Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2001. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 9, 2005). Pages 1-6 wanting. Includes bibliographical references (p. [219]-234).

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 38-42).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, 2005. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Nov. 30, 2006). Includes bibliographical references (p. 491-509).

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Auckland, 2000. / Embargoed until 25 October 2001.

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2006. / John Peterson, committee chair; Roger Bakeman, James Emshoff, committee members. Electronic text (79 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Aug. 9, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-79).

Thesis (DTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Over the last two decades, academic literature, various market research studies, and media reports have widely contributed to the belief that the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) market, and more specifically the gay male sub-segment, display favourable characteristics for the tourism industry. As recently as 2017, gay travel was regarded as one of the fastest-growing markets in the international travel industry. It is thus clear that the importance of this market, whether accurate or not, has been well documented over the years and is well known by the tourism industry; however, despite an increasing trend where tourism destinations promote themselves as ‘gay friendly’ in an attempt to attract gay (homosexual) travellers, a segment of the LGBT travel market, these travellers are perceived to be a homogeneous market segment or a niche market as a result of the assumption that gay men and women lead similar lifestyles and because they are homosexual, indicating that sexual orientation is used as the principal distinguishing characteristic of this population. This assumption is problematic and rather simplistic as it conceals many other important variables, and may hinder effective destination marketing. In order to correctly harness the existing potential within this segment, there is a need to overcome the challenge of correctly understanding and adapting the tourism offering to the preferences and needs of gay travellers; hence this research aimed to develop a typology of gay leisure travellers, by segmenting gay travellers into homogeneous sub-segments in an attempt to contribute to the gap in literature regarding this market’s heterogeneity. A web-based electronic survey was completed by 506 gay travellers, and attribute-based benefit segmentation was carried out by applying a hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward’s procedure with Euclidean distances. The typology is based on the push and pull framework; the motivations of travellers were assessed both in terms of their socio-psychological motivations and destination attributes of Cape Town. A number of conclusions can be drawn from the suggested typology of gay leisure travellers. First, the typology suggests four unique gay travel sub-segments ranging from Passive Relaxers on the one end to Wildlife Explorers, Culinary Enthusiasts/Foodies and Gay-Centric Travellers on the extreme end, which empirically proves that gay travellers are not homogeneous as there are sub-segments of gay travellers with different consumer behaviours. Therefore, these sub-segments may be referred to as niches as individuals within these sub-groups are homogeneous in certain characteristics. Second, there are two sub-segments in which travellers’ behaviour is not influenced by their sexuality, while the sexuality of travellers in the two other sub-segments influences their travel behaviour to varying degrees. Third, there is evidence that the gay traveller is integrating with other larger mainstream market segments and that the literature on gay travel may soon find itself outdated as fewer gay individuals, as the typology shows, base their travel decisions solely on gay-related issues, possibly owing to an increasing societal acceptance of homosexuality and the insignificance of a ‘gay identity’ to many of the post-modern gay generation. Fourth, the typology shows that only a distinct sub-segment, the Gay-Centric Traveller, can be described as a gay tourist and that not all gay travellers or activities by these travellers can be labelled as gay tourism. Fifth, the typology may serve as a framework for relating the destination attributes (pull motivations), to the important push motivations that influence tourist decision making and travel behaviour, and is therefore useful to the destination in developing product and promotional strategies. Consequently, the identified sub-segments, each with its own set of motivations, could help the destination refine its target-marketing strategies and may assist in understanding the different opportunities each sub-segment presents.

Submitted by Fernando Souza (fernandoafsou@gmail.com) on 2017-08-03T14:14:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2709686 bytes, checksum: 972411d4415db11a6a470c2b58219f77 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-03T14:14:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2709686 bytes, checksum: 972411d4415db11a6a470c2b58219f77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-05 / The main objective of this study was to evaluate the existence of phonetic characteristics of speech read by male speakers that can be used to identify them as having a "gay" or a heterosexual orientation. Thus, two groups were constituted, bringing together 14 informants from the city of Recife-PE. In the first group, 7 individuals, who declared themselves gays, were investigated; In the second, the other 7, self-declared heterosexuals. In order to better understand the phonetic characteristics, the audio recording of the voice of these men was subjected to tests of perception and later judged by hearers lay judges. As a specific objective, it was sought to investigate which acoustic clues, such as phrasal aspects and vowel and consonant sounds, could contribute to the fact that the listener's lay judges, non-specialists belonging to the area of Linguistics or corresponding, could attribute values to the sexual orientation of the 14 informants. The lay judges were allocated into three groups: a group of 25 gay men; A group of 25 heterosexual men; And a group consisting exclusively of 25 women whose sexual orientation was unknown. Another objective was to verify the efficiency of each of these three different groups of evaluating judges to identify the sexual orientation of the 14 informants, subdivided into the two groups. As theoretical basis for the thesis, the theoretical assumptions of Variationist Sociolinguistics (LABOV, 1972, 1974, 1982, 1994) and Eckert (1989, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2010, 2012) were used and, for the analysis of the perception were used Gaudio (1994); Smyth, Jacobs and Rogers (2003); Levon (2007); Campbell-Kibler (2011); Lopes (2012) and Tracy, Bainter and Santariano (2015). In the research, significant differences in the duration of the seven tonic oral vowels /a/, /Ɛ/, /e/, /i/, /Ɔ/, /o/, /u/ produced by gay informants were found, especially in the mid near front /e/ and / Ɛ/ and in the central open low /a/. Differences, were also found in the fricative /s/ when in the final coda position, the productions of the group of gay men were longer than that of heterosexuals group. About the formants, the mean of F1 and F2 production of gay men were considerably higher than those of heterosexuals in all vowels, especially about the values of /i/, /Ɛ/, /e/ and /a/. Therefore, among the gay speakers, there was wider opening of the mandible and anterioration of the tongue in the production of the vowels. Significantly greater averages of pitch variability among gay informants were also verified. In most aspects, the averages of homosexual informants, whose were part of the research, were closer to the averages of gay informants participating in English-language surveys than the averages presented by the heterosexual informants. Thus, due to the similarities found in the results of some surveys, obtained among English and Portuguese speaking gay men, it seems plausible to affirm that there are some universal typical aspects that characterize a so-called "gay speech". / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo principal avaliar a existência de características fonéticas de falas lidas por falantes do sexo masculino que podem ser usadas para identifica-los como de orientação sexual “gay” ou heterossexual. Para isso, foram constituídos dois grupos, reunindo 14 informantes da cidade de Recife-PE. No primeiro, grupo, foram investigados 7 indivíduos, que se autodeclararam gays; no segundo, os outros 7, autodeclarados heterossexuais. Para melhor compreender as características fonéticas, o registro em áudio da voz desses homens foi submetido a testes de percepção e, posteriormente, julgado por ouvintes juízes leigos. Como objetivo específico, procurou-se investigar quais pistas acústicas, tais como aspectos frasais e sons de vogais e consoantes, poderiam contribuir para que os ouvintes juízes leigos, participantes não especialistas pertencentes à área de Linguística ou correlata, pudessem atribuir valores à orientação sexual dos 14 informantes. Os juízes leigos foram alocados em três grupos: um grupo formado por 25 homens gays; um grupo formado por 25 homens heterossexuais; e um grupo formado exclusivamente por 25 mulheres, cujas orientações sexuais nos eram desconhecidas. Outro objetivo foi verificar o grau de eficiência de cada um desses três diferentes grupos de juízes avaliadores, para identificar a orientação sexual dos 14 informantes, subdivididos nos dois grupos. Como base teórica para a tese, foram utilizados os pressupostos teóricos da Sociolinguística Variacionista (LABOV, 1972; 1974; 1982; 1994) e Eckert (1989, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2010, 2012) e, para análise dos testes de percepção foram utilizados Gaudio (1994); Smyth, Jacobs e Rogers (2003); Levon (2007); Campbell-Kibler (2011); Lopes (2012) e Tracy, Bainter e Santariano (2015). Na pesquisa foram encontradas diferenças significativas na duração das sete vogais orais tônicas, /a/, /Ɛ/, /e/, /i/, /Ɔ/, /o/, /u/ produzidas pelos informantes gays, principalmente nas vogais médias anteriores /e/ e / Ɛ/ e na baixa central /a/. Diferenças, também, foram encontradas na fricativa /s/ quando em posição de coda final, sendo as produções do grupo de homens gays mais duradouras que a dos heterossexuais. Com relação aos formantes, as médias de produção de F1 e F2 dos homens gays foram consideravelmente mais altas que as dos heterossexuais em todas as vogais, especialmente com relação aos valores de /i/, /Ɛ/, /e/ e /a/. Portanto, entre os falantes gays, houve maior abertura da mandíbula e anteriorização da língua na produção das vogais. Médias consideravelmente maiores de variabilidade do pitch dos informantes gays também foram verificadas. Na maioria dos aspectos, as médias dos informantes homossexuais brasileiros utilizados na pesquisa aproximaram-se mais das médias dos informantes gays participantes de pesquisas em língua inglesa do que das médias apresentadas pelos informantes heterossexuais. Assim, devido às semelhanças encontradas nos resultados de algumas pesquisas entre homens gays falantes de língua inglesa e os aqui obtidos, pode-se supor, sem tentar generalizar, que existem aspectos da fala que caracterizam uma chamada “fala gay’.