This thesis aims to explore the various forms of healing magic; seiðr, galdr, and herbal medicine, of the Late Scandinavian Iron Age. I aim to analyse how magic can be found in the medicinal empirical material, who used these objects, and, on whom. The analysis is limited to physical sickness and what caused said diseases. The empirical material is limited to objects of clear magical medicinal use in order to dive deeper into the analysis of how the magic can be found, why, and who used said object or herb. Magic and medicine are two sides of the same coin and have walked hand in hand all through history. In fact, the two are so deeply ingrained in each other that medicinal practices were long thought to derive from magic. The empirical material and theoretical framework in this analysis reflect that belief. I developed my own theoretical framework expanding from existing theories by building on cognitive approaches to shed new light on magic as a means to manipulate this world with powers deriving from another. This framework will help with addressing hitherto unexplored aspects of magical medicine in the Late Iron Age Scandinavia. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att utforska de olika former av läkemagi; seiðr, galdr, och herbal medicin under sen-Skandinavisk järnålder. Jag försöker analysera hur magi kan hittas i det medicinska empiriska materialet, vem som använde dessa och mot vem. Analysen är begränsad till fysiska sjukdommar och vad som orsakade dessa. Det empiriska materialet har begränsats till material som har tydliga magiska medicinska egenskaper för att kunna djupdyka i hur magi kan finnas, av vem och varför detta objekt eller ört användes. Magi och medicin är två sidor av samma mynt och har gått hand i hand genom hela historien. De två principerna är så djupt inrotade i varandra att medicinsk praxis har länge antagits härstamma från magi. Det empiriska materialet och det teoretiska ramverket reflekterar denna tro. Eftersom inget existerande teoretiskt ramverk kan helt svara på de frågor jag ställt inför denna analys har jag valt att uteckla ett nytt ramverk som bygger på kognitiv evolutions teori och magi som ett sätt att manipulera världen med krafter från en annan. Denna teori kommer hjälpa med att tilltala hittils outforskade aspekter av magisk medicin under den sen-Skandinaviska järnåldern.

Consideration of forest management at the landscape scale is essential if commitments to the conservation of biodiversity are to be upheld. The ecosystem management approach, developed largely in North America, has made use of various landscape modelling tools to assist in planning for biodiversity maintenance and ecological restoration. The roles of habitat suitability models, metapopulation models, spatially explicit population models (SEPMs) and forest landscape dynamics models (FLDMs) in the planning process are discussed and a review of forest dynamics models is presented. Potential is identified for developing landscape models in the UK for both landscape restoration projects and semi-natural woodland management. Glen Affric, in northern Scotland contains a large area of native pine and birch woodland and is the subject of a long-term restoration project. A new model, GALDR (Glen Affric Landscape Dynamics Reconstruction) is introduced and is believed to be the first FLDM developed for British woodland. The theory behind the model is described in detail and preliminary results and sensitivity analyses are presented. Furthermore, GALAM (Glen Affric Lichen Abundance Model), a new SEPM for the rare epiphytic lichen Bryoria furcellata is also described. Results of simulations from the linked GALDR and GALAM models are presented which shed light on the role of landscape heterogeneity in determining the dynamics of lichen habitats and populations. It is concluded that, whilst much work will be required to develop a management-oriented decision support system from the GALDR model, the modelling process may aid researchers in the identification of knowledge gaps in ecological theory relevant to management and restoration.