Diagnosis of psychological disorders is clearly gendered. To help explain these gender differences, previous research investigating actual and perceived gender differences in emotion will be detailed. Within a non-clinical setting, perceived gender differences in emotion appear larger and more consistent than actual gender differences in emotion. Gender stereotypes about emotions offer an explanation of this finding. The implications of these findings in a clinical setting are explored, specifically the impact of gender stereotypes about emotion on diagnosis and intervention.

Abstract The purposes of this study were to develop a gender equality program through information technology for junior high school to inquire the individual class students¡¦ gender consciousness-raising and to understand the changes of existing gender-role stereotypes among eighth grade students to offer some implications on adolescent¡¦s gender equity education program in the future. The subjects are one class (17 females, 20 males) of 8th grade students in Junior High School in Kaohsiung County as the case group. The study adopts qualitative and quantitative methods to explore subjects¡¦ the process of gender consciousness-raising. The former of which is major method including, colloquies and worksheets in the class and observation by researcher. In this study, the gender equality education program met for one a week, for 10 weeks. Teacher¡¦s introspection connects with student¡¦s performance would be the feedback to help researcher adjusts teaching strategy. From this process the major findings were as following: (1)By the systematized gender equality program, gender consciousness of students had been roused. (2) The gender consciousness of students presented from indefinitely to perceptively. (3) After taking part in this gender equality program, the mood of the class was developing by degrees into an esteemed¡Bcatholic and harmonious condition. (4) The e-learning experience had broadened students¡¦ horizons. (5) The response of students had positive feedback on teachers and induced their introspection. Finally, based on the research results, we can provide valuable suggestions to school education and further study plans.

A sample of 383 toy commercials aired on Nickelodeon Sverige were coded over the duration of two weeks concerning the type of toy, gender portrayal, number of children of both gender, the dominant kind of interaction, the dominant kind of setting and gender orientation. The results were then compared with findings from a previous study conducted in the United States that used the same method to determine a possible relationship between the way the commercials were designed and the two countries' levels of gender equality. In Sweden, the much more gender equal country according to Hofstede's dimension of masculinity/femininity, most commercials featured children of both gender and stereotype usage way more rare than in the United States where also most commercials only showed solely girls or solely boys. Judging from these findings a relationship could therefore be found.

This thesis The Portrayal of women in Slovak print media advertising 1992-2012 addresses the way women are depicted in advertising in three selected Slovak magazines, at three points in time; 1992, 2002 and 2012. The work aims to discover in what direction the portrayal of women in magazine advertisements has evolved during this period when advertising occupies more and more space in the media. This work deals with gender issues and focuses mainly on the roles in which women are represented in advertising. Their passivity or activity and sexual objectification are examined through content and semiotic analysis. The dual mode of analysis will allow us to better understand the mechanisms of the depiction of women in advertising and compare the different ways women are portrayed in the media depending on the target audience.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Das Geschlechtsrollenselbstkonzept, das sich im Laufe der Sozialisation in Auseinandersetzung mit den vorherrschenden Vorstellungen der umgebenden Kultur entwickelt, steht in Beziehung zu Affekten, Kognitionen und Verhaltensweisen in einer Vielzahl von Bereichen. Bisherige GSK-Instrumente messen jedoch nahezu ausschließlich den positiven Aspekt von Maskulinität und Femininität. Die Definition des allgemeinen Selbstkonzepts gibt diese Limitierung auf positive Valenz nicht vor, und aus gesundheitspsychologischer Sicht sowie der Gruppenforschung ist die Bedeutung negativer Eigenschaften zur Selbstbeschreibung bekannt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden sieben aufeinander aufbauende Studien durchgeführt mit dem Ziel ein neues Instrument zu entwickeln, deren Items zum einen kulturell aktuellen Eigenschaften zur Selbstbeschreibung entsprechen und zum anderen die Valenzunterschiede dieser Merkmalsbeschreibungen berücksichtigen. Nach einer kritischen empirischen Überprüfung des deutschen BSRI, um Schwächen der Items ausschließlich positiver Valenz aufzudecken, wurde eine neue Skala entwickelt, die von Beginn an auch negative Selbstbeschreibungen berücksichtigte um der Komplexität des geschlechtlichen Selbst gerecht zu werden. Aufgrund der Einschätzungen zur Typizität und sozialen Erwünschtheit sowie mit ersten Resultaten aus der Selbstbeschreibung wurde die Auswahl der Items für die Teilskalen vorgenommen. In zwei weiteren Studien wurden schließlich die vier neu entwickelten Teilskalen des neuen GSK-Inventars einer Validierung unterzogen. Jeder der Teilskalen wurden theoriegeleitet spezifische Konstrukte zugeordnet und es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass alle Teilskalen ihren eigenen Beitrag zur Vorhersage psychologischer Konzepte leisten können. So standen beispielsweise die negativen maskulinen Eigenschaften in engerer Beziehung zu Aggressivität und machtbezogenen Werten als die positiven Aspekte der Maskulinität. Als Ergebnis dieser Entwicklung stehen am Ende vier kurze, unabhängige, reliable Teilskalen, die positive als auch negative Aspekte von Maskulinität und Femininität abbilden und mittels sehr unterschiedlicher psychologischer Erlebens- und Verhaltenskonstrukte validiert wurden, die die Unabhängigkeit der Skalen belegen und diese für einen Einsatz in der Forschung empfehlen. Die Einführung einer individuellen Wertkomponente im Zuge der Selbstbeschreibung, angelehnt an das bekannte Erwartungs-mal-Wert Modell der Motivations- und Einstellungsforschung, und die daraus mögliche multiplikative Verknüpfung von Selbsteinschätzung und persönlicher Wichtigkeit der Eigenschaften konnten den Aufklärungswert in Bezug auf unterschiedliche Validierungskonstrukte dagegen nicht verbessern und wurden daher nicht ins das Instrument integriert. / The gender role self concept - developed throughout one’s socialisation - has strong relations to a number of affects, cognitions and behaviours. Instruments to asses that part of the self have yet only relied on mostly positive aspects of masculinity and femininity. However, the definition of the self concept is not limited to that kind of merely positive valence, and from health psychology as well as group research the relevance of negative traits for self description is known and proven. Hence, in a series of seven studies, new items were developed that reflect actual cultural descriptions of masculinity and femininity including both, traits of positive and negative valence. Following a critical reflection of the German BSRI, to once more identify its weaknesses of positive scales only, four new scales are introduced, based on evaluations of typicality and social desirability. In two studies those four scales were allocated to specific psychological constructs of emotions and behaviours. It was shown that each single scale has its own relevance regarding the gendered self in prediction of validation constructs: negative masculine traits e.g. had a stronger relationship to aggression and power compared to positive aspects of masculinity. The result of that development and validation process are four short, independent, and reliable scales, that reflect positive as well as negative aspects of masculinity and femininity. The introduction of an individual importance measure as part of the self description - comparable to the expectation-value-model in motivation and attitude research - could not add any predictive power in the validation process and therefore will not be included in the final instrument.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina Wilmington, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (February 17, 2010) Includes bibliographical references (p. 46-49)

Socializacijos metu kiekvienas vaikas formuojasi ir kaip visuomeninis žmogus, kaip savita asmenybė, kuri ateityje turės susiformavusias nuostatas bei įsitikinimus ir lyčių vaidmenų klausimais. Ikimokyklinio amžiaus tarpsnio svarbą tolimesniam žmogaus gyvenimui, savęs vertinimui akcentuoja sociologai, psichologai, pedagogai. Temos aktualumą įrodo ir tai, kad socializacijos vaikystėje metu atsiradus abejonėms dėl savo jėgų, sugebėjimų, atsiranda natūrali konfrontacija tarp būvimo „teisingu“ savo lyties atstovu ir būvimo savimi. Žvelgiant istorinėje perspektyvoje, liberalesnis požiūris į daugelį visuomeninio gyvenimo klausimų, keičia ir lyčių vaidmenų apibrėžtumą. Lietuvoje pastebima tradicinio požiūrio į lyčių vaidmenis bruožai, kur tradiciškai vis dar skirtinga lyčių padėtis tiek šeimyninių vaidmenų pasidalinimo, tiek darbo srityse. Jeigu stereotipinis požiūris į vyriškumą ir moteriškumą bei lyčių vaidmenis visuomenėje diegiamas nuo pat vaikystės, ilgainiui tampa sunku kovoti su įvairiomis socialinėmis problemomis: smurtas prieš moteris, seksualinis išnaudojimas, skurdo feminizacija, nelygybė darbo rinkoje, profesinio ir šeimos derinimo klausimų, vaikų auginimo sferoje. Šeimos vaidmuo tebelaikomas svarbiausiu socializacijos institutu, tačiau vis didesnę reikšmę įgauna ikimokyklinės įstaigos, žiniasklaidos vaidmuo. Nemažai atliktų tyrimų apie moters padėtį darbo rinkoje išryškina moters diskriminacijos apraiškas, kalbama apie ryškiausiai matomus lyčių vaidmenų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the process of socialization every child develops into a social person and individual who will have attitude towards the gender roles in the future. The importance of the preschool period for the person’s further life is emphasized by sociologists, psychologists and pedagogues. The relevance of this topic is proved by the idea that if the child has doubts about his abilities, the natural confrontation between being the “correct” representative of his gender and being him self will emerge. In the historical perspective, more liberal attitude towards many social topics changes the characterization of the gender roles. In Lithuania the traditional attitude towards the gender roles is noticed that is why the different gender positions in family and job levels are apparent. If the stereotypical opinion about femininity, masculinity and gender roles is inculcated from the childhood, eventually it becomes difficult to stem social problems: violence against women, sex abuse, poverty feminization, inequality in employment system, career and family questions. Family still plays the main role in the process of socialization, but at the same time preschool institution and mass media become more powerful. The number of researches concerning labour system show examples of woman discrimination, the most frequent gender role stereotypes in mass media, especially in the groups of teenagers and youth. But still we feel lack of thorough analysis of the prime socialization process and how the... [to full text]

This diploma work deals with gender and gender stereotypes in the media, in particular in television advertisements. The thesis is written in German and is conceived as theoretical and empirical. The core of this diploma work is both centered around language and content analysis of the TV commercials in Czech and German language. An important part of this work is a cd, which contains all of the analyzed commercials. The aim of this thesis is to find out in which roles women and men are presented in the commercials. On the basis of the analyzed TV commercials it will be determined whether the gender stereotypes in commercials are strengthened or whether the TV commercials are gender-correct.

The thesis analyzes differences in perception of social work between men and women. It does so on the basis of Encyclopedia of Social Work. The individual chapters of the book are explored within the framework of several current definitions of social work, and two separate conclusions are made for each of them. The first always sums up the way the Encyclopedia treats the subject in and of itself. The second adds a gender perspective and addresses the discrepancies between male and female understanding of the problem. The meaning of contrasts between the individual results is then interpreted in the context of gender and social work as a whole.