Orientador: Flávio Vasconcelos da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T08:49:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coelho_SergioRicardoCunha_M.pdf: 4736839 bytes, checksum: 6fe321a731c29d8b5dc7ce4825c48284 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O crescimento da disponibilidade de gás natural no Brasil nos últimos anos foi possível graças ao desenvolvimento de novos campos de petróleo e gás e a mobilização da Petrobras no sentido do aproveitamento do gás produzido. O "Plangás", plano de antecipação da produção de gás, possibilitou ao país alcançar segurança na oferta sem depender do recebimento de gás da Bolívia, no entanto sem prescindir deste. Com a construção de diversas plantas de processamento, o país agora importa menos GLP, tradicionalmente deficitário e consequentemente produz grandes quantidades de gasolina natural, ambos resultantes do processamento de gás natural. A gasolina natural (CS+) é tradicionalmente incorporada ao petróleo do campo produtor devido a sua pequena escala de produção. O Objetivo deste trabalho foi propor alternativas para a utilização da gasolina natural (C5+) dentro dos limites de uma UPGN. Foi realizada a caracterização do C5+ através das técnicas mais destacadas na literatura e através das diversas de mistura procurou-se a melhor formulação para compor gasolina tipo "A", usando-se outras correntes de processo corno elevadores de octanagern. Verificou-se a possibilidade do uso do C5+ como solvente e finalmente corno carga para unidades de produção de etileno e seus subprodutos derivados do craqueamento térmico a vapor. Constata-se o caráter parafínico do C5+ através da sua crornatografia, PONA, Kw e octanagem baixa. A destilação ASTM D-86 evidencia a semelhança do C5+ com a nafta leve de destilação, corrente normalmente usada como carga para unidades de craqueamento para obtenção de olefinas. A análise das propriedades do CS+ mostra a inviabilidade do seu emprego corno gasolina. Só é possível seu aproveitamento corno gasolina através de misturas com outras naftas, sendo que as naftas de polimerização e craqueamento que se mostraram mais promissoras para este fim. Solventes leves podem ser produzidos por destilação do C5+, destacando-se os solventes de borracha e de extração. O rendimento para obtenção de eteno usando-se o C5+ como carga nas unidades de pirólise térmica a vapor pode chegar a 32% em massa, superando o rendimento das correntes liquidas tradicionalmente usadas nestas unidades. A projeção de produção de C5+ nos próximos anos, devido principalmente aos projetos do Plangás e Pré-sal certamente despertará na indústria petrolífera um maior interesse no aproveitamento desta corrente de processo. / Abstract: The increasing availability of natural gas in Brazil in recent years was made possible by the development of new fields of oil and gas and Petrobras mobilization towards tapping the gas produced. The anticipation plan for the production of natural gas, "Plangás", enabled the country to achieve security without depending on the offer of receiving gas from Bolivia, but without ignoring it. With the construction of several processing plants, the country now imports less LPG, traditionally deficit, and consequently produces large quantities of natural gas, resulting from both natural gas processing. The natural gasoline (C5+) is traditionally incorporated into the oil producing field due to their small scale production. The goal of this study was to propose alternatives to the use of natural gasoline (C5 +) within the limits of a UPGN. We performed the characterization of the C5 + through the techniques most prominent in the literature and through the various mixing rules sought to make the best formulation for gasoline Type "A", using other process streams such as octane elevators. There was the possibility ofusing the C5 +as a solvent and finally how raw material to load units of ethylene and byproducts derived from thermal steam cracking. It shows the paraffin character of the C5 + through its chromatography, PONA, Kw and low octane. Distillation ASTM D-86 shows the similarity of the C5 + with the light naphtha distillation, current commonly used as raw material to load cracking units for obtaining olefins. An analysis of the properties of C5 + shows the impracticality o f its use as gasoline. It is only possible through its use as gasoline mixtures with other naphtha, and the naphtha cracking and polymerization that have proven most promising for this purpose. Light solvents can be produced by distillation of the C5 +, especially rubber solvents, and extraction solvents. The yield for production o f ethylene using the C5 + as raw material in units of thermal pyrolysis steam can reach 32% by mass, exceeding the current net income traditionally used in these units. The projected production of C5 + in the coming years, due mainly to Plangás project and Pre-salt project, will do the oil industry will certainly be interested in exploiting this process stream. / Mestrado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química

This thesis resulted from tests conducted to determine the nature of benzene pyrolysis during chemical reactions created to increase the stability of gasoline.

A better understanding and control of internal combustion engine pollutants require more insightful investigation of gasoline oxidation chemistry. An oxidation study has been done on n-heptane, iso-octane, their binary mixtures (Primary Reference Fuel, (PRF)), and nine hydrocarbon mixtures which represent the second generation of gasoline surrogates (multi-component surrogates). This study aims to develop a better understanding of the combustion reaction by studying the oxidation reaction of different fuels inside a jet-stirred reactor and numerically simulating the reaction using different models under the following conditions: pressure 1 bar, temperature 500-1050K, residence time 1.0 and 2.0s, and two fuel-to-oxygen ratios (ϕ=0.5 and 1.0). Intermediate and product species mole fractions versus temperature profiles were experimentally measured using a GC (gas chromatograph). The experiment was performed within the high and low-temperature regions, where the high-temperature oxidation showed similar behavior for different compositions but the low-temperature oxidation showed significant dependence on the composition of the surrogates. Additionally, the effect of octane number on oxidation chemistry has been investigated and it was found that the low octane number surrogates were more reactive than high octane number surrogates during the low temperature regime. Furthermore, Kinetic analysis was conducted to provide insightful understanding of different factors of fuel reactivity. In addition, the pyrolysis of two TPRF, (Toluene primary reference fuels) mixtures (TPRF70 and TPRF97.5), representing low octane (research octane number 70) and high octane (research octane number 97.5) gasoline, was also studied in jet-stirred reactor coupled with gas chromatography (GC) analysis to investigate the formation of soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formation.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The use of diesel engines in vehicles and heavy machinery throughout the world has been slowly increasing in the past few decades. This has led to high demand for diesel and gasoline with high octane number. Diesel and gasoline are in high demand due to its qualities as fuels containing low or no sulfur and nitrogen compounds, making them environmentally friendly and the anti- knocking properties respectively. With these reasons and more, researchers have been studying processes like the catalytic oligomerization of olefins to produce synthetic fuels with augmented qualities and properties. The effectiveness of the process will depend on the quality of the catalyst.

The price pass-through relationship of retail gasoline markets in the United States has been examined on several levels. This dissertation takes two unique approaches to examine the pass-through behavior (1) a seemingly unrelated regressions model to survey regional differences in gasoline markets and (2) a pooled panel error-correction approach to analyze the effects of spatial competition on local Mississippi gasoline markets. The first model showed the presence of rockets and feathers on a regional level in the US. Moreover, every PADD had a long run asymmetric price pass-through relationship. I included variables to capture the effect of Hurricane Katrina. The inclusion of the Katrina variable indicated only the immediate period after the storm changed the pass-through behavior. Additionally, the market returned to the pre-Katrina pass-through relationship twelve weeks after the storm. The pooled panel model showed the presence of rockets and feathers in the state of Mississippi. It also indicated that the presence of spatial competition does have an effect on the price pass-through behavior. Moreover, the exact distance to the closest competitor did have a significant effect on the price pass-through relationship.

Yes / The Riser of a Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit cracks gas oil to make fuels such as gasoline and diesel. However, changes in quality, nature of crude oil blends feedstocks, environmental changes and the desire to obtain higher profitability, lead to many alternative operating conditions of the FCC riser. The production objective of the riser is usually the maximization of gasoline and diesel. Here, an optimisation framework is developed in gPROMS to maximise the gasoline in the riser of an industrial FCC unit (reported in the literature) while optimising mass flowrates of catalyst and gas oil. A detailed mathematical model of the process developed is incorporated in the optimisation framework. It was found that, concurrent use of the optimal values of mass flowrates of catalyst (310.8 kg/s) and gas oil (44.8 kg/s) gives the lowest yield of gases, but when these optimum mass flowrates are used one at time, they produced the same and better yield of gasoline (0.554 kg lump/ kg feed). / Petroleum Technology Development Fund, Nigeria, financially sponsored the study.

<p> In the spring of 1983, when this project was in its most preliminary stages, a simple hypothesis was put forward. This hypothesis suggested that auto users would react to rising retail gasoline prices by switching to an alternative mode of transportation, such as public transit. It was thought that, since any increase in fuel costs could be spread out among all transit users, public transit would become an attractive alternative to the private automobile in an individual's transportation mode decision as retail gasoline prices increased. Therefore, a positive relationship was anticipated-to exist between public transit ridership and retail gasoline prices. </p> <p> Having established the hypothesis to be investigated, an extensive review of current literature associated with the hypothesis was completed. This review presented conflicting opinions concerning the hypothesis, and also suggested that other variables were more important than the price of retail gasoline in affecting an individual's transportation mode decision. </p> <p> Unfortunately, the literature review did not suggest any relevant method of analysis for this project. It was decided that, for reasons to be discussed later, linear regression would be the method of analysis. The results of the application of a number of linear regression models to data obtained for the Hamilton study area indicated that no definitive statement could be made with respect to the hypothesis of this project. This lack of significant results was attributed to extraneous variance created by certain variables that could not be controlled. </p> <p> However, as a contribution to knowledge, this project provides a basis on which future studies can be built. If the extraneous variance that is discussed in this project can be eliminated in future studies, then- it may be possible to obtain more significant results with respect to the hypothesis that public transit ridership is positively related to retail gasoline prices. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Yes / A laser induced fluorescence system has been developed to visualise the oil film thickness between the piston ring and cylinder wall of a fired gasoline engine via a small optical window mounted in the cylinder wall. A fluorescent dye was added to the lubricant in the sump to allow the lubricant to fluoresce when absorbing laser radiation. The concentration of the dye did not disturb the lubricant chemistry or its performance. Degraded engine oil samples were used to investigate the influence of lubricant quality on ring pack lubricant film thickness measurements. The results show significant differences in the lubricant film thickness profiles for the ring pack when the lubricant degrades which will affect ring pack friction and ultimately fuel economy.

This study uses a random coefficient estimation procedure to analyze the U.S. gasoline market from 1960-1995 with three main objectives: (1) provide an empirical methodology that can estimate a gasoline demand function capable of performing well in prediction; (2) evaluate the elasticities of the models presented to determine which model is more accurate at capturing supply shocks that impacted gasoline demand; and (3) evaluate the behavior of the elasticites of the beta coefficients. This research will show that the variation from historical economic patterns was a result of supply shocks. I argue that when the OLS model of the gasoline market developed by William H. Greene is used supply shocks are not well captured because the coefficients are fixed. If the random coefficient model developed by P.A.V.B. Swamy is introduced, the coefficients vary over time, and thereby, enable supply shocks to be included in the model and more accurate forecasts are produced, as well as, meaningful time patterns in the beta coefficients. / Master of Arts

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