While most micrometeorological measurement techniques are only suitable for windy conditions, the Nocturnal Boundary Layer Technique can be used to measure trace gas flux during calm, clear nights as the nighttime stability enables gas emitted at the ground to accumulate. The difference between two measurements over the whole depth of this layer is believed to integrate emissions from a large area representative of, in this study, an agricultural farm. A tethersonde and infrared gas analyzer attached to a blimp carrying a bag sampling system monitored atmospheric variables for each ascent during two summer field campaigns. A mini-SODAR was installed in the field to obtain the wind flowfield. Strong accumulation was observed under low level jets suggesting that this feature acts as a good lid for trace gases. An average background vertical motion different from zero seemed to have more influence on gas propagation than did intermittent turbulence. On at least one night, a density current created by the nearby St-Lawrence River was observed to influence measurements.

No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the effects of a campaign that Uppsalahem implemented in February 2013, in order to make their tenants consume less water. The result of the campaign is evaluated in terms of reduced water usage and reduced emissions of greenhouse gas related to the heating of the water through district heating. Four different residential areas in urban Uppsala, where Uppsalahem implemented their water saving campaign have been studied. All calculations are done in MATLAB. The results regarding water usage is presented in cubic meters and the greenhouse gas emissions are presented in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents. A sensitivity analysis of the data is performed in order to study natural occurring variances of water consumption over time. In order to determine which parameter has the greatest impact on reducing carbon dioxide emissions, a sensitivity analysis of the fuel mix used at the district heating power plant is made. The results show that there has been a reduction of water usage since after the campaign was implemented and the sensitivity analysis of the data indicates that there has been an especially large decrease in water consumption between the years 2012 and 2013. Further though, the results contain monthly irregularities in water usage in the different areas. This shows that the reduction of water consumption has not been temporally associated to the campaign, which indicates that the reduction might not be an effect of the campaign. Regarding carbon dioxide emissions, the sensitivity analysis indicates that the kind of fuel mix Vattenfall use at their district heating plant has a much greater impact than the individual water usage behaviors of the tenants.

Human development owes a great debt to cheap plentiful energy. Historically, abundant and energy dense materials such as coal, oil and more recently natural gas, have played an important role in powering our economies. To this day, any study analysing the short-term costs and benefits of energy system expansion, will continue to favour fossil fuels. At the same time, there is increasing concern about the levels of human made greenhouse gasses such as CO2 (the major by product of burning fossil fuels) and their forecasted effects on the global climate. This thesis investigates the consequences of using political intervention to internalize the cost of future negative effects of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. More specifically, this thesis investigates the effects of regulatory and market based instruments for curbing CO2 emissions from electric power systems in terms of both cost and efficacy. A model is developed to approximate the yearly changes in generation capacity and electricity supply mixture of a power system subject to the constraints of carbon abatement policies. The model proposes a novel approach for incorporating investment in non-dispatchable, intermittent wind generation capacity as a decision variable in the planning process. The model also investigates the effects of the stochastic nature of input parameters through the use of Monte Carlo simulation. To explore many features of this model, the Ontario power system is chosen for a case study because of its diverse portfolio of both generation technologies and political objectives. Five policies are simulated and compared with a ‘business-as-usual’ base case in which no carbon abatement policy is imposed. No single policy can meet all of the political objectives being investigated; however, some policies are clear winners in terms of specific objectives. Due to the broad scope of this work, the study finds many conclusions, such as: - Aggressive policies do not always promote heavy investment in intermittent wind generation sources. - On a $/tCO2 avoided basis, aggressive policies are expensive. Modest policies (very small penalties for CO2 emissions) are very sensitive to the uncertainties in future fuel prices and load profiles. - Investment in nuclear capacity is very responsive to the severity of CO2 penalty. The study also concludes that the most aggressive policies produce the greatest overall reductions in CO2 emissions. / Graduate

Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2002

Thesis (M.S. - Hydrology)--University of Arizona, 1982. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-48).

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2007. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

Licentiatavhandling (sammanfattning) Västerås : Mälardalens högskola. / Härtill 5 uppsatser. S. 69-71: Bibliografi.

Thesis (PhD(Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Abstract in English. Includes bibliographical references.