Nowadays, almost all existing wheelchairs have the problem that they only satisfy the disabled people to use for normal moving and transportation. A new wheelchair with a gear system guide rail which installed in the car is presented in this paper. The gear guide rail system will transport the whole wheelchair and person on it into the car. This wheelchair system will help people with disability whatever passengers or drivers to get into cars automatically. In this paper, the operation and the strength will be analysed through 3D model and theoretical calculations. Surveying to Swedish market, Volvo XC60 and V60 is chosen to design the size of the wheelchair. Besides, this new wheelchair system also can be suitable for the cars which are larger than those two car models.

Dans le cadre de la présente thèse, on a procédé à l’étude du comportement dynamique d’un système d’engrenage comportant des paramètres incertains. Une des principales hypothèses faite dans l’utilisation des méthodes de prise en compte des incertitudes, est que le modèle est déterministe, c’est-à-dire que les paramètres utilisés dans le modèle ont une valeur définie et invariante. Par ailleurs, la connaissance du domaine de variation de la réponse dynamique du système dues aux incertitudes qui découle des coefficients d’amortissement, des raideurs d’engrènement, la présence de frottement entre les pièces, les défauts de montage et de fabrication ou l’inertie des pales dans le cas d’éolienne est essentielle. Pour cela, dans la première partie, on s’applique à décrire la réponse dynamique d’une transmission par engrenage comportant des paramètres modélisés par des variables aléatoires. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons la simulation de Monte Carlo, la méthode de perturbation et la méthode de projection sur un chaos polynomial. Dans la seconde partie,deux approches sont utilisées pour analyser le comportement dynamique d’un système d’engrenage d’éolienne : l’approche probabiliste et l’approche ensembliste basée sur la méthode d’analyse par intervalles. L'objectif consiste à comparer les deux approches pour connaitre leurs avantages et inconvénients en termes de précision et temps de calcul. / In the present work, the dynamic behavior of a gear system with uncertain parameters is studied. One of the principal hypotheses in the use of methods for taking into account uncertainties is that the model is deterministic, that is to say that parameters used in the model have a defined and fixed value. Furthermore, the knowledge of variation response of a gear system involving damping coefficients, mesh stiffness, friction coefficient, assembly defect, manufacturing defect or the input blades in the case of wind turbine is essential. In the first part, we investigate the dynamic response of a gear system with uncertain parameters modeled as random variables. A Monte Carlo simulation, a perturbation method and a polynomial chaos method are carried out. In the second part, two approaches are used to analyze the dynamic behavior of a wind turbine gear system : the probabilistic approach and the interval analysis method. The objective is to compare the two approaches to define their advantages and disadvantages in terms of precision and computation time.

M. Tech. (Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology. / To meet the ever-increasing demand for maintenance of gear systems, industrial companies have traditionally depended on the shutdown of the machines before processing the fault diagnosis. Nowadays, online monitoring has proven to be effective in terms of machine state analysis and fault prediction. However, the application of such a technique in the analysis of combined multiple nonlinear faults is still a subject of research. The vibration signature of a coexisting nonlinear crack and pit in two-stage gear system is unknown, it can be regarded as one of the most difficult problems to extract and diagnose. Additionally, incorporating both a crack and a pit into numerical models is a time-consuming process that demands a breadth of mechanical understanding. Diagnostics of faulty gears, on the other hand, can be performed in the time and frequency domain or in the Time-Frequency domain, depending on the complexity of the vibration. Non-linear and non-stationary phenomena (Features) occur when repeated pitting and cracking faults occur, reducing the reliability of standard signal processing methods (Gear displacement and Fast Fourier Transform). This thesis solves each of these shortcomings by developing an eight-degree-of-freedom (DOF) gear model with a breathing crack and multiple pitted gear teeth. The identified spur-gear model enabled the investigation of the crack and pitting signatures and their effect on the ensuing vibrations independently of the action of other system components. Additionally, when pitting and cracking coexist, the study was conducted to determine the influence of such a failure on the transmission system. Theoretical results indicated that the presence of pitting and crack in the tooth of the gear resulted in a decrease in mesh stiffness. Additionally, the influence of the breathing pitting and crack results in material fatigue, which results in the generation of a random term in the vibration signal. To corroborate the acquired results, several experimental tests on a spur-gear test rig with a defined pit and crack size range were undertaken under a variety of conditions. In comparison to the presented methodologies, theoretical and experimental results indicate that 3D Frequency-RPM analysis is the most sensitive and resilient method for the early detection and identification of pit and crack faults. Furthermore, when crack or pit faults are studied individually, the STFT analysis yields interesting results. The feature analysis revealed that, when using the Time-Frequency technique, the crack and pit combination in a two-stage gear system is a priori more efficient than the other options.

Ce sujet de thèse s'intéresse à l'étude des effets des charges aérodynamiques sur le comportement dynamique non linéaire d'une éolienne à axe vertical de type Darrieus. Cette dernière présente, comparativement aux autres éoliennes, des profits très importants à exploiter, notamment dans les milieux urbains. Il s'agit d'une technologie fiable caractérisée surtout par son fonctionnement omnidirectionnel ainsi que son adaptation à tout type de vent. Généralement, ces éoliennes, ayant des phénomènes aérodynamiques complexes, sont affectées par des vibrations au niveau de leur système de transmission de puissance. En fait, ces vibrations commencent à se manifester à partir des pales du rotor jusqu'au génératrice. L'écoulement autour de ses pales présente également un fort caractère instationnaire. Cette caractéristique augmente d'avantage les vibrations aérodynamiques, qui sont automatiquement transmise au système d'engrenage d'éolienne. À ce niveau, nous avons développé un code de calcul numérique permettant de simuler la complexité des aspects aérodynamiques instationnaires tout en gardant un compromis entre la fiabilité des prédictions et la rapidité de calcul. Les simulations sont réalisées suivant une méthode de mécanique des fluides numérique (CFD) instationnaire bidimensionnel. Les résultats de simulation comparés avec ceux disponibles dans la littérature sont en bonne concordance, le rendement aérodynamique étant optimisé, qui présente un apport scientifique notable. Cette étude numérique a été l'objectif de l'analyse de l'impact des charges aérodynamiques vis-à-vis le comportement dynamique du système d'engrenage de l'éolienne en régime non-stationnaire. Dans ce contexte, une étude paramétrique a été développée afin d'établir le fonctionnement optimal de l'éolienne, caractérisé par un couple aérodynamique plus performant associé à des niveaux de vibrations dynamiques acceptables. En général, il est difficile d'identifier précisément la réponse dynamique des éoliennes à cause du caractère turbulent et stochastique des charges aérodynamiques. Par conséquent, il est indispensable de tenir en compte la variabilité des paramètres d'entrée pour assurer la robustesse du système étudié. Adoptons l'objectif de dimensionnement robuste. Une méthode d'évaluation basée sur des approches stochastiques, particulièrement la méthode du Chaos Polynomial, est utilisée pour simuler le comportement dynamique non-linéaire du système d'engrenage d'éolienne, en tenant compte des incertitudes. Ces dernières sont au niveau des charges aérodynamiques, inhérentes au calcul des niveaux vibratoires du système d'engrenage. Ce qui implique un apport scientifique important. Les résultats obtenus par l'approximation par Chaos Polynomial démontrent une forte dispersion des charges aérodynamiques aléatoires dans la réponse dynamique du système d'engrenage, contrairement aux études déterministes. Ce qui prouve l'insuffisance de telles études pour une analyse de robustesse. Les résultats mettent également en évidence la forte corrélation entre les phénomènes aérodynamiques complexes et les vibrations dynamiques. Le couplage établi constitue l'originalité de notre travail. / This thesis focuses on the study of the aerodynamic loads effects on the nonlinear dynamic behavior of Darrieus--type vertical axis wind turbine. The latter has received more attention due to its efficiency in urban regions compared to other wind turbines. In fact, the wind flow speed in urban regions continuously changes direction and is extremely turbulent. The inherent characteristics of its omni-directionality make it more suitable to harnessing this kind of flow. It is known that Darrieus wind turbine is characterized by an inherently unsteady aerodynamic behavior and a complex flow around rotor blades. The non-stationary behavior of the mentioned turbine increases vibration. These aerodynamic vibrations are transmitted to the gearing mechanism. We have, firstly, developed a numerical simulation, allowing to simulate the complexity of the unsteady aerodynamic phenomena keeping a compromise between the reliability of prediction and the rapidity of calculation. This numerical simulation has been carried out using a two-dimensional unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. Simulation results compared to those available in the literature are in good agreement. The Darrieus turbine efficiency is also optimized; thus introducing a significant scientific contribution. The latter is the objective of analyzing the aerodynamic load impact in the dynamic behavior of the Darrieus turbine in non-stationary regime. In this context, a parametric study has been developed in order to find optimal functioning of the studied turbine, which is characterized by the most performing aerodynamic torque associated with acceptable levels of dynamic vibration. In general, it is difficult to predict the dynamic response of the wind turbine with a good level of accuracy due to the aerodynamic loads turbulence and uncertain characteristics. It becomes necessary to take into account the uncertainty in the input parameters to ensure the robustness of the Darrieus turbine geared system. In a robustness study objective, the Polynomial Chaos method is adopted to predict the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the gearing system taking into account uncertainties which are associated to the performance coefficient of the input aerodynamic torque. This leads to an important scientific research contribution. The results have shown a large dispersion of the random parameter in the dynamic response of the gearing system compared to the deterministic study. That proves the insufficiency of that study for a robustness analyses. They have also proved that the Polynomial Chaos method is an efficient probabilistic tool for uncertainty propagation. Finally, the new proposed robust mechanical analysis indicates a good capacity to investigate the dynamic behavior of the Darrieus turbine thanks to its superior predictive capabilities in coupling complex aerodynamic phenomena with a mechanical gearing system vibration. Where the originality of such correlation in our work.

As cargas transportadas pelas ferrovias têm aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos, tanto pela capacidade individual do vagão como pela quantidade numa mesma composição. Após simulações e análise de dados obtidos em vagões instrumentados, uma das maiores operadoras logísticas do país observou que seus Sistemas de Choque e Tração estão sendo submetidos a esforços longitudinais considerados extremos. Desta forma, os trens formados por vagões do tipo GDU (capacidade de 118 t) estão limitados a uma quantidade de apenas 122 vagões, perdendo produtividade em relação aos trens formados por vagões do tipo GDT (capacidade de 110 t), os quais vêm circulando com 134 vagões. Em função das cargas extremas e consequente redução da produtividade nos trens, o Cliente solicita um trabalho conjunto para o desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Choque e Tração que torne possível a formação dos trens de minério com 134 vagões do tipo GDU. Desta forma, foi desenvolvido, como alternativa ao aço convencional, um aço baixa liga com desempenho superior, protótipos dos componentes citados para ensaios de campo e respectivos corpos de prova, validados por ensaios laboratoriais, bem como os parâmetros tecnológicos do produto e do processo. Os resultados obtidos são um aumento do Limite de Resistência, Limite de Escoamento, Tenacidade e Vida em Fadiga da ordem de 18% (em função da Temperatura de Revenido adotada), com a manutenção das características de Dutilidade (Alongamento e Redução de Área). / Loads transported by rail have increased considerably in recent years, both for individual freight car capacity and total train tonnage. Following data analysis and simulations obtained in instrumented freight cars, one of the largest logistics operators in the country noted that its Draft Gear Systems are being subjected to longitudinal efforts considered extreme. Thus, trains consisting of cars type GDU (118 ton capacity) have been limited to a quantity of only 122 cars, losing productivity gains regarding trains formed by cars type GDT (110 ton capacity), which circulate with 134 cars. Because of the extreme loads and consequential reduction in productivity of the trains, the Client requests a joint work for the development of a Draft Gear System that enables the formation of ore trains with 134 cars of type GDU. Thus, an alternative to the conventional steel, a low-alloy steel with superior performance was developed from which prototypes of the applicable components for field trials and respective test coupons were produced. This has been validated by laboratory tests, as well as the technological parameters of product and process. The results have indicated an increase in Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, Toughness and Fatigue Life of approximately 18% (depending on Tempering temperature adopted) while maintaining the characteristics of Ductility (Elongation and Area Reduction).