published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Cao, Lida. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-141). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction: Background and Purpose of the Research --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- Prostitution/sex work in China: Upsurge in an era of HIV/AIDS --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- Rationale and significance of research --- p.4 / Chapter 3. --- Research framework --- p.5 / Chapter 4. --- Layout of thesis --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review: Female Sex Workers and Identity --- p.10 / Chapter 1. --- Multiple contexts locating sex workers' identities --- p.11 / Chapter 1) --- Medical discourse: identity as a byproduct of health researches on sex workers --- p.11 / Chapter 2) --- Work discourse: rising rofessionalism --- p.13 / Chapter 3) --- Gender talk: Female sex workers as women --- p.16 / Chapter 4) --- Identity conflicts & management: the arise of multiple identities --- p.18 / Chapter 2. --- Management of Stigma: Theories and empirical works --- p.21 / Chapter 3. --- A review of rostitution/sex work studies in China --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Methodology --- p.31 / Chapter 1. --- Qualitative interviewing --- p.31 / Chapter 1) --- Nature and Distinctiveness --- p.32 / Chapter 2) --- Data production --- p.33 / Chapter 3) --- "The relationship, validity of data, and ethnic issues" --- p.34 / Chapter 4) --- Limitation and Weakness --- p.37 / Chapter 2. --- On-site research work --- p.38 / Chapter 1) --- Sampling --- p.39 / Chapter 2) --- Access and interview process --- p.40 / Chapter 3. --- Analysis: Grounded theory approach --- p.42 / Chapter 1) --- Coding --- p.44 / Chapter 2) --- Memos --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- "Rethinking Stigma on Sex Workers: Experience, Consequences and Management" --- p.47 / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.47 / Chapter 1) --- Theoretical Framework --- p.49 / Chapter 2) --- Stigmatization of sex work in China --- p.50 / Chapter 2. --- The experience of stigmatization --- p.52 / Chapter 1) --- Role-based interaction --- p.53 / Chapter 2) --- Close interaction --- p.54 / Chapter 3) --- Casual encounters --- p.56 / Chapter 3. --- Consequences of stigmatization --- p.57 / Chapter 1) --- Depreciative self-reflection --- p.57 / Chapter 2) --- Distancing from the normal --- p.59 / Chapter 3) --- Psycho burden of disclosure --- p.60 / Chapter 4. --- Managing the Stigma --- p.61 / Chapter 1) --- Information management --- p.62 / Chapter 2) --- Normalization techniques --- p.65 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- "Exploring the “Work Identity"": Sex Workers' Identity Management in the World of Work" --- p.72 / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.72 / Chapter 1) --- "Workers, sex workers and migrant workers in China" --- p.75 / Chapter 2) --- Analytical Framework --- p.77 / Chapter 2. --- Sex work in the eyes of sex workers --- p.79 / Chapter 3. --- Managing relationships --- p.80 / Chapter 1) --- With clients --- p.80 / Chapter 2) --- With co-workers --- p.85 / Chapter 3) --- With bosses --- p.87 / Chapter 4. --- Managing the working self --- p.88 / Chapter 1) --- The health R --- p.88 / Chapter 2) --- The emotions --- p.90 / Chapter 5. --- Career Crisis and Planning Exit --- p.91 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.94 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- "“Being women"": Sex Workers' Gender Identity Construction" --- p.96 / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.96 / Chapter 1) --- Theoretical framework --- p.99 / Chapter 2) --- Women' status in China --- p.101 / Chapter 2. --- Reflecting over being a woman --- p.103 / Chapter 1) --- Ideal woman imagination --- p.103 / Chapter 2) --- Ideal husband imagination --- p.105 / Chapter 3) --- Reflecting gender equality --- p.106 / Chapter 3. --- Doing gender within relations --- p.108 / Chapter 1) --- As daughters --- p.109 / Chapter 2) --- As wives --- p.112 / Chapter 3) --- As mothers --- p.116 / Chapter 4. --- The gendered self --- p.118 / Chapter 1) --- The body --- p.119 / Chapter 2) --- The soul --- p.120 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.122 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- Conclusion --- p.125 / Bibliography --- p.129

published_or_final_version / Literary and Cultural Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

三十多年來，基於自身家屬的經驗，我一直以為傷殘家庭面對的問題是源於傷殘。之後我從文獻中發現，那更是植根健全和性別的一個社會建構。我把它們結合為「傷殘／性別」問題──既是傷殘中加入性別觀點，也是在性別裡看傷殘，更是兩者彼此並存的狀態。我將「傷殘」放置在「／」之前，是因香港較缺乏直接顛覆傷殘概念的探討。而性別交錯傷殘後，意義越見複雜。 / 2002年，結合女性主義與傷殘理論的女殘理論批評，主宰性別權力關係的父權體系，勾結宰制傷殘的「健全／傷殘」系統，把傷殘陰性化，造成雙重歧視。主流文化再現是歧視的來源之一，同時傷殘者又可自行建立「新的象徵文化」。此理論主張：「只要活得夠長命，我們終有一天會變成傷殘。」2004年，連結傷殘與酷兒理論的打殘理論則主攻健全標準：「健全操演性所要揭穿的是：健全身體的常態是本質地不存在，亦不可能具現，那麼，實際上我們都是傷殘！」理論核心「健全惑亂」企圖說穿健全概念本身才是傷殘麻煩所在。健全沒有原型，而是重覆建構的標準，交錯異性戀健全家庭霸權，形成傷殘歧視，也排斥傷殘同志。為抵抗它，我們要開拓「酷兒／殘廢新論述」。 / 兩個理論重新建立我們與傷殘的關係：傷殘不再屬於少數人的事，我們甚至要推倒健全的概念。我以它們為香港性別研究設定新位置：結合女殘和打殘，搭建「傷殘女性主義」，由傷殘及健全同時著手處理日常矛盾，直指傷殘中的父權和異性戀霸權，重申傷殘去性化的問題和傷殘酷兒家庭的新想像。我更從三個文本中反思行動的可能：分析香港主流媒體的傷殘形象，說明傷殘商品化和傷殘治理的問題；追溯香港民間傷殘團體的發展，勾勒其傷殘／性別文化歷史；探討研究員拍攝的紀錄片《金猛》，展現傷殘家庭介入的可能。 / 本研究遊走理論、運動和自身傷殘家庭經驗，屢遇挫敗。但我仍深信，傷殘／性別作為回應當下香港語境的一種「方法」──一種學術方法、一個運動策略或一項家庭改革，均具積極的社會意義。 / For more than 30 years, I used to think the problems that families with disabled members, including mine, are facing, are derived from the disabilities. But then I discovered from the literature, the construction of ability and gender is another important root of the trouble. I combine and name it as the trouble of "disability/gender". It is not only about adding gender to the disability issue, but also considering gender under the perspective of disability, with the purpose to study their coexistence. In Hong Kong, there is lack of discussion on the subversion of the concept of disability, so that "disability" is placed in front of gender. And the meaning of gender become more complicated when it intersect with "disability". / In 2002, merging Feminism into Disabilty, Feminist Disability Theory criticizes the interection of patriarchy and "ability/disability system". They feminize disability and construct the problem of double discrimation. Cultural representation is one of the sources of the discrimination. Meanwhile, people with disabilities can initiate "cutlural resymbolization'. It emphasises disability is the most human experience. If we live long enough, it touches us all. In 2004, linking the relationship between disability and Queer theory, Crip theory saids, 'the ability performativity tries to reveal: [able-bodiedness] offers normative, positions that are intrinsically impossible to embody. In fact, we are all disabled.' "Ability trouble" is the real problem of disability. There is no origin of ability. When we construct the standard of ability repeatedly under the hegemony of heterosexual abled family form, disability discrimination develop subtly. It also exile the crip-queer. In order to resist it, we should build up more 'new Queer/Cipple discourse'. / Both theories establish a new relationship of disability with us. Disability does not only belong to the minority. The concept of ability should be pulled down. In this thesis, I set up a new position for Hong Kong gender studies by integrating them, namely "Disabled Feminism". It means that we need to deal with different daily conflicts involving disability and ability, as well as to build up a new relationship. It addresses the problem of patriarchy and heterosexual hegemony, reemphasises the problem of asexualization of disability and reimages the new "crip-queer family". Then, I use three main texts to illustrate the possiblity of local action. First, by analysing the image of the disabled amongst the local media, we can see the problem of disabilization and the govermentality of disability. Secondly, by tracing the development of the organization of disability from civil society, we can map out the history of "disability/gender" in Hong Kong. Thirdly, by looking into the documentry produced by the researcher, we can explore the possibilities of intervention by the disabled family. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 黃彩鳳. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 271-283). / Abstracts also in English. / Huang Caifeng.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Social Work and Social Administration / Master / Master of Philosophy

本文旨在通过对形式婚姻个案的分析，来探讨中国社会里的家庭与性的关系。形式婚姻是一种正在被中国同性恋者实践的互助合作型婚姻。具体而言，本文将主要关注两个问题：第一，家庭如何影响了其成年子女的性表达和性实践；第二，成年子女如何在家庭的影响下进行性表达和性实践。本文的分析材料主要包括 22份在中国某北方城市所作的深度访谈的录音整理、同性恋活动的田野笔记和形式婚姻网络聊天小组的聊天记录。本文发现，中国家庭可以通过四种机制对其成年子女的性产生重要影响，包括共同体维系、资源分配、福利供给和血缘延续。同时，成年子女在与这种四种机制所传递的压力进行策略性互动的情况下表达和实践他（她）们的性。另外，本文发现，同性恋者常常为了家庭的期望、舆论和和睦做出妥协与让步。因此，在有关中国家庭的研究中，个人主义的兴起不应被过分夸大。尽管形式婚姻是一个发生在中国社会中的个案，但是本文的发现亦有可能对有关非西方社会的家庭研究有所贡献。 / This paper tries to explore the relationship between family and sexuality in Mainland China through discussing the case of functional marriage, a reciprocal marriage conducted by the Chinese homosexuals. Specifically, the primary concern of this paper is how family shapes the expression and practice of sexuality of adult children and how adult children practice and negotiates their sexualities under the familial influences. Data for analysis in this paper includes full transcripts of twenty-two in-depth interviews in a northern city of China, field notes of homosexual activities and chat logs of on-line chatting groups for functional marriage. This paper empirically finds that Chinese families can exert considerable power on their adult children’s sexualities through four mechanisms - community maintenance, resource allocation, care provision and blood tie continuity. Concomitantly, adult children “do“ their sexualities in familial influence by strategically negotiating with power exerted through the four mechanisms. Moreover, by observing that the homosexuals’ personal desires and interests are often compromised to fulfill their families' expectations and consensus, this paper argues that the rising individualism emphasized by some studies of Chinese family should not be overstated. Though functional marriage is a case in the context of Chinese society, it may have some implications for other nonwestern societies in which family plays a central role in local culture and value system as well as in daily life. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Luo, Ming. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-60). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- Background --- p.4 / Chapter III. --- Review of Literature --- p.6 / Chapter A. --- Research on Sexuality in the West --- p.6 / Chapter B. --- Family and Sexuality in Chinese Society --- p.8 / Chapter IV. --- Methods --- p.13 / Chapter A. --- Research Site --- p.13 / Chapter B. --- Data Collection --- p.14 / Chapter C. --- Analysis --- p.17 / Chapter V. --- Mechanisms of Family Pressure --- p.18 / Chapter A. --- Community Maintenance --- p.20 / Chapter B. --- Resource Allocation --- p.24 / Chapter C. --- Care Provision --- p.27 / Chapter D. --- Blood Tie Continuity --- p.31 / Chapter VI. --- Response and Contention of Family Member --- p.34 / Chapter A. --- Community Maintenance --- p.36 / Chapter B. --- Resource Allocation --- p.40 / Chapter C. --- Care Provision --- p.44 / Chapter D. --- Blood Tie Continuity --- p.48 / Chapter VII. --- Family and Sexuality: Conclusion and Discussion --- p.53 / Reference --- p.57

This is a pioneering study on the construction of fatherhood in the socio-cultural context of Hong Kong. Fatherhood is constructed socially and culturally, reflected in the thinking and practice of fathers. It is defined by, and simultaneously reproduces masculinity. In this study, fatherhood is critically examined using practice theory and the concept of gender performativity. The fieldwork, carried out from 2004 to 2006, consisted primarily of participant observation in men's groups, and interviews, in particular, in-depth interviews with 30 heterosexual biological fathers from different walks of life. This study finds that fatherhood in Hong Kong is constructed within the patriarchal ideology and structure across the societal, organizational, and individual levels. Patriarchy is rooted in the history of Hong Kong and continues to exist in contemporary society. In both the colonial and post-colonial periods, notions of masculinity and fatherhood in Hong Kong are seen to be extremely conservative and they highlight the role of the state in the adoption and reproduction of patriarchal ideology. While changes towards gender equality have occurred slowly after long-term struggle, a coherent gender policy has been lacking. This has contributed to a socio-cultural environment that encourages the naturalization and normalization of the patriarchal structure and practices in the family. The recent development of the "new good men" notion (in which men were redefined to be loving husbands, and caring fathers who shared housework and were involved with children) was found to be a front and was utilized as a means to resurrect men's power and status in the family. Three main paternal responsibilities were identified, namely economic provision, education, as well as establishing and maintaining a child-oriented family through marriage. In carrying out these responsibilities, men enjoyed the privileges and hegemony legitimized in the social structure. Failure in fulfilling the structural requirements resulted in the disruption of paternal power and masculinity but not subversion to the hegemonic structure. / Liong, Chan Ching Mario. / Adviser: Siumi Maria Tam. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 346-375). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Ng Chin Pang. / Thesis (M.Div.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-91). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter2 --- Theories on Sex and the Emergence of Sexual Identity --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Origins and Development on the Concept of Sex in the ""Western"" World" / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Augustine's Notion on Sexual Desire / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Protestant Theology of Sex / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Emergence of ""Western"" Sexual Identity" / Chapter 2.2 --- The Concept of Sexual Desire in China / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Discourse of Sexual Desire in Late Imperial China / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Transformation of Sexual Identity in Modern China: Male Homosexuality as the Verdict / Chapter Chapter3 --- Queer Theory- a Post-colonial Perspective --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1 --- Postcolonial Theory as a source of Theology Discourse / Chapter 3.1.1 --- From Colonialism to Post-colonialism / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Building a Hybridized Sexual Ethics / Chapter 3.2 --- Queer Theory as a Source of Theology Discourse / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Queer Theory and Queer Politics / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Queering the Socially Constructed Sexual Identities / Chapter Chapter4 --- A Post-colonial Sexual Theology --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Modes of Discourse / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Transgressive Metaphors / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Hybrid Sexual Theologies / Chapter 4.2 --- A New Framework about Sexual Desire / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Building our Relations in Erotic Desire / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Beyond Sexuality and Spirituality Dichotomy / Chapter 4.3 --- Conclusion: Building an Inclusive Community / Bibliography --- p.85