Background: The pathogenesis of gallbladder mucocele is unknown in the dog. It has been proposed that hyperlipidemia could impair gallbladder motility and contribute to gallbladder mucocele formation. Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare gallbladder motility in dogs with hyperlipidemia to healthy, control dogs using ultrasonography. We hypothesized that hyperlipidemic dogs have decreased gallbladder motility, defined by increased fasting gallbladder volume (GBV) and decreased gallbladder ejection fractions at 60 (EF60) and 120 minutes (EF120) compared to controls. Animals: 26 hyperlipidemic dogs, 28 healthy control dogs Methods: Twenty-six hyperlipidemic and 28 healthy, age-matched control dogs were prospectively enrolled. Hyperlipidemia was defined as hypercholesterolemia (>332 mg/dL) and/or hypertriglyceridemia (>143 mg/dL). Dogs with both primary and secondary causes of hyperlipidemia were included. All dogs were fasted for at least 12 hours prior to collection of plasma biochemistry and pre-prandial ultrasound. Ultrasound was performed on dogs in the fasted state as well as at 60 and 120 minutes after being fed 10g/kg of a high fat diet (Hill's a/d diet; Hill's Pet Nutrition, Topeka, Kansas, USA). GBVs and EFs were calculated using the following formulas: GBV = (0.52 x L x W x H)/kg and EF = ((GBV0- GBV60,120)/GBV0) x 100, respectively. GBV0, GBV60, GBV120, EF60 and EF120 were compared between dogs with hyperlipidemia and controls using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Statistical significance was set to p<0.05. Results: Hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia were present in 15/26 (58%) and 21/26 (81%) hyperlipidemic dogs, respectively and 10/26 (38%) had elevations in both parameters. The median age in both groups was 10 years. Median (range) cholesterol concentration was 346 mg/dL (181-1372 mg/dL) and 238 mg/dL (153-324) in hyperlipidemic and control dogs, respectively. Median triglyceride concentration was 330 mg/dL (52-2213) and 65.5 mg/dL (32-142) in hyperlipidemic and control dogs, respectively. Eleven (42%) hyperlipidemic dogs were considered severely hyperlipidemic based on the triglyceride and/or cholesterol concentrations above 500 mg/dL. There were significant differences in GBV0 and GBV60 between hyperlipidemic and control dogs. Dogs with severe hyperlipidemia had significantly larger GBVs at all time points. Dogs with hypercholesterolemia also had significantly greater GBVs at all times compared to dogs without hypercholesterolemia. Median EF60 and EF120 were not significantly different between hyperlipidemic and control dogs nor severely hyperlipidemic and mildly hyperlipidemic dogs. Conclusions: Hyperlipidemic dogs have significantly greater fasting and postprandial GBVs but similar ejection fractions when compared to control dogs. Gallbladder emptying is unaltered in hyperlipidemic dogs, but gallbladder volume is higher in hyperlipidemic dogs after feeding. This distention could contribute to bile retention of bile and potentially gallbladder disease. / Master of Science / The gallbladder (GB) is a reservoir for bile. The GB contracts to deliver bile to the intestines after a meal to help with digestion of nutrients and fats, and to rid the body of harmful waste. When the GB becomes diseased, abnormal bile flow can become toxic to the liver and endanger the patient's health. One of the most common GB diseases in dogs is GB mucocele (buildup of mucus in the GB). The cause of GB mucocele formation is not well understood. One proposed cause is decreased contractions of the GB related to increased cholesterol and/or elevated triglycerides (hyperlipidemia). Our study investigated whether hyperlipidemia leads to poor gallbladder contraction, possibly explaining GB mucocele formation. We used ultrasound scans before and after eating to compare gallbladder motility in dogs with hyperlipidemia to healthy, control dogs. We hypothesized that hyperlipidemic dogs would have decreased gallbladder motility compared to controls. Twenty-six dogs with elevated cholesterol and/or elevated triglycerides and 28 healthy, age-matched control dogs were enrolled. Ultrasound was performed on dogs in the fasted state as well as 60 and 120 minutes after being fed. There were significant differences in findings between affected dogs and control dogs. Dogs with very high blood lipid levels had significantly larger gall bladder volumes (GBVs). Dogs with high cholesterol also had significantly greater GBVs at all times compared to normal dogs. This finding indicates that excessive bile may be retained in the gall bladders of dogs with hyperlipidemia, possibly affecting the function of the organ. Our study also looked at difference between the two groups in measures of ejection fraction, which can gage how efficiently the gall bladder releases bile. No differences were noted between the healthy group and the affected group. Conclusions and Outcomes: Hyperlipidemic dogs have significantly greater GBVs than control dogs both before and after eating, but similar ejection fractions. This study provides a clearer understanding of the mechanisms of gall bladder disfunction in dogs.

Background: Biliary sludge is associated with gallbladder (GB) dysmotility and mucus hypersecretion suggesting that these factors could lead to GB mucoceles. If biliary sludge does progress to GB mucoceles, treatments to reduce the production and progression of sludge are warranted. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the natural history of biliary sludge in dogs. Animals: Healthy, client-owned dogs (n=74) screened for biliary sludge; 42 affected dogs identified Methods: Prospective, observational design. Serial ultrasound examinations and biochemistries were evaluated over 1 year. The following were determined: percentage of the GB filled with sludge (mild (0.01%-24.4%), moderate (24.5%-49.4%), moderate to severe (49.5%-74.4%), severe (74.5%-100%)), gravity dependency of sludge, GB dimensions, and biochemical indices (ALT, GGT, ALP, total bilirubin, albumin, total calcium, triglycerides, and cholesterol). Mixed model ANOVA, Friedman chi-square, Mantel-Haenzsel chi-square tests, and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed to detect significant changes in these parameters. Significance at P <0.05. Results: After 1 year of follow-up, the percentage of the GB filled by sludge was mild (34%), moderate (47%), moderate to severe (13%), severe (3%), or absent (3%) with no significant difference in the median degree of biliary sludge within 1 year (P=0.36). There was no significant change in the gravity dependency of sludge over 1 year. Dogs had resolved (2%), decreased (19%), static (40%), increased (29%), or recurrent (10%) sludge at the conclusion of the study. Biochemical indices or GB volume were not significantly different over time or among groups. Conclusion: Biliary sludge is prevalent, affected dogs remain asymptomatic, and it rarely resolves in healthy dogs over a period of 1 year. Some dogs developed non-gravity dependent sludge within 1 year, which may indicate changes in consistency. / Master of Science

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2007. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 46-01, page: 0315. Adviser: Irwin Horwitz. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

The authors present an unusual case of a highly mobile gallbladder which simulated a pancreatic mass on computed tomograms. Radiographic features of this interesting variant are illustrated.

Thesis submitted in full compliance with the requirements for the Masters in Technology Degree: Radiography, Durban University of Technology, 2006. / This study aimed at determining and evaluating the prevalence of gallstones in the Black population of District 28 (D28) in relation to age, gender, diet and body mass index (BMI) in order to identify people at high risk and advise them so that they can avoid the complications and decrease the morbidity rate. Blacks are thought to have increased prevalence of gallstones but there has been no systematic evaluation of its prevalence in D28. METHODS AND MATERIALS 389 Black people from D28 were selected from referrals (for many different radiological examinations) coming to the X-ray and ultrasound departments. Some of the respondents were staff members who also met the selection criteria for the study. An interview was conducted at Ngwelezane hospital using a structured questionnaire on health, social and diet history of the respondents. All information was entered into the data sheet. All respondents were then scanned using Mid-range ultrasound machines to establish the presence of gallstones and this information was thereafter documented on the data sheet. SPSS version 11.5 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, III) was used for data analysis. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the Epitable module of Epi Info version 6.04 (CDC, 2001). Pearson's Chi square tests were used to assess associations between categorical variables and gall stones. Logistic regression analysis was applied to assess the independent effects of multiple risk factors on the development of gallstones. Backwards elimination method based on likelihood ratios was used with entry and exit probabilities set at 0.05 and 0.1 respectively / M

Thesis (M.S.)--Ball State University, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Mar. 25, 2010). "November 18, 2008." Research paper (M.S.), 3 hrs. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-114).

The existence of a cystic mass which walls originated from a metastatic gallbladder adenocarcinoma is infrequent. We present the case of 68-year-old male that present to the emergency department with abdominal distention, hyporexia and jaundice. Upon exploratory laparotomy, a duodeno-colonic cyst with walls formed by metastatic cells derived from a Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma. Metastatic disease from a gallbladder adenocarcinoma to transverse colon and duodenum formed adherences between both organs, leading to the formation of cystic mass. Cancer cells have multiple adaptation mechanisms in order to survive harsh environments. / La existencia de un quiste cuyas paredes se originaron de una metástasis de adenocarcinoma de vesícula biliar es infrecuente. Varón de 68 años con distensión abdominal, hiporexia e ictericia. En la laparotomía exploratoria se evidencia un quiste duodeno-colónico de paredes conformadas por células metastásicas producto de un adenocarcinoma de vesícula biliar. La metástasis del adenocarcinoma de vesícula biliar hacia colon transverso y duodeno formaron adherencias entre ambos órganos, conduciendo a la formación de una masa quística. Las células cancerígenas pueden adaptarse de muchas maneras para sobrevivir en entornos adversos. / Revisión por pares

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