Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sapucci_lf_me_prud.pdf: 2343034 bytes, checksum: cc6d3b5dd004f2733fa2b80a1318dcf6 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O posicionamento com GPS (Global Positioning System), consiste basicamente na determinação de distâncias entre satélites e receptores, obtidas por meio de observações de sinais de rádio-freqüência. Entre os vários erros que estão presentes nessas observações, encontra-se o atraso dos sinais causado pela influência do vapor d’água atmosférico. Depois de minimizados os demais erros, o atraso troposférico pode ser estimado a partir das observações GPS. Estas estimativas, além de serem utilizadas para avaliar os modelos que tratam os efeitos da troposfera, podem ser convertidas em estimativas do vapor d’água integrado na atmosfera (IWV-Integrated Water Vapor). Para essa conversão, utiliza-se uma relação entre essas quantidades baseada na temperatura média da coluna vertical troposférica. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a aplicação do GPS na quantificação do vapor d’água atmosférico e uma metodologia para avaliar a modelagem do atraso zenital troposférico. Para isso, campanhas de radiossondagens e coletas simultâneas de observações GPS foram realizadas. Os resultados, na estimativa do vapor d‘água atmosférico, apresentaram boa compatibilidade com os valores fornecidos pelas radiossondas (EMQ de 2 kg/m2), e são similares aos valores encontrados na literatura. Quanto à avaliação da modelagem troposférica, os resultados indicam que a metodologia proposta apresentou-se adequada. / The GPS (Global Positioning System) positioning basically consists on determining the distances between satellites and receivers that are obtained by observing radio-frequency signals. There are several errors present in these observations. Among them we can find the delay of those signals caused by atmospheric water vapor. The tropospheric delay can be estimated by GPS observations processing after minimizing other errors. These estimates can be used to evaluate the models that attempt to reduce the tropospheric effects and may also be transformed into estimates of integrated water vapor (IWV). In this transformation is used a relationship between the delay and IWV values based on the tropospheric mean temperature. The main aims of this work are to present the GPS application related to atmospheric water vapor quantification and to propose a methodology to evaluate the zenithal tropospheric delay modeling. Launching radiosonde campaigns with simultaneous collections of GPS observations were accomplished. The results obtained by comparison the IWV values derived by GPS and radiosondes presented good compatibility (EMQ 2 kg/m2), which are similar to those found in the literature. The results supplied in the evaluation of tropospheric models indicated that the proposed methodology is adequate.

Cette thèse s'intéresse aux liens entre l'évolution du contenu en eau de l'atmosphère et la formation des précipitations. L'objectif général des travaux qui y sont présentés est d'améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de formation des précipitations en se basant sur des mesures de vapeur d’eau effectuées principalement par GPS. Une étude statistique originale effectuée à partir de 5 années de mesures (GPS, pluviomètre et capteurs météorologiques au sol, situés sur le campus des Cézeaux, Clermont-Ferrand) a permis de mettre en évidence qu'en moyenne l'augmentation du contenu intégré en vapeur d'eau (IWV) est un précurseur de la formation des pluies, et que les variations de l'humidité dans la colonne atmosphérique toute entière sont pour l'essentiel découplées de celles observées à la surface. En effet, contrairement à l'humidité au sol, l'IWV atteint son maximum en moyenne 20 minutes avant le pic de précipitations. Cela semble indiquer que lorsque les précipitations commencent la condensation devient prépondérante à l'échelle de la colonne atmosphérique toute entière tandis qu'au niveau du sol il y a une forte évaporation. L'étude détaillée des précipitations convectives qui se sont produites sous le vent des Vosges le 18 Juillet 2007 (période d'observation intensive 9a de la campagne Convective and Orographically- induced Precipitation Study - COPS), a permis de mettre en évidence l'apport essentiel du GPS pour l'étude des précipitations convectives dans une région de moyenne montagne. En effet, grâce à une utilisation combinée de mesures radar à haute résolution, d'analyses de surface et de stations GPS (permettant d’observer des structures du champ de vapeur d’eau à petite échelle et haute résolution temporelle, à 2D et 3D), nous avons montré que l'accumulation d'humidité précédait de plusieurs heures l'initiation de la convection et que le déclenchement convectif est favorisé par la convergence du flux d'humidité. Cette dernière est associée à une convergence du vent dans les basses couches, ce qui entraîne un important transport vertical de la vapeur d'eau, observé grâce à la tomographie GPS. La direction du vent en amont du relief s'est révélée contrôler pour beaucoup la localisation des zones de convergence. Le forçage local dû à l'orographie à petite échelle (< 5km) a également été mis en évidence, en complétant les observations par des résultats de simulations numériques à haute résolution. / This thesis focuses on the links between the evolution of atmospheric water vapour content and precipitation formation. The general goal of the works presented is to improve the understanding of the precipitation formation mechanisms using water vapour measurements, primarily made by GPS. An original statistical study based on 5 years of data (from GPS, rain gauge, and other meteorological probes collocated on a platform in Clermont-Ferrand, France) shows that the increase of integrated water vapour amount (IWV) is, on average, a precursor for rain formation. We also show that the IWV evolution is primarily disconnected from the variations in water vapour mixing ratio measured at the surface. Indeed, unlike moisture at the surface, the IWV reaches its maximum on average 20 minutes before the precipitation peak. This could indicate that the condensation dominates in the whole column, while at the surface there is a strong evaporation. The detailed study of convective precipitations which occurred on 18th of July 2007 (Intensive Operation Period 9a of the Convective and Orographically- induced Precipitation Study COPS) on the lee side of the Vosges Mountains shows the significant contribution of GPS measurement for the study of convective precipitations in mountainous areas. Indeed, Thanks to a synergic use of radars, surface meteorological analysis and GPS receivers (which allow the observation of small scale water vapour field features, with a high temporal resolution), we show that the moisture accumulation occurs several hours before convective initiation and we also show that the triggering of the convection is favoured by moisture flux convergence (MFC). This MFC is associated with surface wind convergence leading to a substantial vertical transport of water vapour, which is observed by the GPS tomography. The wind direction on the windward side of the mountains appears to control the location of this convergence zone. The role of local forcing due to small scale orography (< 5km) is also shown, complementing the observations by the results from high resolution numerical model simulations.

Orientador: João Francisco Galera Monico / Resumo: O posicionamento com GPS (Global Positioning System), consiste basicamente na determinação de distâncias entre satélites e receptores, obtidas por meio de observações de sinais de rádio-freqüência. Entre os vários erros que estão presentes nessas observações, encontra-se o atraso dos sinais causado pela influência do vapor d'água atmosférico. Depois de minimizados os demais erros, o atraso troposférico pode ser estimado a partir das observações GPS. Estas estimativas, além de serem utilizadas para avaliar os modelos que tratam os efeitos da troposfera, podem ser convertidas em estimativas do vapor d'água integrado na atmosfera (IWV-Integrated Water Vapor). Para essa conversão, utiliza-se uma relação entre essas quantidades baseada na temperatura média da coluna vertical troposférica. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a aplicação do GPS na quantificação do vapor d'água atmosférico e uma metodologia para avaliar a modelagem do atraso zenital troposférico. Para isso, campanhas de radiossondagens e coletas simultâneas de observações GPS foram realizadas. Os resultados, na estimativa do vapor d'água atmosférico, apresentaram boa compatibilidade com os valores fornecidos pelas radiossondas (EMQ de 2 kg/m2), e são similares aos valores encontrados na literatura. Quanto à avaliação da modelagem troposférica, os resultados indicam que a metodologia proposta apresentou-se adequada. / Abstract: The GPS (Global Positioning System) positioning basically consists on determining the distances between satellites and receivers that are obtained by observing radio-frequency signals. There are several errors present in these observations. Among them we can find the delay of those signals caused by atmospheric water vapor. The tropospheric delay can be estimated by GPS observations processing after minimizing other errors. These estimates can be used to evaluate the models that attempt to reduce the tropospheric effects and may also be transformed into estimates of integrated water vapor (IWV). In this transformation is used a relationship between the delay and IWV values based on the tropospheric mean temperature. The main aims of this work are to present the GPS application related to atmospheric water vapor quantification and to propose a methodology to evaluate the zenithal tropospheric delay modeling. Launching radiosonde campaigns with simultaneous collections of GPS observations were accomplished. The results obtained by comparison the IWV values derived by GPS and radiosondes presented good compatibility (EMQ 2 kg/m2), which are similar to those found in the literature. The results supplied in the evaluation of tropospheric models indicated that the proposed methodology is adequate. / Mestre

La vapeur d'eau est une composante clé du système climatique. Sa distribution et sa variabilité sont des sources d'incertitude dans les modèles climatiques. L'utilisation d'observations et des réanalyses des Contenus Intégrés en Vapeur d'Eau (CIVE) peut faciliter leur évaluation. Dans ce travail, des données CIVE-GPS retraitées du réseau mondial ont été utilisées pour la période 1995-2010. Afin d'évaluer les incertitudes et les inhomogénéités dans les séries GPS, une comparaison globale avec les données de réanalyse ERA-Interim a été faite. Un bon accord général a été trouvé sur les moyennes, la variabilité et les tendances ait été trouvé. Des interruptions et inhomogénéités ont été constatées dans les séries GPS, ainsi que les problèmes de représentativité dans les zones côtières et de topographie complexe. Dans ERA-Interim, des tendances trop fortes ont été constatées dans certaines régions. ERA-Interim a aussi été comparé avec d'autres réanalyses (MERRA-2, ERA-20C, 20CR), et des différences ont été trouvées dans les tendances de les CIVE sur l'Afrique, l'Australie et l'Antarctique. Enfin, les jeux de données CIVE-GPS et CIVE-ERA-Interim ont été utilisés pour évaluer quatre configurations du modèle de circulation générale atmosphérique LMDZ avec deux physiques, libres et guidées avec les vents d'ERA-Interim. Il a été trouvé que la nouvelle physique est plus humide aux latitudes tropicales. Sans guidage, pour les deux physiques, le modèle présente des difficultés à reproduire les tendances et la variabilité obtenues par GPS et par ERA-Interim. Cela confirme l'importance de la dynamique à grande échelle pour les tendances et la variabilité des CIVE. / Water vapour is a key component of the Earth’s climate system, and its distribution and variability are sources of uncertainty in climate models. The use of long-term integrated water vapour (IWV) observations and reanalyses can help in their assessment. This work pioneered the use of reprocessed GPS IWV data for 1995-2010, converted from estimates of Zenith Total Delay. The conversion was assessed, with the goal of producing a high quality long-term IWV data set. Due to uncertainties in the GPS observations and homogeneity concerns, a global comparison with ERA-Interim reanalysis data was made. Although a general good agreement in means, variability and trends was found, issues in both data sets were highlighted. In GPS, gaps and inhomogeneities in the time series were evidenced, as well as representativeness differences in coastal areas and regions of complex topography. In ERA-Interim, too strong trends in certain regions were found. ERA-Interim was also compared with other reanalyses (MERRA-2, ERA-20C, 20CR), and differences were found in the IWV trends over Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. Finally, GPS and ERA-Interim IWV were used to assess four configurations of the LMDZ atmospheric general circulation model with two different physics and with or without nudging towards ERA-Interim wind fields. Impact of the model physics on the IWV mean was found, with the new physics being moister at tropical latitudes. Overall, the model free runs in both physics have difficulty reproducing the trends and variability observed in ERA-Interim and GPS. This is improved with the nudging, which confirms the importance of large-scale dynamics on IWV trends and variability.