Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T12:10:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-23. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-13T12:25:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000833150.pdf: 449228 bytes, checksum: 74df2641720862c7aefb73c306ca6f27 (MD5) / Nessa dissertação temos o intuito de buscar soluções do tipo vórtice em um modelo não encontrado na literatura, que consiste em um densidade de lagrangiana formada por um termo de Maxwell gerado por um campo de gauge Aµ e um termo de Chern-Simons gerado por outro campo de gauge Aµ, fazendo uso de um potencial autodual com vácuo não trivial de sexta ordem. Tal modelo apresenta uma interessante equação de primeira ordem nas derivadas para Ø, com solução exata, porém ela não é consistente com a equação de segunda ordem, sendo portanto invalida. Além disso não foi possível minimizar a energia do sistema, pois a contribuição do campo elétrico não pode ser eliminada sem causar inconsistências nas equações de movimento. Para tentar contornar esse problema, foi tentado introduzir um novo termo de Chern-Simons, misto, composto pelos dois campos Aµ e Aµ. Nesse contexto a energia pôde ser minimizada sem causar problemas às equações de movimento, porem ainda não foi possível obter soluções do tipo vórtice, pois as soluções para Ø encontradas divergiam. Novamente sem soluções do tipo vórtice, o modelo original foi alterado, de forma a conter um campo escalar real N e um potencial também de sexta ordem. Com isso, a energia do sistema foi minimizada e soluções topológicas do tipo vórtice foram encontradas. Ainda desenvolvemos uma forma idiossincrática de abordar o mecanismo de Bogomol'nyi sem a necessidade direta de completar quadrado e se baseando naturalmente na consistência entre as equações autoduais e as de movimento. / In this dissertation we mean to seek vortex solutions in a model not found in literature, consisting in Lagrangian density given by a Maxwell term generated by a field gauge A mu,and Chern-Simons term generated by another field gauge Aµ, using a self-dual potential with nontrivial sixth-order vacuum. This model features an interesting first order equation for Ø, with solution exact, but it is not consistent with the second order equation, and therefore invalid. Moreover, it was not possible to minimize the model's energy, since the contribution of the electric field can not be eliminated without causing inconsistencies in the equations of motion. To try work around this problem, we tried to introduce a new mixed Chern-Simons term, composed of two fields Aµ and Aµ. In this context the energy was minimized without causing problems the equations of motion, but has not yet been possible to obtain vortex solutions, because the solutions to Ø diverges. Again, without the vortex solutions, the original model has changed, to contain a real scalar field N. Thus, the energy of the system was minimized and topological vortex solutions were found. Yet, we developed an idiosyncratic approach to the Bogomol'nyi's mechanism without the direct need to complete square and naturally based on the consistency between the self-duals equations and equations of motion

Orientador: Bruto Max Pimentel Escobar / Banca: Josif Frenkel / Banca: Carlos Augusto Romero Filho / Banca: Esdras Santana dos Santos / Banca: Jose Geraldo Pereira / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram estudados aspectos clássicos de teorias de segunda ordem. Primeiramente foi feita a formulação da teoria de gauge para sistemas em que a Lagrangiana do campo de gauge depende de suas componentes e se suas derivadas primeira e segunda aplicações desta estrutura para os casos U(1) - a eletrodinâmica generalizada de Podolsky - e SU(N) - Lagrangiana efetiva de Alekseev, Abuzov e Baikov. O uso desta estrutura para o caso do grupo de Lorentz SO(3,1) foi feito em separado e uma análise da solução estática e isotrópica no regime linear foi conduzida para um caso particular. Na sequência, analisou-se como a teoria de Podolsky poderia ser vinculada de três maneiras distintas, a partir de dados experimentais disponíveis na literatura. Finalmente, estudou-se regimes não relativísticos da eletrodinâmica de Podolsky, utilizando-se o formalismo galileanoem 5 dimensões. Os limites elétrico e magnético da teoria foram analisados / Abstract: In this work, classical and semiclassical aspects of second order theories were analyzed. First the formulation of a gauge theory for systems whose Lagrangian for the gauge field depends on the field itself and its first and second derivatives was proposed. Applications of this structuire for the U(1) group - Podolsky generalized electodynamics - and for SU(N) - Alekseev, Abuzov e Baikov effective Lagrangian - were made. The Lorentz group SO(3,1) was also analyzed and an isotropic and static solution in linear approximation was obtained for a particular case. Next it was analyzed how Podolsky thory could be constrainedin three different ways using experimetnal data available on the literature. Finally the non-relativistic limits of Podolsky electrodyamics were analyzed on the 5-dimensional galilean formalism. The electric and magnetic limits were obtained / Doutor

Orientador: Marcelo Batista Hott / Banca: Álvaro de Souza Dutra / Banca: Rodolfo Alván Casana Sifuentes / Resumo: Nessa dissertação temos o intuito de buscar soluções do tipo vórtice em um modelo não encontrado na literatura, que consiste em um densidade de lagrangiana formada por um termo de Maxwell gerado por um campo de gauge Aµ e um termo de Chern-Simons gerado por outro campo de gauge Aµ, fazendo uso de um potencial autodual com vácuo não trivial de sexta ordem. Tal modelo apresenta uma interessante equação de primeira ordem nas derivadas para Ø, com solução exata, porém ela não é consistente com a equação de segunda ordem, sendo portanto invalida. Além disso não foi possível minimizar a energia do sistema, pois a contribuição do campo elétrico não pode ser eliminada sem causar inconsistências nas equações de movimento. Para tentar contornar esse problema, foi tentado introduzir um novo termo de Chern-Simons, misto, composto pelos dois campos Aµ e Aµ. Nesse contexto a energia pôde ser minimizada sem causar problemas às equações de movimento, porem ainda não foi possível obter soluções do tipo vórtice, pois as soluções para Ø encontradas divergiam. Novamente sem soluções do tipo vórtice, o modelo original foi alterado, de forma a conter um campo escalar real N e um potencial também de sexta ordem. Com isso, a energia do sistema foi minimizada e soluções topológicas do tipo vórtice foram encontradas. Ainda desenvolvemos uma forma idiossincrática de abordar o mecanismo de Bogomol'nyi sem a necessidade direta de completar quadrado e se baseando naturalmente na consistência entre as equações autoduais e as de movimento. / Abstract: In this dissertation we mean to seek vortex solutions in a model not found in literature, consisting in Lagrangian density given by a Maxwell term generated by a field gauge A mu,and Chern-Simons term generated by another field gauge Aµ, using a self-dual potential with nontrivial sixth-order vacuum. This model features an interesting first order equation for Ø, with solution exact, but it is not consistent with the second order equation, and therefore invalid. Moreover, it was not possible to minimize the model's energy, since the contribution of the electric field can not be eliminated without causing inconsistencies in the equations of motion. To try work around this problem, we tried to introduce a new mixed Chern-Simons term, composed of two fields Aµ and Aµ. In this context the energy was minimized without causing problems the equations of motion, but has not yet been possible to obtain vortex solutions, because the solutions to Ø diverges. Again, without the vortex solutions, the original model has changed, to contain a real scalar field N. Thus, the energy of the system was minimized and topological vortex solutions were found. Yet, we developed an idiosyncratic approach to the Bogomol'nyi's mechanism without the direct need to complete square and naturally based on the consistency between the self-duals equations and equations of motion / Mestre

Lattice gauge theory is an important approach to understanding quantum chromodynamics (QCD) due to the large coupling constant in the theory at low energy. In this thesis, we report our study of the topological properties of the gauge fields and we calculate 𝘮_η and 𝘮_η' which are related to the topology of the gauge fields. We also develop two algorithms to speed up the inversion of the Dirac equation which is computationally demanding in lattice QCD calculations. The topology of lattice gauge fields is important but difficult to study because of the large local fluctuations of the gauge fields. In chapter 2, we probe the topological properties of the gauge fields through the measurement of closed quark loops, field strength and low-lying eigenvectors of the Shamir domain wall operator. The closed quark loops suggest the slow evolution of topological modes during the generation of QCD configurations. The chirality of the low-lying eigenvectors is studied and the lattice eigenvectors are compared to the eigenvectors in the continuous theory. The topological charges are calculated from the eigenvectors and the results agree with the topological charges calculated from the smoothed gauge fields. The fermion correlators are also obtained from the eigenvectors. The non-trivial topological properties of QCD gauge fields are important to the mass of the η and η', 𝘮_η and 𝘮_η'. Lattice QCD is an area where 𝘮_{\eta}$ and 𝘮_{\eta'}$ can be calculated by using gauge fields that are sampled over different topological sectors. We calculate 𝘮_η and 𝘮_η' in chapter 3 by including the fermion correlators and the topological charge density correlators. The errors of 𝘮_η and 𝘮_η' are reduced to the percent level and the mixing angle between the octet, singlet states in the SU(3) limit and the physical eigenstates is calculated. An algorithm that reduces communication and increases the usage of the local computational power is developed in chapter 4. The algorithm uses the multisplitting algorithm as a preconditioner in the preconditioned conjugate gradient method. It speeds up the inversion of the Dirac equation during the evolution phase. In chapter 5, we utilize two lattices, called the coarse lattice and the fine lattice, that lie on the renormalization group trajectory and have different lattice spacings. We find that the low-mode space of the coarse lattice corresponds to the low-mode space of the fine lattice. Because of the correspondence, the coarse lattice can be used to solve the low modes of the fine lattice. The coarse lattice is used in the restart algorithm and the preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm where the latter is called the renormalization group based preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm (RGPCG). By using the near-null vectors as the filter, RGPCG could reduce the operations of the matrix multiplications on the fine lattice by 33% to 44% for the inversion of Dirac equation. The algorithm works better than the conjugate gradient algorithm when multiple equations are solved.

Includes bibliographical references. / The thesis is organized as follows. Part I is a general introduction to LGT. The theory is discussed from first principles, so that for the interested reader no previous knowledge is required, although it is assumed that he/she will be familiar with the rudiments of relativistic quantum mechanics. Part II is a review of QCD on the lattice at finite temperature and density. Monte Carlo results and analytical methods are discussed. An attempt has been made to include most relevant data up to the end of 1987, and to update some earlier reviews existing on the subject. To facilitate an understanding of the techniques used in LGT, provision has been made in the form of a separate Chapter on Group Theory and Integration, as well as four Appendices, one of which deals with Grassmann variables and integration.

Ph.D., Faculty of Science, University of Witwatersrand, 2011 / Operators in N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory with an R-charge of O(N2) are dual to backgrounds which are asymtotically AdS5 S5. In this thesis we develop e cient techniques that allow the computation of correlation functions in these backgrounds. We nd that (i) contractions between elds in the string words and elds in the operator creating the background are the eld theory accounting of the new geometry, (ii) correlation functions of probes in these backgrounds are given by the free eld theory contractions but with rescaled propagators and (iii) in these backgrounds there are no open string excitations with their special end point interactions; we have only closed string excitations. Furthermore, these correlation functions are not well approximated by the planar limit. The non-planar diagrams, which in the bulk spacetime correspond to string loop corrections, are enhanced by huge combinatorial factors. We show how these loop corrections can be resummed. As a typical example of our results, in the half-BPS background of M maximal giant gravitons we nd the usual 1=N expansion is replaced by a 1=(M +N) expansion. Further, we nd that there is a simple exact relationship between amplitudes computed in the trivial background and amplitudes computed in the background of M maximal giant gravitons. We also nd strong evidence for the BMN-type sectors suggested in arXiv:0801.4457. The problem of computing the anomalous dimensions of (nearly) half-BPS operators with a large R-charge is reduced to the problem of diagonalizing a Cuntz oscillator chain. Due to the large dimension of the operators we consider, non-planar corrections must be summed to correctly construct the Cuntz oscillator dynamics. These non-planar corrections do not represent quantum corrections in the dual gravitational theory, but rather, they account for the backreaction from the heavy operator whose dimension we study. Non-planar corrections accounting for quantum corrections seem to spoil integrability, in general. It is interesting to ask if non-planar corrections that account for the backreaction also spoil integrability. We nd a limit in which our Cuntz chain continues to admit extra conserved charges suggesting that integrability might survive.

No description available.

No description available.

Quantization and renormalization of non-Abelian gauge fields is studied. Yang-Mills theory is renormalized up to two-loops using the background field method retaining arbitrary value of the gauge parameter. The result confirms the expectations for calculations performed in background field gauge. Namely, the counter-term depending on the background field only is a renormalization constant times the square of the field strength of the background field, and the constant upon renormalization of the gauge parameter is independent of the gauge parameter. Finally, the three-loop contribution to the renormalization group β function of pure Yang-Mills theory is calculated in the background field gauge. / Ph. D.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la physique mathématique des interactions fondamentales. Elle porte sur l'étude des théories de champs qui décrivent les particules élémentaires. En particulier, les théories de champs de spin élevé (plus grand ou égal à 2) sont analysées. Mis à part pour le graviton, vecteur supposé des interactions gravitationnelles, il n'y a aucun indice que ces champs soient présents dans la nature. Cependant leur existence n'est pas impossible théoriquemement et ils interviennent dans la théorie des cordes, candidate pour une théorie quantique d'unification de toutes les forces fondamentales y compris la gravitation. En effet, les modes de vibration de la corde élémentaire sont décrits par des champs de spin élevé.  <p>Dans ce travail, la dimension de l'espace-temps est laissée arbitraire, ce qui entraine la possibilité d'avoir plusieurs sortes (= représentations) de champs différentes ayant le même spin.<p>Le premier aspect traité dans cette thèse concerne les dualités, symétries qui relient entre elles plusieurs théories. Il est montré que différentes représentations de champs de spin élevé sont duales au niveau de l'action. En particulier, en dimension quatre, la dualité échange la composante électrique et la composante magnétique d'un même champs. Cette propriété est ensuite utilisée pour introduire des sources magnétiques pour les champs de spin élevé. La construction généralise les travaux de Dirac sur le couplage au champ électromagnétique de monopoles magnétiques. Une condition de quantification est également dérivée pour des quantités conservées, qui généralise la condition de quantification de Dirac pour la charge électrique en présence de monopoles magnétiques.<p>La deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée aux interactions de champs de spin élevé. L'analyse est effectuée dans le formalisme de champs et d'antichamps dévelopé par Batalin et Vilkovsky. Elle repose sur la procédure de déformation de l'équation maîtresse mise au point par Henneaux et Barnich. Les champs étudiés sont les champs de spin deux exotiques (c-à-d différents du graviton) ainsi que les champs de spin trois complètement symétriques. Pour les premiers, il est prouvé que toutes les interactions doivent être abélienne. Il n'y a donc pas d'équivalent de la théorie d'Einstein pour ces champs. Dans le cas des champs de spin trois, plusieurs vertex cohérents au premier ordre sont obtenus.<p><p><br><p><p>In this thesis, we consider two aspects of higher-spin gauge field theories: dualities and interactions.<p>The first aspect is related to the presence of dualities, i.e. 'hidden' symmetries among gauge field theories. Do two higher-spin theories corresponding to different irreducible representations of the Poincaré group have the same physical content. Duality relations were already known at the level of the equations of motion and Bianchi identities, here we prove (in some cases) that these dualities hold also at the level of the action. As a consequence, the dual theories are formally equivalent. For example, in five space-time dimensions the spin-two theory of Pauli and Fierz is dual to the theory of a mixed-symmetry spin-two field written by Curtright. <p><p>In four space-time dimensions the duality exchanges the electric and magnetic degrees of freedom of the field. This property leads us to introduce external magnetic sources for higher-spin fields, thereby generalizing to arbitrary spin the work of Dirac on the coupling of magnetic monopoles to the electromagnetic field. Similarly to the quantization condition on the product of the electric and magnetic charges for electromagnetism, there is a quantization condition on the product of conserved ``electric' and ``magnetic' charges for higher spins.<p><p>The second aspect of higher-spin gauge field theories that is analysed in this thesis is the problem of interactions. Self-interactions of exotic spin-two gauge fields are studied, as well as self-interactions of completely symmetric spin-three fields. This is done in the BRST field-antifield formalism developped by Batalin and Vilkovisky, using the technique of consistent deformations of the master equation proposed by Barnich and Henneaux. <p><p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation physique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished