International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 17-20, 1994 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / Future U.S. Navy at-sea and littoral battle group training range instrumentation requires a new, secure, high data rate link This link must be capable of providing the ranges with the capacity to increase the number of players, increase the amount of threat simulation, and allow an improved Global Positioning System (GPS) based position tracking system to be implemented This paper describes a Dual Function Transponder (DFT) capable of operating on any R-CUBED (Relay, Reporter, Responder) based range as well as any TACTS/ACMI range without modification of either range type. In addition, the DFT provides a new increased data rate capability for use by planned future ranges, enabling a dramatic increase in the number of participants as well as significantly increasing the quantity of data that can be communicated by each player. Miniaturization and programmability are the keys to this development and many of the methods used are described.

No description available.

<p>As global location systems offer only restricted availability, they are not suitable for a world- </p><p>wide tracking application without extensions. This thesis contains a goods-tracking solution, </p><p>which can be considered globally working in contrast to formerly developed technologies. For </p><p>the creation of an innovative approach, an evaluation of the previous efforts has to be made. </p><p>As a result of this assessment, a newly developed solution is presented in this thesis that uses </p><p>the Global Positioning System (GPS) in connection with the database correlation method </p><p>involving Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) fingerprints. The database </p><p>entries are generated automatically by measuring numerous GSM parameters such as Cell </p><p>Identity and signal strength involving handsets of several different providers and the real </p><p>reference position obtained via a high sensitivity GPS receiver.</p>

As global location systems offer only restricted availability, they are not suitable for a world- wide tracking application without extensions. This thesis contains a goods-tracking solution, which can be considered globally working in contrast to formerly developed technologies. For the creation of an innovative approach, an evaluation of the previous efforts has to be made. As a result of this assessment, a newly developed solution is presented in this thesis that uses the Global Positioning System (GPS) in connection with the database correlation method involving Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) fingerprints. The database entries are generated automatically by measuring numerous GSM parameters such as Cell Identity and signal strength involving handsets of several different providers and the real reference position obtained via a high sensitivity GPS receiver.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dalbelo_lfa_me_prud.pdf: 1258749 bytes, checksum: 413bf515eb63448ca76790ba3eb43c75 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Atualmente é cada vez mais presente na comunidade civil a utilização do Global Positioning System (GPS). Um dos métodos de posicionamento GPS de grande destaque é o Differential GPS (DGPS). Esse método utiliza dois receptores, um como base e outro como móvel. O DGPS tem como princípio básico considerar a alta correlação dos erros provocados pela ionosfera, troposfera e órbita dos satélites. No entanto, com o afastamento entre o usuário e a estação base, a eficiência do método diminui, pois a correlação dos erros é reduzida. Mas, quando se utiliza uma rede de estações de referência, pode-se ter uma melhor modelagem dos erros na área de abrangência da rede. Surge então o conceito de DGPS em Rede (DGPSR). Alguns experimentos realizados com o DGPSR em modo pós-processados apontaram acurácia da ordem de 50 cm. Portanto, nesta pesquisa foi proposta a implementação do DGPSR em tempo real. As correções DGPSR são calculadas em tempo real por meio dos dados obtidos via Internet utilizando o protocolo Ntrip (Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol). Para isso, foram introduzidas várias alterações no software BNC, software este que foi desenvolvido pelo BKG e realiza a função do NtripClient. No que concerne às estações de referência GPS, foram utilizados dados da rede GNSS do oeste do estado de São Paulo (Rede GNSS/SP). A rede está composta, até o momento, por 10 receptores de alta tecnologia que podem ser conectados diretamente a Internet. Com relação aos resultados pode-se observar que o DGPSR utilizando 4 estações de referência apresentou melhorias de até 32% em planimetria e de 28% em altimetria, quando comparados ao DGPS utilizando somente uma estação de referência. Com relação a avaliação da latência pode-se verifica que latências de até 12 segundos parecem não causar influência nos resultados. / Nowadays, the Global Positioning System (GPS) has been very used by the civil community. One of the GPS positioning methods that have been emphasized is the Differential GPS (DGPS). In this method, two receivers are used. One of them as base and the other as rover station. The DGPS has the basic concept of considering high correlation of the errors caused by ionosphere, troposphere and satellite orbits. However, with the baseline growth the method efficiency decreases, because the errors correlation is reduced. But, using a reference station network it is possible to obtain an error modeling in the area of the network, using the network DGPS concept. Some experiments accomplished with DGPSR post processed mode presented promising results. Accuracy better than 50 cm was obtained. Therefore, in this research the goal is to implement the DGPS in real time. The corrections will be computed through data received by Internet using the Ntrip (Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol). In order to accomplish that, it was implemented several modifications in the BNC software. This software was developed by BKG and make the function of a NtripClient. It will be used a GPS network that is set up in the west of São Paulo State. This network is composed by 10 receivers of high technology that can be directly connected by Internet. Regarding the results, the DGPSR using 4 reference stations showed improvements of up to 32% in planimetry and 28% in altimetry when compared to pure DGPS. Regarding the assessment of latency it was noted that latencies of up to 12 seconds seems not to cause influence the results.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-01-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:49:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_ha_me_prud.pdf: 1098327 bytes, checksum: 37aabdd60dc21333c03db5177953ea93 (MD5) / Dados de receptores GPS de dupla freqüência são, em geral, processados utilizando a combinação ion-free, o que permite eliminar os efeitos de primeira ordem da ionosfera. Porém, os efeitos de segunda e terceira ordem, geralmente, são negligenciados no processamento de dados GPS. Nesse trabalho, esses efeitos foram levados em consideração no processamento dos dados. Foram investigados os modelos matemáticos associados a esses efeitos, as transformações envolvendo o campo magnético da Terra e a utilização do TEC advindo dos Mapas Globais da Ionosfera ou calculados a partir das pseudodistâncias. Numa outra investigação independente, os efeitos residuais de primeira ordem da ionosfera, resultantes da dupla diferença da pseudodistância e da fase da onda portadora, foram considerados como incógnitas no ajustamento. Porém, esses efeitos residuais foram tratados como pseudo-observações, associados aos processos aleatórios random walk e white noise e, adicionados ao algoritmo de filtro de Kalman. Dessa forma, o modelo matemático preserva a característica de número inteiro da ambigüidade da fase, facilitando a aplicação de algoritmos de solução da ambigüidade, que no caso desse trabalho, utilizou-se o método LAMBDA. Para o caso da consideração dos efeitos de segunda e terceira ordem da ionosfera, foram realizados processamentos de dados GPS envolvendo o modo relativo e o Posicionamento por Ponto Preciso. Os resultados mostraram que a não consideração desses efeitos no processamento dos dados GPS pode introduzir variações da ordem de três a quatro milímetros nas coordenadas das estações. / Data from dual frequency receiver, in general, are processed using the ion-free combination that allows the elimination of the first order ionospheric effects. However, the second and third order ionospheric effects, generally, are neglected in the GPS data processing. In this work, these effects were taken into account in the GPS data processing. In this case, it was investigated the mathematical models associated with the second and third order effects, the transformations involving the Earth magnetic field and the use of TEC from Ionosphere Global Maps or calculated from the pseudoranges. The first order ionosphere residual effects, resulting from pseudorange and phase double difference, were taken into account as unknown in the adjustment. However, these effects were treated as pseudo-observables and it was associated with the random process random walk and white noise and added to the Kalman filter algorithm. Therefore, the mathematical model preserves the phase ambiguity “integerness”, facilitating the application of ambiguity resolution approaches, which in the case of this work, it was used the LAMBDA method.

L’étude des séismes géants de subduction présente un intérêt de premier ordre, car ils sontsuffisamment puissants pour exciter le manteau et déclencher sa relaxation visco-élastique. Cephénomène est caractérisé par des déformations à grande échelle spatiale (plusieurs milliers dekilomètres) et temporelle (plusieurs décennies). L’étude des déformations post-sismiques en surfacepar géodésie spatiale permet de contraindre les caractéristiques géométriques et rhéologiques del’interface de subduction, ouvrant ainsi la voie à l’étude du cycle sismique dans sa globalité.Le 27 février 2010 se produit le séisme de Mw 8.8, dans la région du Maule, au large du Chili. Lasubduction de la plaque Nazca sous la plaque continentale Sud-Américaine offre, pour la premièrefois, la possibilité de mesurer de manière continue et dense les déformations post-sismiques sur plusde 1500 km. Par ailleurs, plus de 10 ans de campagnes de mesures GPS, ont permis d’imager uncouplage très hétérogène tout au long de l’interface de subduction. L’imbrication alors visible entreles déformations post-sismiques et inter-sismiques, appuyée par l’étude de la sismicité historique,met ainsi en évidence les interactions inter-segments que seuls les modèles visco-élastiques de cyclesismique permettront de mieux comprendre.Cette thèse a été centrée autour de deux axes principaux, qui conduisent vers l’objectif finaldes modèles visco-élastiques de cycle sismique. Le premier et principal objectif est l’étude desdéformations post-sismiques du Maule. J’ai ainsi traité et analysé les cinq ans de données aprèsle séisme afin d’extraire le champ de déformation post-sismique. Ces données ont alors permis decontraindre les modèles visco-élastiques, grâce à la méthode des éléments finis. Un modèle combinéd’afterslip et de relaxation visco-élastique dans l’asthénosphère et dans un chenal à faible viscositétrès profond, permet ainsi d’expliquer le champ de déformation horizontal mais aussi verticalobservé. L’amplitude et la complexité des déformations en champ proche résulte de "l’afterslip",tandis que la relaxation dans le chenal permet de reproduire le très fort soulèvement de la Cordillèredes Andes. Enfin, la relaxation dans l’asthénosphère est responsable de l’extension sur plusieursmilliers de kilomètres des déformations post-sismiques. De plus, la continuité de l’effort de terrainet le traitement des données recueillies a permis de combler l’ultime gap de données. Il a ainsiété possible de déterminer un champ de vitesse inter-sismique continu sur la quasi totalité del’interface. Finalement, même si un modèle de cycle sismique à l’échelle de la subduction Chiliennen’a pas encore pu être réalisé, le modèle de post-sismique apporte déjà de nouveaux indices sur lesinteractions entre les différents segments de l’interface Chilienne, suite au dernier séisme. / The study of giant earthquakes on subduction zone represents a main interest. They are indeedsufficiently powerful to excite the mantle and trigger its viscoelastic relaxation, over a very largespatial (thousands of kilometers) and temporal (several decades) scale. Postseismic deformation,monitored by spatial geodesy, are a proxy to the geometrical and rheological characteristics of thesubduction interface, that will allow us to study the whole seismic cycle.On February 27th 2010 in the region of Maule, Chile, occurs the Mw 8.8 megathrust earthquake.Yet, the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the continental South-American plate offers, forthe first time, the opportunity to measure continuously and densely the postseismic deformationfollowing the earthquake, over more than 1500 km. Otherwise, more than a decade of GPS repeatedmeasurements allowed to image a very heterogeneous coupling all along the Chilean interface. Thevisible imbrication between postseismic deformation and interseismic loading, supported by historicaland instrumental seismicity, highlights interactions between the segments. Viscoelastic modelsof seismic cycle appears to be the only way to understand these interactions.This PhD focused on two main axes, that will lead to the development of viscoelastic modelsof seismic cycle. The first part was dedicated to the study of postseismic deformation followingthe Maule earthquake. Therefore, we processed and analyzed very precisely GPS data in orderto extract the postseismic pattern and modeled it using the finite elements method. A combinedmodel of afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation in the asthenosphere and in a low viscosity channel,extending deep along the slab, can reproduce the complex deformation pattern, horizontaly and inverticaly. The amplitude and complexity of the near-field deformation result from aseismic slip onthe fault plane, while the great uplift of the Cordillera is reproduced by relaxation in the channel.The far field extension, up to 1600 km, entirely results from relaxation in the asthenosphere. Onthe other hand, the continuity of campaign measurements was the occasion to fill the ultimate gapof data, and thus estimate a continuous interseismic velocity field from the North of the Maulerupture zone up to North Chile. Finally, even if the final viscoelastic models of seismic cycle couldnot be processed yet, the present postseismic model already brings new insights on interactionsbetween the different segments of the Chilean interface, following the last Chilean earthquake.

Resumo: Atualmente é cada vez mais presente na comunidade civil a utilização do Global Positioning System (GPS). Um dos métodos de posicionamento GPS de grande destaque é o Differential GPS (DGPS). Esse método utiliza dois receptores, um como base e outro como móvel. O DGPS tem como princípio básico considerar a alta correlação dos erros provocados pela ionosfera, troposfera e órbita dos satélites. No entanto, com o afastamento entre o usuário e a estação base, a eficiência do método diminui, pois a correlação dos erros é reduzida. Mas, quando se utiliza uma rede de estações de referência, pode-se ter uma melhor modelagem dos erros na área de abrangência da rede. Surge então o conceito de DGPS em Rede (DGPSR). Alguns experimentos realizados com o DGPSR em modo pós-processados apontaram acurácia da ordem de 50 cm. Portanto, nesta pesquisa foi proposta a implementação do DGPSR em tempo real. As correções DGPSR são calculadas em tempo real por meio dos dados obtidos via Internet utilizando o protocolo Ntrip (Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol). Para isso, foram introduzidas várias alterações no software BNC, software este que foi desenvolvido pelo BKG e realiza a função do NtripClient. No que concerne às estações de referência GPS, foram utilizados dados da rede GNSS do oeste do estado de São Paulo (Rede GNSS/SP). A rede está composta, até o momento, por 10 receptores de alta tecnologia que podem ser conectados diretamente a Internet. Com relação aos resultados pode-se observar que o DGPSR utilizando 4 estações de referência apresentou melhorias de até 32% em planimetria e de 28% em altimetria, quando comparados ao DGPS utilizando somente uma estação de referência. Com relação a avaliação da latência pode-se verifica que latências de até 12 segundos parecem não causar influência nos resultados. / Abstract: Nowadays, the Global Positioning System (GPS) has been very used by the civil community. One of the GPS positioning methods that have been emphasized is the Differential GPS (DGPS). In this method, two receivers are used. One of them as base and the other as rover station. The DGPS has the basic concept of considering high correlation of the errors caused by ionosphere, troposphere and satellite orbits. However, with the baseline growth the method efficiency decreases, because the errors correlation is reduced. But, using a reference station network it is possible to obtain an error modeling in the area of the network, using the network DGPS concept. Some experiments accomplished with DGPSR post processed mode presented promising results. Accuracy better than 50 cm was obtained. Therefore, in this research the goal is to implement the DGPS in real time. The corrections will be computed through data received by Internet using the Ntrip (Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol). In order to accomplish that, it was implemented several modifications in the BNC software. This software was developed by BKG and make the function of a NtripClient. It will be used a GPS network that is set up in the west of São Paulo State. This network is composed by 10 receivers of high technology that can be directly connected by Internet. Regarding the results, the DGPSR using 4 reference stations showed improvements of up to 32% in planimetry and 28% in altimetry when compared to pure DGPS. Regarding the assessment of latency it was noted that latencies of up to 12 seconds seems not to cause influence the results. / Orientador: João Francisco Galera Monico / Coorientador: Milton Hirokazu Shimabukuro / Coorientador: Daniele Barroca Marra Alves / Banca: Eniuce Menezes de Souza / Banca: Eno Darci Saatkamp / Mestre

Orientador: João Francisco Galera Monico / Banca: José Tadeu Garcia Tommaselli / Banca: Edvaldo Simões da Fonseca Júnior / Resumo: Dados de receptores GPS de dupla freqüência são, em geral, processados utilizando a combinação ion-free, o que permite eliminar os efeitos de primeira ordem da ionosfera. Porém, os efeitos de segunda e terceira ordem, geralmente, são negligenciados no processamento de dados GPS. Nesse trabalho, esses efeitos foram levados em consideração no processamento dos dados. Foram investigados os modelos matemáticos associados a esses efeitos, as transformações envolvendo o campo magnético da Terra e a utilização do TEC advindo dos Mapas Globais da Ionosfera ou calculados a partir das pseudodistâncias. Numa outra investigação independente, os efeitos residuais de primeira ordem da ionosfera, resultantes da dupla diferença da pseudodistância e da fase da onda portadora, foram considerados como incógnitas no ajustamento. Porém, esses efeitos residuais foram tratados como pseudo-observações, associados aos processos aleatórios random walk e white noise e, adicionados ao algoritmo de filtro de Kalman. Dessa forma, o modelo matemático preserva a característica de número inteiro da ambigüidade da fase, facilitando a aplicação de algoritmos de solução da ambigüidade, que no caso desse trabalho, utilizou-se o método LAMBDA. Para o caso da consideração dos efeitos de segunda e terceira ordem da ionosfera, foram realizados processamentos de dados GPS envolvendo o modo relativo e o Posicionamento por Ponto Preciso. Os resultados mostraram que a não consideração desses efeitos no processamento dos dados GPS pode introduzir variações da ordem de três a quatro milímetros nas coordenadas das estações. / Abstract: Data from dual frequency receiver, in general, are processed using the ion-free combination that allows the elimination of the first order ionospheric effects. However, the second and third order ionospheric effects, generally, are neglected in the GPS data processing. In this work, these effects were taken into account in the GPS data processing. In this case, it was investigated the mathematical models associated with the second and third order effects, the transformations involving the Earth magnetic field and the use of TEC from Ionosphere Global Maps or calculated from the pseudoranges. The first order ionosphere residual effects, resulting from pseudorange and phase double difference, were taken into account as unknown in the adjustment. However, these effects were treated as pseudo-observables and it was associated with the random process random walk and white noise and added to the Kalman filter algorithm. Therefore, the mathematical model preserves the phase ambiguity "integerness", facilitating the application of ambiguity resolution approaches, which in the case of this work, it was used the LAMBDA method. / Mestre

Modern traffic signal control systems have not changed significantly in the past 40-50 years. The most widely applied traffic signal control systems are still time-of-day, coordinated-actuated system, since many existing advanced adaptive signal control systems are too complicated and fathomless for most of people. Recent advances in communications standards and technologies provide the basis for significant improvements in traffic signal control capabilities. In the United States, the IntelliDriveSM program (originally called Vehicle Infrastructure Integration - VII) has identified 5.9GHz Digital Short Range Communications (DSRC) as the primary communications mode for vehicle-to-vehicle (v2v) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (v2i) safety based applications, denoted as v2x. The ability for vehicles and the infrastructure to communication information is a significant advance over the current system capability of point presence and passage detection that is used in traffic control systems. Given enriched data from IntelliDriveSM, the problem of traffic control can be solved in an innovative data-driven and mathematical way to produce robust and optimal outputs.In this doctoral research, three different problems within a v2x environment- "enhanced pseudo-lane-level vehicle positioning", "robust coordinated-actuated multiple priority control", and "multimodal platoon-based arterial traffic signal control", are addressed with statistical techniques and mathematical programming.First, a pseudo-lane-level GPS positioning system is proposed based on an IntelliDriveSM v2x environment. GPS errors can be categorized into common-mode errors and noncommon-mode errors, where common-mode errors can be mitigated by differential GPS (DGPS) but noncommon-mode cannot. Common-mode GPS errors are cancelled using differential corrections broadcast from the road-side equipment (RSE). With v2i communication, a high fidelity roadway layout map (called MAP in the SAE J2735 standard) and satellite pseudo-range corrections are broadcast by the RSE. To enhance and correct lane level positioning of a vehicle, a statistical process control approach is used to detect significant vehicle driving events such as turning at an intersection or lane-changing. Whenever a turn event is detected, a mathematical program is solved to estimate and update the GPS noncommon-mode errors. Overall the GPS errors are reduced by corrections to both common-mode and noncommon-mode errors.Second, an analytical mathematical model, a mixed-integer linear program (MILP), is developed to provide robust real-time multiple priority control, assuming penetration of IntelliDriveSM is limited to emergency vehicles and transit vehicles. This is believed to be the first mathematical formulation which accommodates advanced features of modern traffic controllers, such as green extension and vehicle actuations, to provide flexibility in implementation of optimal signal plans. Signal coordination between adjacent signals is addressed by virtual coordination requests which behave significantly different than the current coordination control in a coordinated-actuated controller. The proposed new coordination method can handle both priority and coordination together to reduce and balance delays for buses and automobiles with real-time optimized solutions.The robust multiple priority control problem was simplified as a polynomial cut problem with some reasonable assumptions and applied on a real-world intersection at Southern Ave. & 67 Ave. in Phoenix, AZ on February 22, 2010 and March 10, 2010. The roadside equipment (RSE) was installed in the traffic signal control cabinet and connected with a live traffic signal controller via Ethernet. With the support of Maricopa County's Regional Emergency Action Coordinating (REACT) team, three REACT vehicles were equipped with onboard equipments (OBE). Different priority scenarios were tested including concurrent requests, conflicting requests, and mixed requests. The experiments showed that the traffic controller was able to perform desirably under each scenario.Finally, a unified platoon-based mathematical formulation called PAMSCOD is presented to perform online arterial (network) traffic signal control while considering multiple travel modes in the IntelliDriveSM environment with high market penetration, including passenger vehicles. First, a hierarchical platoon recognition algorithm is proposed to identify platoons in real-time. This algorithm can output the number of platoons approaching each intersection. Second, a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) is solved to determine the future optimal signal plans based on the real-time platoon data (and the platoon request for service) and current traffic controller status. Deviating from the traditional common network cycle length, PAMSCOD aims to provide multi-modal dynamical progression (MDP) on the arterial based on the real-time platoon information. The integer feasible solution region is enhanced in order to reduce the solution times by assuming a first-come, first-serve discipline for the platoon requests on the same approach. Microscopic online simulation in VISSIM shows that PAMSCOD can easily handle two traffic modes including buses and automobiles jointly and significantly reduce delays for both modes, compared with SYNCHRO optimized plans.