The mind of the chimpanzee poses something of a paradox. In captivity, chimpanzees show cognitive abilities which seem only rarely used in the wild. The contention of this thesis is that the added complexity which a fission-fusion social system imposes on a Machiavellian primate requires complex decision-making, and that it is in making these decisions that wild chimpanzees use their cognitive abilities. The extent of social complexity in the relationships between male chimpanzees was investigated in an unprovisioned community in the Budongo Forest, Uganda. Statistical modelling and the construction of mutually exclusive hypotheses were used to determine the extent of tactical behaviour and decision-making in the social lives of these animals. Male chimpanzees were found to live in a highly dynamic social milieu, showing complex patterns of associations which appeared to be tactical. Chimpanzee males changed their associates frequently every day, and it is argued that each change represents a decision. In pursuit of association strategies, each decision is tactical, and requires cognitive representations of strategic goals and the relationships between individuals. Individual males appeared to deliberately select their association partners. Over time, the tendency a dyad had to associate changed, as individuals sought to alter their relationships, in pursuit of association, and broader social, strategies. Two such association strategies were distinguished; one in which individuals maintained an even level of association with other males, another where males concentrated on associating with only a few others. Individuals switched from one strategy to another as their social status changed, although both strategies could lead to increased status. A preference for higher status males as nearest neighbours lead to competition for proximity partners, and individuals, particularly the middle to high status males, appeared to use proximity tactically. In choosing between grooming partners, male chimpanzees appeared to to select the individual with whom they had the stronger association relationship. This implied a cognitive comparison of the value of each relationship. Male ranging patterns were examined, and the majority of time was spent within small core areas which were both partially overlapping and distinct. Each male?s core area had a similar habitat composition, and overlap between core areas was positively related to dyadic association tendencies. It is hypothesised that these core areas function to enable the location of individuals to be predicted by other members of the community. The cognitive demands of decision-making by wild chimpanzees is discussed in relation to the demonstrated abilities of captive individuals, as are the implications for an understanding of the evolution of the chimpanzee mind.

My thesis works as an experiment, or rather a series of experiments, in methods of thinking about historical material. These methods come from anthropology and engage with myths and ritual, with the concept of “complementary others”, and the concept of “schismogenesis" as it has been developed by Gregory Bateson and advanced further by Marshall Sahlins. My overall goal is not to re-describe a well-researched historical event, but to explore how different ways of analysis, using different analytical frameworks, could lead to valuable explanations of the same political-cum-cultural event. The phenomenon I engage with is the last Oecumenical Council, a major religious event in the history of Councils within already schismatic societies. For this reason, I treat this Council in particular, as a ritual, unprecedented in scale and ambiguous in its inception. I am examining the structure and the return of this Event in History, and the controversies and tensions in the diachrony of East and West. I do this not only through the notion of schismo-genesis and ritual, but specifically the notion of sacrifice as developed by Maurice Bloch, in which the journey from Constantinople to Italy becomes a historical metaphor of mythical realities, regarding the Emperor John VIII Palaiologos. And finally, I explore the significance of Bessarion and complementary others within the notion of transformation and alterity. What I establish through discussions of the historical material, which span eleven centuries of history, is first of all, that there is no event without a system; that means the journey can acquire the form of the ritual. I argue that the relation between the myth and the idea of unity is dialectical in nature; the Event of a Union, which could bring peace in the one Church of Christ, from this moment of realisation becomes a fabrication, a mystery to the witnesses, and all the other myths that will be developed on the way become even more imperative and melancholic, because they seek to express a negative and unavoidable truth. The Event doesn’t portray reality any more, it exists despite it and becomes an extreme position, almost like a dream, and it justifies the vision one wished to be possible, only to show that it is untenable: the “what if it could be”; the possibility of all parts being aspirations to the whole, oecumenicity as a goal rather than unity. Overall, this thesis is about the presence of the past in the present, in relevance to the future.

The story of indigenous peoples’ knowledge systems, also known as indigenous knowledge (hereafter IK), is a complex one tangled with different and sometimes conflicting interests, values, and interpretations from a variety of disciplines, or specialized fields. A number of international treaty and trade agreements that want to ‘harness’ IK also turned it into an object of global governance, as this PhD study argues. This study also argues that the well-being of IK has gradually emerged as a global agenda for sustainable development and intergenerational justice, which constitute the defining characteristics of contemporary discourse of heritage. Consequently, IK issues and debates have become more versatile and multifaceted with a widening scope and mounting stakes. This is a sociological and legal study of knowledge that analyses the epistemological struggle resulting from different understandings of the nature and purpose of IK, which has causal relationship with the inadequacies of the governing regimes documented in this study. This study argues that such struggle and inadequacy form the core problem for IK governance. Furthermore, this study takes a novel approach guided by indigenous peoples’ epistemology, which represents ties between ecology, landscape, and people in a web of connections, to argue that IK is a cross-cutting subject and a form of emplaced knowledge. Hence it is not simply a property issue or debate as most literature tends to focus on. This study further argues that what constitutes the cornerstone of IK claims by indigenous peoples is essentially biocultural diversity that nurtured and sustained IK as well as IK-holder communities as distinct peoples. Through an interdisciplinary approach of synergy and synthesis, this study developed a number of original ideas and frameworks to analyse this complex story of IK. By doing so, this study shows how IK is a challenging subject that is inevitably political; it is also tangled with inherently heterogenetic and incoherent regimes of governance, from intellectual property and trade to environmental governance and development to natural and cultural heritage and human rights. This study takes these regimes as sites of inquiry in the tradition of critical theory to further unpack and problematize the development imperative and the private-property-based system exercised by these regimes. Finally, this study concludes that IK governance can make or break vulnerable groups like indigenous peoples to a point of prosperity or deeper poverty and extinction. Therefore, it requires particular care with an integrated approach. This study aims to fill an important gap in the literature with recommendations for future policy and research.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2015-2016 / Cette étude vise à mieux comprendre le rôle d’une fête, en l’occurrence le Carnaval de Québec, dans la création, l’adaptation et la mise en valeur d’un "esprit du lieu" à Québec. La fête participe à la transformation d'un territoire en « lieu », soit à accomplir un processus d’appropriation du territoire par la communauté pour en faire sien. Plus encore, elle donne au lieu un "esprit" car la fête sert de ciment identitaire pour ceux qui la célèbrent en leur permettant de se reconnaître et d’être fier du lieu qu’ils habitent. Le Carnaval de Québec offre un terrain privilégié pour observer ces processus de construction de l’esprit du lieu à travers l'organisation de la fête et le jeu des acteurs. Elle vise à montrer la place de la communauté d’accueil dans la création de la fête et dans la concrétisation de l’esprit du lieu.

Avec la Convention pour la Sauvegarde du Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel de l’UNESCO (2003), le concept de patrimoine s’est trouvé élargi à de nouveaux objets, mais surtout une nouvelle distribution des rôles s’est opérée parmi les acteurs, mettant les praticiens individuels et collectifs au cœur du dispositif. Les états qui ont ratifié la convention se sont donné l’obligation de procéder à des inventaires en impliquant les communautés dans la désignation de ce qui, pour elles, fait patrimoine immatériel, offrant ainsi une opportunité d’expérimentations de formes et de méthodes pour réaliser cet objectif. Ces inventaires se sont largement appuyés sur des technologies numériques pour leur constitution et sur le web pour leur diffusion. La dynamique sociale dans laquelle s’inscrit la notion d’inventaire s’appuie sur un imaginaire des techniques numériques comme moyen de conjurer la perte culturelle et une relation ambiguë se noue au moment de l’inventaire nativement numérique entre immatériel et virtuel. L’étude du récit de l’histoire du web permet de mettre en évidence un ensemble de mythes fondateurs d’Internet qui contribuent à cette ambiguïté. À partir d’une participation observante à l’Inventaire du Patrimoine Immatériel Religieux du Québec (IPIR), qui s’appuie sur les définitions de la convention UNESCO, il s’agit de considérer les technologies numériques, dont Internet, comme outils que les communautés (État, communautés locales, acteurs de l’inventaire) mobilisent pour se mettre en scène par le patrimoine immatériel. L’exemple de l’IPIR, chargé de trois missions (conserver la mémoire, répertorier les pratiques vivantes, les communiquer), comparé à d’autres inventaires en ligne existants illustre la plasticité des inventaires du Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel. Les trajectoires de l’inventorisation émergent en interrogeant la demande sociale d’un inventaire du Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel religieux dans le contexte de déchristianisation du Québec à partir des années 1960. Enfin, la diffusion sur le web des données d’inventaire permet de questionner les usages des techniques et les formes de représentations du web comme moyen de transmission culturelle. Alors que la dynamique sociale dans laquelle s’inscrit un inventaire en ligne s’appuie sur un imaginaire des techniques numériques comme moyen de conjurer la perte culturelle, la prolifération des traces sur le web vient défier la promesse d’accessibilité universelle que portait le web des origines. / With the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO (2003), the concept of heritage was expanded to new objects, but above all a new distribution of roles was made among the actors, putting the practitioners individual and collective at the heart of the device. States that have ratified the convention have given themselves the obligation to carry out inventories by involving the communities in the designation of what, for them, constitutes intangible heritage, thus offering an opportunity for experimentation of forms and methods to achieve this goal. These inventories were largely based on digital technologies for their constitution and on the web for their dissemination. The social dynamics in which the notion of inventory is inscribed is based on an imaginary of digital techniques as a means of warding off cultural loss, and an ambiguous relationship is formed at the time of the natively digital inventory between immaterial and virtual. The study of the narative of the history of the web makes it possible to highlight a set of founding myths of the Internet which contribute to this ambiguity. Based on an observant participation in the Inventory of the Intangible Religious Heritage of Quebec (IPIR), which is based on the definitions of the UNESCO Convention, digital technologies, including the Internet, should be considered as tools that the communities (state, local communities, actors of the inventory) mobilize to be staged by intangible heritage. The example of the IPIR, with three missions (keep the memory, list the living practices, communicate them), compared to other existing online inventories illustrates the plasticity of the intangible cultural heritage inventory. The trajectories of inventorization emerge by questioning the social demand for an inventory of intangible cultural heritage in the context of de-Christianization of Quebec from the 1960s. Finally, the web-based dissemination of inventory data makes it possible to question the uses of techniques and forms of representation of the web as a means of cultural transmission. While the social dynamics in which an online inventory is based on an imaginary digital techniques as a means to avert cultural loss, the proliferation of tracks on the Internet comes to challenge the promise of universal accessibility that the web was wearing. origins.

Ce mémoire s'intéresse aux imaginaires migratoires des Argentins qui souhaitent émigrer au Canada et au Québec par le biais du programme des travailleurs qualifiés, dans un contexte de multiplication des sources d'information en ligne. L'objectif est de déterminer le rôle des nouvelles technologies de l'information dans la construction de ces imaginaires. Dans cette optique, on a d'abord réalisé une analyse comparative du contenu de sources internet officielles et informelles offrant des renseignements aux candidats à l'immigration. Des entretiens réalisés avec de futurs migrants argentins permettent de constater que si elles constituent des supports d'information importants dans le processus pré-migratoire, ces ressources virtuelles ne jouent pas un rôle actif dans la construction des imaginaires du Canada. Ces derniers se construisent plutôt à partir des facteurs d'attraction et d'expulsion qui sous-tendent la décision d'émigrer et d'une comparaison dynamique et constante des caractéristiques, réelles et imaginées, du pays d'origine et du pays d'accueil.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire de maîtrise est le résultat d'une recherche ethnographique menée à Taipei, Taiwan en 2011 avec des adeptes de qigong ainsi qu'avec des étudiants de la National Taiwan University. Ce travail vise à répondre à la question de recherche centrale : pour quelle(s) raison(s) les adeptes du groupe de « Qigong de Chine — Les cinq éléments » pratiquent-ils le qiqong à Taiwan aujourd'hui ? Ma démarche est de type inductif. L'observation participante ainsi que des entretiens semi-dirigés de type conversationnel furent les principales méthodes de collectes des données. Ce mémoire s'inscrit dans les préocupations de l'anthropologie du corps et utilise les notions « indigènes» chinoises relatives à la santé, au corps taoïste, et au corps confucéen. Il aborde aussi la thématique de l'articulation entre sciences modernes et une pratique dite traditionnelle, soit ici le qigong, pour montrer en quoi le qigong est une pratique corporelle intentionnellement choisie par les adeptes pour répondre à des pronostics de santé biomédicale. J'explorerai ce que les adeptes de qigong ont à dire sur leur corps (tel qu'il est vécu, tel qu'ils se le représentent) lors de la pratique du qigong et verrai en quoi cela me renseigne sur certains enjeux culturels contemporains à Taipei. J'examine le caractère effectif vécu ou non, de la référence au taoïsme pour les adeptes de qigong et je cherche à montrer comment la (ou les) vision(s) du corps d'autres segments de la population, ici la jeunesse, contrastent avec celles des adeptes de qigong, en recourant à la notion de corps confucéen.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-11T13:12:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1245634 bytes, checksum: e10d5add0ac7fd6fd557ebc178b4b142 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-11T13:12:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1245634 bytes, checksum: e10d5add0ac7fd6fd557ebc178b4b142 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-15 / Hesse claimed in [9] that an irreducible projective hypersurface in Pn de ned by an equation with vanishing hessian determinant is necessarily a cone. Gordan and Noether proved in [6] that this is true for n 3 and constructed counterexamples for every n 4. Gordan-Noether and Franchetta gave a classi cation of hypersurfaces in P4 with vanishing hessian and which are not cones, see [6] and [3]. Here we give a geometric approach to the classi cation proposed by Gordan-Noether, providing a classi cation of hypersurfaces with zero Hessian in P4, following the lines of Garbagnati-Reppeto in [4]. / Hesse afirmou em [9] que uma hipersuperfície projetiva irredutível em Pn definida por uma equação com hessiano nulo necessariamente é um cone. Gordan e Noether provaram em [6] que isso é verdade para n 3 e exibiram contra-exemplos para cada n 4. Gordan-Noether e Franchetta deram uma classi ca c~ao das hipersuperf cies em P4 com hessiano nulo e que n~ao s~ao cones, ver [6] e [3]. Aqui vamos dar uma abordagem geom etrica a classi ca c~ao das hipersuperf cies com hessiano nulo em P4 proposta por Gordan-Noether, seguindo as linhas de Garbagnati-Reppeto em [4].

This diploma thesis deals with the concept of use of nanotechnology for cement composites and UHPC. In the theoretical part of this diploma thesis there are theoretical principles described for successful design of high performance concrete and characteristics of main feedstock and its production. Furthermore, there is a focus on nanoparticles, especially the ones with carbon base in the form of carbon nanotubes CNT, in addition to that, graphenes GN that are new on the market, moreover, graphene oxide GO and its application in cement composites to mechanical characteristics and its durability. The first part of the practical part devotes in trying to find out an optimal parameter for ultrasonic mix with a suitable surface active substance of three graphenes. The other two parts of the practical part are about influence of graphenes on mechanical characteristics, cement paste microstructure, and application in the mix of concrete C 35/45 and UHPC

This study explores the possible influence of the media on teenagers’ constructions of gendered identities, with a specific focus on drinking alcohol and engaging in sexual/romantic relationships. Understanding the factors underlying alcohol consumption and sexual activity in this age group is an important public health priority. Teenagers in ‘western’ countries are drinking more alcohol than ever before and these drinking habits may be associated with risky behaviour, such as unprotected sex, and with morbidity and mortality. In comparison to other west European nations, the UK demonstrates a poor history of sexual health in teenagers, with the highest levels of teenage pregnancy and the second-highest level of abortions in women under the age of 20. Approximately half of all sexually transmitted infections diagnosed in the UK in 2009 were seen in the under-25s. Research also suggests that the mass media influence teenagers’ behaviours, including drinking alcohol and sexual practices. The question about the influence of the media is complex. There are two opposing theoretical positions which purport to explain the influence of the media: the 'media as powerful' versus the 'media audience as powerful'. This study adopts a theoretical approach which accommodates both of these: the 'influence of presumed media influence' theory (Milkie, 1999). A contentious issue is how the media is understood by teenagers to influence their alcohol consumption and their sexual/romantic relationships. This thesis has sought to address these issues by answering the following research questions: 1: Is the media integrated into the lives of teenage boys and girls? 2: How do teenagers’ understandings of gender-appropriate alcohol-use relate to media portrayals of alcohol use? 3: How do teenagers’ understandings of gender-appropriate engagement in sexual/romantic relationships relate to media portrayals of sexual/romantic relationships? 4: Is Milkie’s (1999) ‘influence of presumed media influence’ theory a useful way to understand the media’s position in teenagers’ lives, and specifically their understandings of gender-appropriate alcohol use, and of romantic and sexual relationships? 5: How are teenagers’ understandings of gender-appropriate behaviours with regards to drinking alcohol and sexual/romantic relationships used in the construction of their gendered identities? Fieldwork was conducted with teenagers aged 13-16 years, specifically in Edinburgh and in Ayrshire. The main sample comprised 25 semi-structured group discussions with 11 follow-up individual interviews, during which participants were asked to reflect on, and interpret, images from popular British television programmes that portrayed instances of alcohol use and sexual/romantic relationships. This method was intended both to prompt discussion on the process of media influence and to allow the participants to reflect on similar situations in their own lives. The research found that the mass media does shape teenagers’ perceptions and expectations of drinking alcohol and engaging in sexual/romantic relationships; and in doing so shapes their gendered identities. Importantly, the research confirmed Milkie’s ‘influence of presumed media influence’ theory that resolved the apparently incompatible ‘powerful media’ versus ‘powerful audience’ approaches to media influence. This suggests that media influence might be all the stronger for not being readily recognised or acknowledged as being influential. Media were more influential for teenagers’ understandings of gender-appropriate engagement in sexual/romantic relationships than they were for teenagers’ understandings of gender-appropriate drinking. The reason that media portrayals of drinking were considered to be only a minor influence among other stronger influences such as peers and family may be that these activities are more public. Sexual behaviour is less public therefore teenagers rely more on media to shape their images of what is considered to be appropriate behaviour. Sexual behaviour and drinking alcohol were intertwined. Many participants talked of how sexual negotiation and activities were often accompanied by drinking. Being drunk, or, importantly, pretending to be drunk, may be understood as a process that is useful for teenagers when trying out perceived gender-appropriate identities as they engage in their relationships. As with alcohol, romantic and sexual relationships are acted out in a particular way which is informed by discourses which specify gender-appropriate behaviour, attitudes and roles (and with the help of alcohol itself, which acts as a social ‘lubricant’) and in doing so is a component of the project of identity construction. The implication of this research is that existing concern about the influence of the media should be concentrated on the media portrayals of behaviours that are less public, such as sexual/romantic relationships, rather than media portrayals of behaviours that are more public, such as drinking alcohol.