<p>Stanje Zemljine kore određeno je istovremenim i suprotstavljenim uticajem<br />endodinamičkih i egzodinamičkih procesa. Povr&scaron;inski slojevi omotača<br />Zemljine kore su u stalnom pokretu pod dejstvom uticaja, kao &scaron;to su<br />promena nivoa podzemnih voda, tektonske pojave, klizi&scaron;ta itd. Značajne<br />deformacije mogu se javiti kao posledica niza regionalnih i lokalnih<br />naponskih stanja, posebno u graničnim zonama litosfernih ploča, gde se<br />akumuliraju naponi i javljaju nelinearne innterseizmičke deformacije. U<br />disertaciji je prikazano istraživanje pomeranja Zemljine kore regionalnog<br />karaktera sa geodetskog aspekta, na osnovu ponovljenih opažanja metodom<br />satelitskog pozicioniranja, čime je dat doprinos multidisciplinarnom<br />razumevanju stanja Zemljine kore.</p> / <p>The state of the Earth&rsquo;s crust is determined by the simultaneous and opposed<br />influence of the endodynamic and exodynamic processes. The surface layers of<br />the Earth&rsquo;s crust envelope are in the state of permanent moving due to divers<br />influences, such as the level variation of underground waters, tectonic<br />phenomena, landslides, etc. Significant deformations can arise as a consequence<br />of a number of regional and local strain states, especially in the boundary zones<br />of lithosphere plates where strains are accumulated and non-linear interseismic<br />deformations appear. The subject of the thesis is a study of movements of the<br />Earth&rsquo;s crust of regional character from the aspect of geodesy, on the basis of<br />repeated observations by applying the satellite positioning method. In this way a<br />contribution is given to a multidisciplinary concept of the state of the Earth&rsquo;s crust.</p>

Um método de posicionamento por GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) que vem se popularizando nos últimos anos é o Posicionamento por Ponto Preciso (PPP). Este método de posicionamento se utiliza de dados de apenas um receptor e requer, fundamentalmente, o uso de efemérides e correções dos relógios dos satélites precisos. O PPP nos últimos anos ganhou um impulso significativo em sua popularidade devido, principalmente, ao surgimento de serviços gratuitos de processamento on-line. Entre estes serviços on-line de processamento de PPP, destaca-se o fornecido pelo NRCan (Natural Resource Canada), denominado CSRS-PPP (Canadian Spatial Reference System – Precise Point Positioning). Nesta Tese utilizou-se o serviço canadense CSRS-PPP no processamento de um longo período de dados superior a onze anos coletados em noventa e cinco das estações da RBMC. A análise das velocidades obtidas a partir das respectivas séries temporais referentes às coordenadas diárias estimadas pelo CSRS-PPP bem como a determinação de suas coordenadas – através do PPP – referidas à época 2000.4, mostraram resultados com pequenas discrepâncias quando comparadas com os valores oficiais adotados para as estações analisadas. O problema detectado, refere-se à impossibilidade da adoção de velocidades lineares de translação no sistema cartesiano X, Y e Z, tendo em vista que na grande maioria das estações constatou-se um comportamento sazonal referente à altura elipsoidal, variação esta que afeta as translações em X, Y e Z ao longo do ano. Como solução, propõe-se a adoção das velocidades de deslocamento calculadas para coordenadas planas, particularmente as coordenadas UTM, sendo a altura elipsoidal corrigida através de modelos estabelecidos em função da variação sazonal registrada em cada uma das estações da RBMC. / A positioning method for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) that has become more popular in recent years is the Precise Point Positioning (PPP). The PPP refers to the positioning method that utilizes data to only one receiver and requires fundamentally the use of ephemeris and corrections to the precise satellite clock. The PPP in recent years gained a significant boost in its popularity, mainly due to the emergence of free services online processing. Among these PPP processing on-line services, there is the one provided by NRCan (Natural Resource Canada) called CSRS-PPP (Canadian Spatial Reference System - Precise Point Positioning). In this Thesis used if the Canadian service CSRS-PPP to process data for a long period upper through eleven collected at ninety-five of RBMC stations. The analysis of the rates obtained from the respective time series relating to the daily coordinates estimated by the CSRS-PPP and the determination of its coordinates - through PPP - said at the time 2000.4, showed results with minor discrepancies compared with the official values adopted for the analyzed stations. The problem detected, refers to the impossibility of adopting linear translation speeds in the Cartesian system X, Y, and Z, considering that in most of the stations found a seasonal pattern related to the ellipsoidal height, this variation that affects translations in X, Y and Z throughout the year. As a solution, it is proposed the adoption of the forward speeds calculated for planar coordinates, particularly UTM coordinates, and the ellipsoid height corrected by established models depending on seasonal variations recorded in each of the stations RBMC.

Um método de posicionamento por GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) que vem se popularizando nos últimos anos é o Posicionamento por Ponto Preciso (PPP). Este método de posicionamento se utiliza de dados de apenas um receptor e requer, fundamentalmente, o uso de efemérides e correções dos relógios dos satélites precisos. O PPP nos últimos anos ganhou um impulso significativo em sua popularidade devido, principalmente, ao surgimento de serviços gratuitos de processamento on-line. Entre estes serviços on-line de processamento de PPP, destaca-se o fornecido pelo NRCan (Natural Resource Canada), denominado CSRS-PPP (Canadian Spatial Reference System – Precise Point Positioning). Nesta Tese utilizou-se o serviço canadense CSRS-PPP no processamento de um longo período de dados superior a onze anos coletados em noventa e cinco das estações da RBMC. A análise das velocidades obtidas a partir das respectivas séries temporais referentes às coordenadas diárias estimadas pelo CSRS-PPP bem como a determinação de suas coordenadas – através do PPP – referidas à época 2000.4, mostraram resultados com pequenas discrepâncias quando comparadas com os valores oficiais adotados para as estações analisadas. O problema detectado, refere-se à impossibilidade da adoção de velocidades lineares de translação no sistema cartesiano X, Y e Z, tendo em vista que na grande maioria das estações constatou-se um comportamento sazonal referente à altura elipsoidal, variação esta que afeta as translações em X, Y e Z ao longo do ano. Como solução, propõe-se a adoção das velocidades de deslocamento calculadas para coordenadas planas, particularmente as coordenadas UTM, sendo a altura elipsoidal corrigida através de modelos estabelecidos em função da variação sazonal registrada em cada uma das estações da RBMC. / A positioning method for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) that has become more popular in recent years is the Precise Point Positioning (PPP). The PPP refers to the positioning method that utilizes data to only one receiver and requires fundamentally the use of ephemeris and corrections to the precise satellite clock. The PPP in recent years gained a significant boost in its popularity, mainly due to the emergence of free services online processing. Among these PPP processing on-line services, there is the one provided by NRCan (Natural Resource Canada) called CSRS-PPP (Canadian Spatial Reference System - Precise Point Positioning). In this Thesis used if the Canadian service CSRS-PPP to process data for a long period upper through eleven collected at ninety-five of RBMC stations. The analysis of the rates obtained from the respective time series relating to the daily coordinates estimated by the CSRS-PPP and the determination of its coordinates - through PPP - said at the time 2000.4, showed results with minor discrepancies compared with the official values adopted for the analyzed stations. The problem detected, refers to the impossibility of adopting linear translation speeds in the Cartesian system X, Y, and Z, considering that in most of the stations found a seasonal pattern related to the ellipsoidal height, this variation that affects translations in X, Y and Z throughout the year. As a solution, it is proposed the adoption of the forward speeds calculated for planar coordinates, particularly UTM coordinates, and the ellipsoid height corrected by established models depending on seasonal variations recorded in each of the stations RBMC.

Um método de posicionamento por GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) que vem se popularizando nos últimos anos é o Posicionamento por Ponto Preciso (PPP). Este método de posicionamento se utiliza de dados de apenas um receptor e requer, fundamentalmente, o uso de efemérides e correções dos relógios dos satélites precisos. O PPP nos últimos anos ganhou um impulso significativo em sua popularidade devido, principalmente, ao surgimento de serviços gratuitos de processamento on-line. Entre estes serviços on-line de processamento de PPP, destaca-se o fornecido pelo NRCan (Natural Resource Canada), denominado CSRS-PPP (Canadian Spatial Reference System – Precise Point Positioning). Nesta Tese utilizou-se o serviço canadense CSRS-PPP no processamento de um longo período de dados superior a onze anos coletados em noventa e cinco das estações da RBMC. A análise das velocidades obtidas a partir das respectivas séries temporais referentes às coordenadas diárias estimadas pelo CSRS-PPP bem como a determinação de suas coordenadas – através do PPP – referidas à época 2000.4, mostraram resultados com pequenas discrepâncias quando comparadas com os valores oficiais adotados para as estações analisadas. O problema detectado, refere-se à impossibilidade da adoção de velocidades lineares de translação no sistema cartesiano X, Y e Z, tendo em vista que na grande maioria das estações constatou-se um comportamento sazonal referente à altura elipsoidal, variação esta que afeta as translações em X, Y e Z ao longo do ano. Como solução, propõe-se a adoção das velocidades de deslocamento calculadas para coordenadas planas, particularmente as coordenadas UTM, sendo a altura elipsoidal corrigida através de modelos estabelecidos em função da variação sazonal registrada em cada uma das estações da RBMC. / A positioning method for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) that has become more popular in recent years is the Precise Point Positioning (PPP). The PPP refers to the positioning method that utilizes data to only one receiver and requires fundamentally the use of ephemeris and corrections to the precise satellite clock. The PPP in recent years gained a significant boost in its popularity, mainly due to the emergence of free services online processing. Among these PPP processing on-line services, there is the one provided by NRCan (Natural Resource Canada) called CSRS-PPP (Canadian Spatial Reference System - Precise Point Positioning). In this Thesis used if the Canadian service CSRS-PPP to process data for a long period upper through eleven collected at ninety-five of RBMC stations. The analysis of the rates obtained from the respective time series relating to the daily coordinates estimated by the CSRS-PPP and the determination of its coordinates - through PPP - said at the time 2000.4, showed results with minor discrepancies compared with the official values adopted for the analyzed stations. The problem detected, refers to the impossibility of adopting linear translation speeds in the Cartesian system X, Y, and Z, considering that in most of the stations found a seasonal pattern related to the ellipsoidal height, this variation that affects translations in X, Y and Z throughout the year. As a solution, it is proposed the adoption of the forward speeds calculated for planar coordinates, particularly UTM coordinates, and the ellipsoid height corrected by established models depending on seasonal variations recorded in each of the stations RBMC.

No description available.

Nowadays, satellite-based localization is a well-established technical solution to support several navigation tasks in daily life. Besides the application inside of portable devices, satellite-based positioning is used for in-vehicle navigation systems as well. Moreover, due to its global coverage and the availability of inexpensive receiver hardware it is an appealing technology for numerous applications in the area of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs). However, it has to be admitted that most of the aforementioned examples either rely on modest accuracy requirements or are not sensitive to temporary integrity violations. Although technical concepts of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs) based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) have been successfully demonstrated under open sky conditions, practice reveals that such systems suffer from degraded satellite signal quality when put into urban areas. Thus, the main research objective of this thesis is to provide a reliable vehicle positioning concept which can be used in urban areas without the aforementioned limitations. Therefore, an integrated probabilistic approach which preforms fault detection & exclusion, localization and multi-sensor data fusion within one unified Bayesian framework is proposed. From an algorithmic perspective, the presented concept is based on a probabilistic data association technique with explicit handling of outlier measurements as present in urban areas. By that approach, the accuracy, integrity and availability are improved at the same time, that is, a consistent positioning solution is provided. In addition, a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of typical errors in urban areas within the pseudorange domain is performed. Based on this analysis, probabilistic models are proposed and later on used to facilitate the positioning algorithm. Moreover, the presented concept clearly targets towards mass-market applications based on low-cost receivers and hence aims to replace costly sensors by smart algorithms. The benefits of these theoretical contributions are implemented and demonstrated on the example of a real-time vehicle positioning prototype as used inside of the European research project GAlileo Interactive driviNg (GAIN). This work describes all necessary parts of this system including GNSS signal processing, fault detection and multi-sensor data fusion within one processing chain. Finally, the performance and benefits of the proposed concept are examined and validated both with simulated and comprehensive real-world sensor data from numerous test drives.

In dieser Arbeit werden Postprocessing-Verfahren zum Steigern der Genauigkeit und Verfügbarkeit satellitengestützer Positionierungsverfahren, die ohne Inertialsensorik auskommen, untersucht. Ziel ist es, auch unter schwierigen Empfangsbedingungen, wie sie in urbanen Gebieten herrschen, eine Trajektorie zu erzeugen, deren Genauigkeit sie als Referenz für andere Verfahren qualifiziert. Zwei Ansätze werdenverfolgt: Die Verwendung von IGS-Daten sowie das Smoothing unter Einbeziehung von Sensoren aus der Fahrzeugodometrie. Es wird gezeigt, dass durch die Verwendung von IGS-Daten eine Verringerung des Fehlers um 50% bis 70% erreicht werden kann. Weiterhin demonstrierten die Smoothing-Verfahren, dass sie in der Lage sind, auch unter schlechten Empfangsbedingungen immer eine Genauigkeit im Dezimeterbereich zu erzielen.

In dieser Arbeit wurde eine Studiendatenanalyse der TU Berlin zur Analyse von menschlichen Bewegungsdaten der Studie Mobil im Havelland der Charité Berlin anhand von Mobilitätsindikatoren auf Grundlage von zwei Testdatensätzen mithilfe der Desktop-GIS ArcGIS Pro und QGIS validiert. Des Weiteren wurde in dieser Arbeit anhand der Auswertungsergebnisse der Desktop-GIS ArcGIS Pro und QGIS diskutiert, inwieweit sich Analysen von Bewegungsdaten anhand von Mobilitätsindikatoren auch unter einem preissensiblen Anspruch mit einem Open-Source-System wie QGIS off the shelf durchführen lassen. Die Validierung hat ergeben, dass die Studiendatenanalyse der TU Berlin im Vergleich mit den Desktop-GIS gleichwertige und zum Teil sogar höherwertigere Ergebnisse generieren konnte. Vor allem der auf neuartige Verfahren aufbauende Stop & Go Classifier der Studiendatenanalyse der TU Berlin konnte mit seiner Performance bei der Detektion von Verweilorten überzeugen. Somit kann der Studiendatenanalyse der TU Berlin ohne Einschränkungen eine Eignung für die Auswertung der Bewegungsdaten der Studie Mobil im Havelland bescheinigt werden. In Bezug auf den Vergleich der Desktop-GIS kann festgehalten werden, dass solche Analysen mit QGIS möglich sind. Eine Umsetzung mit off the shelf Verfahren ist aber vor allem in Bezug auf den zentralen Aspekt der Detektion von Verweilorten bis dato mit QGIS nicht gewährleistet. Hier muss auf externe Python-Bibliotheken wie MovingPandas oder Scikit-mobility zurückgegriffen werden. / In this paper, a study data analysis of the TU Berlin for the analysis of human movement data of the study Mobil im Havelland based on mobility indicators is validated on the basis of two test data sets using the desktop GIS ArcGIS Pro and QGIS. Furthermore, this paper uses the evaluation results of the desktop GIS ArcGIS Pro and QGIS to discuss the extent to which analyses of movement data using mobility indicators can also be carried out off the shelf with an OSS such as QGIS under a price-sensitive claim. The validation showed that the TU Berlin's study data analysis was able to generate equivalent and in some cases even higher quality results compared to desktop GIS. The performance of the TU Berlin's Stop & Go Classifier, which is based on innovative procedures, was particularly convincing. Thus, the study data analysis of the TU Berlin can be certified without restrictions as suitable for the evaluation of the movement data of the study Mobile in Havelland. With regard to the comparison of desktop GIS, it can be stated that such analyses are possible with QGIS. However, an implementation with off-the-shelf methods is not yet guaranteed with QGIS, especially with regard to the central aspect of the detection of dwelling places. However, external Python libraries such as MovingPandas or scikit-mobility can be used here.