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Ph.D. (Zoology) / This project involves a detailed study of three South African antelope species, springbok, impala and blesbok. The study investigates the origins of sperm in terms of testicular histology and subsequently the major storage organ, the cauda epididymis. Sperm of these species were characterized in terms of their quality (morphology, motility, vitality characteristics among others and their physiology: when exposed to different media and cryopreservation protocols. Finally sperm fertilization biology of the three species and evaluation of fertilization and developmental success when using homologous and heterologous oocytes (relative comparison) were assessed. Cauda epididymal spermatozoa was recovered post-mortem from the testes of culled springbok (n =38); impala (n =26) and blesbok (n =42) during winter months in South Africa and cryopreserved in a Tris-fructose-citric acid extender (Biladyl) supplemented with 20% egg yolk and 7% glycerol under field conditions. Longevity of sperm was assessed in Tris and Citrate extenders and modified Tyrode lactate in vitro fertilization (IVF) media. Oocytes were collected from the ovaries of domestic cows (n =165), springbok (n = 72) and blesbok (n = 42) and matured in domestic cattle M199 maturation media supplemented with 10% FCS, 10IJg/mi LH, 10IJg/mi FSH and antibiotics. Heterologous (zona intact and zona free) and homologous fertilization was carried using a domestic cattle IVF protocol. Results were analysed using SPSS version 18.0 (Statcon, South Africa). Interspecies comparisons were made using parametric tests: paired t-test for the freezing effect, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mixed between-within subjects ANOVA for longevity, Non Parametric test for motility characteristics and least squares ANOVA for...

The illegal trade in endangered animals in KwaZulu-Natal, with an emphasis on rhino poaching, is tactically addressed in this dissertation. The aim is to expose the nature and extent of these crimes; the victims, offenders and modus operandi involved; the adjudication of wildlife offences; the causes and consequences concerned; the relevant criminological theories to explain these crimes; and recommendations for prevention. This research intends to examine the contemporary pandemic of rhino poaching in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and offer potential techniques for intervention. Furthermore, one of the main goals of the study is to reveal and enhance the extremely neglected field of conservation criminology. A general disregard by society for the environment, as well as the overall ineffectiveness and corruption of criminal justice and conservation authorities, comes to the fore. The purpose of the research is therefore to suggest possible prevention strategies in order to protect the rights of endangered species. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)

The illegal trade in endangered animals in KwaZulu-Natal, with an emphasis on rhino poaching, is tactically addressed in this dissertation. The aim is to expose the nature and extent of these crimes; the victims, offenders and modus operandi involved; the adjudication of wildlife offences; the causes and consequences concerned; the relevant criminological theories to explain these crimes; and recommendations for prevention. This research intends to examine the contemporary pandemic of rhino poaching in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and offer potential techniques for intervention. Furthermore, one of the main goals of the study is to reveal and enhance the extremely neglected field of conservation criminology. A general disregard by society for the environment, as well as the overall ineffectiveness and corruption of criminal justice and conservation authorities, comes to the fore. The purpose of the research is therefore to suggest possible prevention strategies in order to protect the rights of endangered species. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)

South Africa presently experiences high levels of crime daily. Although crime is accepted as an everyday occurrence for its citizens, it affects the economy of the country. This study analysed security measures implemented on Commercial Private Game Reserves (CPGRs) in Limpopo and the impact of crime thereof. CPGRs are enclosed areas containing various species of fauna and flora. Visitors from domestic and foreign origins visit these reserves to enjoy nature and its tranquillity. This study analysed the security measures to determine their effectiveness for CPGRs. The study further explored the use of security risk management strategies and risk assessments as crime reduction tools. The study was carried out using a case study research design. Data were collected by the researcher using three methods: observation, onsite checklists and semi-structured one-on-one interviews which were conducted on site. Validity and reliability indicate the trustworthiness of the study. The researcher reduced the data gathered through the use of thematic data analysis. Interviews were transcribed and themes were created and identified by the researcher. The comprehensive data indicated the importance of a security risk manager on a CPGR. The research found that very few security risk managers are employed and that managers of security risks employed on CPGRs have various titles. However, while the CPGRs have similar risks, their risk reduction strategies vary. The most commonly used measures are people, physical and technological measures with each having various subdivisions. The security measures implemented by CPGRs in the Limpopo province which were analysed are not formulated using a scientific approach as most properties do not make use of a formal security risk assessment. The study is deemed valuable as a model was developed from the findings that could be used by game reserves to guide them to apply relevant security measures. A formal security programme is often limited due to financial constraints of the reserve or the reserve owners, however, not all strategies should be considered as a financial expense as much can be done without exhausting financial reserves. The findings contributed to making recommendations to improve the overall security of CPGRs. This study encourages more research into the subject to improve the security industry and to stimulate the tourism industry. / Security Risk Management / M. Tech. (Security Management)