 2000, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was employed. DEA has been extensively used to study commercial bank efficiency over the last two decades. Major advantages of DEA are its applicability to small samples, employment of less information than required by alternative parametric approaches (e.g. information on prices and the knowledge of functional form for the production relationship is not necessary) and the ability to perform analysis with multiple inputs and outputs. We found that inefficiency in the Georgian banking sector was equally due to pure technical and scale inefficiencies; large banks were oversized because of excessive branching contributing to their scale inefficiency; and there was a significant positive relationship between efficiency and profitability. / Graduation date: 2002

Primarily focusing on his political career (1878-1894) and as an unofficial public figure after his retirement from formal politics (1895-1911), this study considers William J. Northen’s efforts in leading Georgia to the vague but resonant ideal of progress by analyzing his combination of religion and politics for social change, modern governance, and economic progress. After Reconstruction, urban middle-class southern Baptists like Northen began to realize the social problems of their civilization. Gradually, these reformers worked to expand their traditional mission of saving indivdual souls into a modern mission of saving the collective soul of society. Whereas personal, localized relationships customarily ordered southern society, under Northen, public policy and an increasingly coercive state informed by Christian princilpes of social outreach began to overtake the role of the individual.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Georgia Southern University, 2007. / "A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education." Under the direction of Meta Y. Harris. ETD. Electronic version approved: May 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 143-150) and appendices.

The Holt Social Studies Curriculum and The Americans were social studies textbooks edited by Edwin Fenton, John M. Good, and others at the Carnegie-Mellon Center for Project Social Studies. These textbooks were an effort by Fenton and his associates to meet the demands for change in social studies curriculum and related instructional materials. Being produced during an era of social change, revolts, and an unpopular war, the textbooks reflected on controversial issues of that era which eventually led to restrictions on their purchase in Georgia. These restrictions, however, raised issues which made this study possible. The Georgia State Board of Education in 1972 rejected the recommendations of its Professional Textbook Selection Committee to include the social studies textbooks edited, authored, or contributed to by Edwin Fenton on the state's approved textbook list. Only the textbooks on the state’s approved list could be purchased with state funds. This study is an investigation of the Georgia State Board of Education’s ban on the social studies textbooks from the state’s approved textbook list and the subsequent effects of the State Board 1s action on future textbook selection policies in the state. This was the first time in twenty years that members of the Georgia State Board of Education had acted to remove approved textbooks from the Georgia public schools. This study is also significant because the State Board's wording of its action leaves the impression that they were opposed to the author, regardless of his works. This study describes a step by step account of the events which eventually led to the ban on the textbooks. It also describes the subsequent events which led to a change in the state’s textbook selection policies. While parents did not participate in the controversy, policy changes made their participation more likely for textbook controversies in the future. Although the Fenton social studies textbooks were not adopted by the State Board, the approaches used in them are widely used in other social studies textbooks in Georgia today. For future textbook controversies in Georgia, the writer recommends that the lay representatives on the State’s Textbook Selection Committee be given voting power. The writer believes the controversy reported in this study uncovered an inconsistency between the social science educators in Georgia and the State Board of Education on the goals of the state’s social studies curriculum. Therefore, the writer recommends that the social studies educators develop a clear set of objectives for the social studies curriculum and present them to the State Board of Education for approval. These objectives should be made available to the general public for scrutiny before they become the set goals for the state. Further, the State Board of Education should keep the lines of communication open with the educators of the state. Finally, the writer recommends further study of the uniformity of Georgia's goals in education across the state, especially the social studies goals. Recently, the state has adopted a series of criterion referenced tests which are administered all over the state. A uniform testing system should dictate a uniform set of objectives. / Ed. D.