Cette thèse porte sur les défis en matière de surveillance de la fiabilité de la navigation par GNSS pour les applications de véhicules terrestres dans les milieux urbains. L'objectif principal de cette recherche est de développer des méthodes de positionnement avec confiance en utilisant des mesures GNSS et des mesures de confiance pour l'utilisateur dans des environnements urbains contraintes. Dans la première partie de la thèse, les erreurs NLOS en milieu urbain sont caractérisées par un modèle 3D de l'environnement urbain. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous avons proposé une technique de surveillance de la fiabilité dans le domaine des mesures GNSS pour l'environnement urbain en utilisant un capteur de vitesse fiable. Enfin, nous avons développé une nouvelle expérimentale de surveillance de l'intégrité pour le positionnement en milieu urbain. En surveillant de la statistique de test contre un seuil spécifique, l'intégrité et la continuité de positionnement sont fixés à un certain niveau de confiance. En outre, le calcul de niveau de protection horizontale (HPL) en utilisant une approche composite a également été proposé. / This thesis addresses the challenges in reliability monitoring of GNSS aided navigation for land vehicle applications in urban environments. The main objective of this research is to develop methods of trusted positioning using GNSS measurements and confidence measures for the user in constrained urban environments. In the first part of the thesis, the NLOS errors in urban settings are characterized by means of a 3D model of the urban surrounding. For the second part of the thesis, the work proposes a reliability monitoring technique in the range domain for urban environ ment using a trusted velocity sensor. Finally, the research developed a novel experimental scheme in integrity monitoring for positioning in urban environment. By monitoring the test statistic against a specific threshold, the positioning integrity and continuity are met at a certain level of confidence. In addition, the Horizontal Protection Level (HPL) computation using a composite approach has also been proposed.

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-17T18:13:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) GILMARA DANNIELLE DE CARVALHO ROCHA_ DISSERTAÇÃO 2015.pdf: 3108174 bytes, checksum: c5307dded72886ffaf2f476a6333026d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-17T18:13:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) GILMARA DANNIELLE DE CARVALHO ROCHA_ DISSERTAÇÃO 2015.pdf: 3108174 bytes, checksum: c5307dded72886ffaf2f476a6333026d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-06 / CNPq / Umas das maiores fontes causadoras de erro no posicionamento GNSS é a ionosfera, sendo que o efeito provocado por esta camada da atmosfera é um dos mais impactantes no processo de estimativa das coordenadas, principalmente para dados coletados com receptores de simples frequência. A modelagem matemática da refração ionosférica é complexa devido às variações diárias, sazonais, de curto e longo período, além de outros fenômenos que ocorrem na atmosfera, tal como a cintilação ionosférica. Em se tratando de posicionamento absoluto com receptores de simples frequência, seja Posicionamento por Ponto Simples (PP) ou Posicionamento por Ponto Preciso (PPP), estratégia adequada de correção dos efeitos ionosféricos devem ser adotadas. A correção da ionosfera para dados de simples frequência pode ser realizada a partir de modelo matemático, tal como o de Klobuchar, Mapas Globais ou Regionais da Ionosfera ou a partir da estimativa residual da ionosfera. Quando se tem disponível dados de duas frequências é possível utilizar a combinação ion-free, a qual permite eliminar os efeitos de primeira ordem da ionosfera. Contudo esta combinação faz com que as ambiguidades percam suas características de números inteiros, bem como realça outros níveis de ruído tal como o multicaminho. Uma possibilidade para atenuar os efeitos da ionosfera é a aplicação da estimativa dos efeitos residuais junto com as coordenadas incógnitas da estação e outros parâmetros. Neste caso, os efeitos da ionosfera podem ser tratados como um processo estocástico no Filtro de Kalman e se pode aplicar tal estratégia para dados de simples ou dupla frequência. Essa estratégia pode facilitar a solução das ambiguidades como inteiras e consequentemente permite a obtenção de resultados mais acurados no posicionamento geodésico. Dentro deste contexto, esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta a avaliação da acurácia do posicionamento absoluto GPS com aplicação de diferentes estratégias de correção da ionosfera. Foram realizados processamentos no modo PPP com dados GPS coletados em estações da RBMC em períodos de alta e baixa atividade solar para os anos de 2010 a 2013, onde se aplicou a correção da ionosfera advinda do modelo de Klobuchar, dos mapas globais (GIM – Global Ionospheric Map) e regionais (LPIM – La Plata Ionospheric Model), além da estimativa residual da ionosfera. As coordenadas estimadas foram comparadas com aquelas advindas da solução semanal SIRGAS-CON, a qual é dada atualmente em ITRF2008 e o Erro Médio Quadrático (EMQ), seja diário ou anual foi utilizado como medidor de acurácia. Ao aplicar as correções da ionosfera advinda dos mapas globais e regionais na estimativa de coordenadas no PPP utilizando somente medidas de código, observou-se melhoria de até 80% em relação ao PPP sem correção da ionosfera. O PPP com correção ionosférica advinda dos mapas regionais produziu melhorias diárias da ordem de 10% em relação ao uso dos mapas globais. Com base nas melhorias produzidas com a utilização do modelo ionosférico regional, foi proposta a modificação do modelo estocástico do ajustamento tendo em vista que somente o modelo funcional é afetado pelas correções ionosféricas advindas dos mapas. Com relação à estimativa residual da ionosfera foram realizados experimentos envolvendo medidas de código e fase na frequência L1 com geração de séries temporais anuais de coordenadas para diversas estações da RBMC, cuja acurácia alcançada foi da ordem de 10 cm no PPP com solução diária. / One of the largest sources of errors in the GNSS positioning is the ionosphere considering that the effect caused by that atmosphere layer is one of the most impacting in the coordinate estimation process, especially for data collected with single frequency receivers. Mathematical modeling of ionospheric refraction is complex due to daily variation in as well as, seasonal short and long period and also other phenomena occurring in the atmosphere such as ionospheric scintillation. Concerning the absolute positioning with single frequency receivers, whether Single Point Positioning (PP) or by Precise Point Positioning (PPP), appropriate strategy to correct the ionospheric effects should be adopted. The ionosphere correction for single frequency data can be performed from mathematical model, such as Klobuchar, Global or Regional Ionosphere maps or from residual ionosphere estimating. When one has available data from two frequencies it is possible to apply the ionosphere free combination which allows eliminating the first order ionosphere effects. However, this combination makes ambiguities lose its integer characteristics as well as amplify other noise levels as for instance multipath. One possibility to mitigate the ionosphere effects is the application of the ionosphere residual estimation along with coordinates station and other parameters. In this case, the ionosphere effects can be treated as a stochastic process in the Kalman filter where it is possible to apply that strategy for single or dual frequency data. This strategy can facilitate the integer ambiguities resolutions and consequently allows obtaining more accurate results in geodetic positioning. Inside this context, this master thesis presents the accuracy evaluation of the GPS absolute positioning by applying different strategies for ionosphere corrections. Processing was performed in PPP mode with GPS data collected in brazilizan RBMC stations in periods of high and low solar activities for the years 2010-2013, where it was applied ionosphere correction from Klobuchar model, global (GIM - Global Ionospheric Map) and regional (LPIM - La Plata Ionospheric Model) maps and the residual ionosphere estimation. The estimated coordinates were compared with those coming from SIRGAS-CON in a weekly solution which is currently given in ITRF2008 and Root Mean Square (RMS), either daily or annually, was used as accuracy measuring. When applying ionosphere corrections from global and regional maps in the PPP coordinates estimation using only code measurements, it was observed improvements of up to 80% comparing with PPP without ionosphere correction. The PPP with ionospheric correction coming from regional maps produced daily improvements of around 10% in relation to applying global maps. Based on improvements reached with corrections from regional ionospheric model, it was proposed the modification of the stochastic model for adjustment considering that only the functional model is affected by the ionospheric corrections coming from maps. Regarding the residual ionosphere estimation experiments were performed involving code and phase measurements in the L1 frequency with generation of coordinates annual time series considering the chosen RBMC stations whose accuracy achieve approximately 10 cm in PPP with daily solution.

No description available.

The management and administration of legally defined marine boundaries in Australia is subject to a variety of political, legal and technical challenges. The purpose of this thesis is to address three of the technical challenges faced in the implementation of marine boundaries which cannot be dealt with by applying conventional land cadastre and land administration principles. The three challenges that are identified and addressed are (i) marine boundary delimitation and positioning uncertainty, (ii) the construction and maintenance of four dimensional marine parcels, and (iii) the modelling and management of marine boundary uncertainty metadata.

GNSS hardware biases appear in code and phase observations, and originates both from the receiver and satellite hardware. These biases influence the accuracy in precise GNSS positioning if not handled properly. This thesis is based on two papers, where one is a review paper published in GPS Solutions, and the other is a research paper currently in review (resubmitted after minor revision) for Journal of Geodetic Science. The first paper compiles current results and gives an overview of those situations where biases are of the greatest importance for precise positioning. The second paper investigates the satellite dependency in two cases of relative phase biases. In the first paper, a review is given on how hardware biases influence precise GNSS positioning in various situations. These can roughly be divided into five cases: positioning not employing the ionosphere free combination to which the satellite clock corrections are aligned, GNSS based ionospheric modeling, determination of the phase ambiguity as an integer in PPP, and positioning with GLONASS. In the second paper, the satellite dependency for two cases of relative phase biases are investigated: relative between-receiver biases in single differenced phase observations from two receivers, relative between-signals biases in observation differences between two signals recorded by the same receiver and associated with the same carrier frequency. In both these cases a satellite dependency was discovered. The first case showed a difference of 0.8 mm between the greatest and smallest values, while the corresponding difference in the second case was 3.5 mm. It was also discovered that the biases in the first case varied periodically over time, and with a period of one sidereal day. The exact cause for these variations could however not be determined in the experiment, even though multipath could be excluded as their source. / Hårdvaru-relaterade biases kan beskrivas som små systematiska fel som uppkommer i kod- och bärvågs-observationer vid GNSS-mätning. Dessa uppstår i hårdvaran hos både satellit och mottagare, och inverkar på positionsosäkerheten vid noggrann GNSS-positionering om de inte hanteras. Denna avhandling är baserad på två artiklar, varav den ena är publicerad i GPS Solutions, och den andra är under granskning (återinskickad efter en mindre omarbetning) för Journal of Geodetic Science. Den första artikeln ger en överblick över hårdvaru-relaterade biases och de situationer då de är som mest betydelsefulla för noggrann positionering. Den andra artikeln undersöker om det eventuellt existerar ett satellit-beroende hos två fall av hårdvaru-relaterade biases för bärvågsobservationer. I den första artikeln tas fem fall upp som är särskilt betydelsefulla gällande hårdvaru-relaterade biases. Dessa är: positionering som inte använder den jonosfärsfria linjärkombination av GNSS-observationer som mottagna satellit-klock-korrektioner är anpassade för, GNSS-baserad jonosfärsmodellering, heltalsbestämning av periodobekanta vid PPP-positionering, positionering med flera GNSS-system, och positionering med Glonass specifikt. I den andra artikeln undersöks satellit-beroendet för två fall: relativa bärvågsobservationer mellan två mottagare, relative bärvågsobservationer mellan två signaler observerade av samma mottagare och med samma bärvågsfrekvens. I båda fallen upptäcktes ett satellitberoende. Variationerna i första fallet visade en differens mellan största och minsta värdet på ungefär 0.8 mm, medan motsvarande värde i andra fallet var ungefär 3.5 mm. Det visade sig också att hårdvaru-relaterade biases i det första fallet varierade periodiskt över tiden, med en period av ett sideriskt dygn. Den exakta orsaken för dessa variationerna kunde ej bestämmas, även om flervägsstörningar kunde uteslutas som källa. / <p>QC 20170926</p>