<p> The current study examined how parental underestimations of child&rsquo;s weight status, parental worry, and the Theory of Planned Behavior variables (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) predict intentions to adhere to the American Academy of Pediatrics&rsquo; (AAP) recommendations of four childhood health behaviors. These behaviors include: 1) eating five fruits and/or vegetables per day; 2) spending two hours or less on screen time (television, computer, and video games) per day; 3) engaging in at least one hour of physical activity per day; and 4) limiting (having zero) sugarsweetened beverages. Parents (N = 78) of overweight and obese children, ages six to 13 years old, were recruited from pediatric medical clinics and participated in an online study, where they were exposed to these AAP behavioral recommendations for children and completed online measures. Attitudes predicted of behavioral intentions for all recommendations except fruit and vegetable consumption. Subjective norms marginally predicted behavioral intentions for physical activity and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Perceived behavioral control predicted behavioral intentions for the four recommendations. Parental worry predicted behavioral intentions for fruit and vegetable consumption. Additional theoretical and practical implications of this research are also discussed.</p>

<p> As our war veterans are growing in exponential numbers, so also are their psychic wounds in need of urgent treatment. This qualitative study explores the lives of three war veterans using a narrative-inquiry methodology, informed by their personal creations: a century-old photographic archive, a published novel, a memoire, interview transcripts, military and photography historians' accounts, and recently declassified documents in the National Security Archive of The George Washington University. The researcher addressed the questions: What are the main themes and functions of the coresearchers' self-expressive works? Can the creative process assist in restorying the lives and reconstructing the relationships of individuals? Can such works include those constructed from living memory, as well as those from the past? </p><p> Participants included World War II veteran Captain Arthur Enderlin, U.S.N.R, (deceased), former Chief, Office of Telecommunications, National Security Agency; and Vietnam War army veterans, "Harry George," Lieutenant Colonel, retired, former infantry company commander, 6/31 Infantry Battalion/9^th Infantry Division; and "Mr. Tu," regulatory policy analyst, Federal Civil Service Grade GS-15, Sergeant (E-5), Delta Company 3/187 Infantry Batallion/101st Airborne Division. </p><p> The intensive in-depth research process illuminated the creative healing journey of psyche, coconstructed by both the researcher and the participants. The relational approach and sensibility integrated Jungian analytical psychology, self-psychology, and other contemporary thought in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The outcome supports that creating and expressing "new" life narratives support (a) new self-construction born from fragments, (b) relationship construction, and (c) recovery from trauma. In their interviews and writings, the Vietnam War army veterans echoed themes from their life journeys and healing from trauma, which supported and validated those of the third coresearcher's nonverbal photographic narrative. The researcher employed visual reading and professional curating practices to reach a cohesive understanding of the life narrative of Arthur Enderlin. </p><p> The researcher combined approaches in an innovative synthesis which will be valuable to clinical and depth psychotherapists and researchers as avenues for future narrative inquiry using photographic images, writings, and creative modalities with patients and their families. The results and implications will also be accessible to individuals and groups tending to victims of diverse trauma, visual-literacy scholars, archivists, and historians. </p>

<p> Based on Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) research, researchers have suggested a model of how beliefs about normal experiences sometimes associated with depression, such as sleep disturbances and difficulty concentrating, may precipitate increases in depression. Cox and colleagues have proposed the existence of a trait, which they refer to as Depression Sensitivity (DS), that leads individuals to catastrophically interpret such experiences as evidence of impending or irreversible depression (Cox, Borger, &amp; Enns, 1999; Cox, Enns, &amp; Taylor, 2001; Cox, Enns, Freeman, &amp; Walker, 2001). They suggest that this trait may be a depressive scar and that its effects on future depression may be mediated by rumination. The present research sought to provide an initial, albeit incomplete, test of the tenants of this model, and extend pilot research validating the first measure of DS, the Depression Sensitivity Index (DSI). </p><p> Using a sample of Northwestern undergraduates, this research examined the relationship between DS and various facets of AS. Results provided additional evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the DSI, indicating that, as predicted by theory, DS is more highly correlated with AS Mental-Incapacitation Concerns than with any other AS facet. Further, confirmatory factor analyses suggested that a hierarchical model consisting of a general factor underlying all items and four group factors representing AS Mental-Incapacitation Concerns, Physical Concerns, Social Concerns, and DS provided a good fit to the AS and DS data. </p><p> The current research also evaluated whether, in line with the theoretical model of the development of DS, past episodes of depression predict DS above and beyond current mood. Results suggested that, not only was having experienced a major depressive episode predictive of DS, but that participant estimates of the number of depressive episodes that they had experienced exhibited a linear relationship with this variable. Although the existence of a relationship between past episodes and DS is insufficient to conclude that DS is a depressive scar (Cox, Enns, Freeman, et al., 2001), it is a necessary precondition for retaining the scar hypothesis. </p><p> Additionally, the present research replicated pilot findings that DS prospectively predicts depressive symptoms, predicting symptoms three months later above and beyond baseline symptoms. Further analyses indicated that DS also had incremental predictive power above and beyond both the facets of neuroticism and the facets of AS in predicting depressive symptoms three months later in a two-wave longitudinal model. Likewise, DS was predictive of depressive symptoms over the course of three months in a seven-wave longitudinal model of DS and symptoms. However, when modeled in this manner, it appeared that variance common to DS and AS Mental-Incapacitation Concerns accounted for changes in symptoms from one month to the next (e.g., over the course of every three study timepoints). Although these results are insufficient to determine if DS causes increases in depression, establishing the temporal precedence of this trait is an important first step in evaluating its causal status. </p><p> Finally, the present research evaluated whether, as proposed by the Depression Sensitivity Model, rumination partially or fully accounts for the relationship between DS and future depressive symptoms. Unfortunately, latent rumination as measured in this study did not prospectively predict depressive symptoms in the direction expected, and therefore could not account for the relationship between DS and symptoms. The meaning and implications of these results are discussed.</p>

<p> Efficient, integrative methods to foster greater emotion regulation that are applicable to diverse populations are needed. Mindfulness meditation and resonant frequency breath training are independently positively correlated with changes in emotion regulation. The acquisition of effective emotion regulation strategies may be amplified by the interaction of mindfulness meditation practice and resonant frequency breath training. A sample of 82 undergraduate novice meditators were randomized in a four group design utilizing a control, mindfulness only, resonance only, and combined mindfulness and resonance breath training conditions delivered in a three-week intervention. Self-report measures assessed the use of emotion regulation strategies (ERQ), changes in rates of positive and negative affectivity (PANAS), acquisition of mindfulness skills (FFMQ), and sub-clinical symptoms of distress (DASS-21). Changes to low frequency heart rate variability, breath rate, heart rate, and temperature were evaluated. Results support the effect of resonance breath training on decreasing low frequency and increasing high frequency heart rate variability. The mindfulness training did not yield any effects. The effect of brief resonant breath training on heart rate variability suggests that this may be a viable intervention for re-regulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system functioning.</p>

<p> It is well-known that war veterans experience long-lasting physical and psychological injuries following their deployment, and recent studies have proposed the construct of moral injury (MI) to explain the moral and spiritual effects of war on individuals. Litz et al. (2009) defined MI as "perpetrating, failing to prevent, or bearing witness to acts that transgress deeply held moral beliefs and expectations" (p. 6), and Drescher et al. (2011) interviewed trauma experts to identify types of events that could create MI and the lasting sequelae of these events. Vargas et al. (2013) provided validation of MI by examining male Vietnam veterans' self-reported effects of combat participation and found themes of MI events and symptoms consistent with those found by Drescher et al. (2011). However, current research on MI has focused solely on male veterans, despite the fact that women have served in the military since colonial times, most often as nurses. Therefore, it is yet unknown whether the current definition of MI applies to warzone nurses. To expand the current understanding of MI to deployed female nurses, this qualitative study identified signs and symptoms of MI as reported by 100 randomly selected female veterans who served in the Vietnam War from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS). Major themes identified by coders were compared to those previously identified, and results suggest that nurses in Vietnam experienced symptoms of MI consistent with those previously identified in male combat veterans and at a higher rate.</p>

<p> We know that development is greatly influenced by early parenting experiences (Gauthier, 2003; Koestner, Franz, &amp; Weinberger, 1990). Sibling violence has been shown to have long lasting effects into adulthood, including a range of mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, low self-worth, and aggression (Graham-Bermann, Cutler, Litzenberger, &amp; Schwartz, 1994). What is less known is the combined impact of sibling violence and parental physical aggression on subsequent adult intimate partner relationships. A study was conducted with 93 participants to examine the relationship of sibling violence while controlling for the experience of parental physical aggression in childhood on conflict resolution styles experienced in adulthood. Four hierarchical regressions were conducted to determine the relative influence of parental and sibling violence as well as the severity of each type of violence on four conflict resolution styles. Participants were recruited from the internet and completed the Conflict Resolution Style Inventory (CRSI) (Kurdek, 1994) measuring current conflict resolution styles, the Conflict Tactics Scale 2 (CTS2) measuring sibling violence, and the Conflict Tactics Scales: Parent/Child Version (CTSPC) (Straus, Hamby, &amp; Warren, 2003) measuring parental use of physical aggression. It was found that familial violence was related to three of the conflict resolution styles: Conflict Engagement, Withdrawal, and Compliance. Social learning theory could account for these findings, as what we learn in the family environment we tend to later emulate in other relationships.</p>

<p> Behavioral economists have attempted to show that human iterated reasoning faculties discourage non-equilibrium, non-convergent game dynamics. But what if individuals iterating through each other's strategic intentions are instead driving complex collective dynamics? The results in this manuscript demonstrate that bounded "what you think I think you think" reasoning can cause sustained deviations from Nash equilibrium and other fixed-point solution concepts. Supporting my thesis are a series of six experiments, a revisitation of a classic game theory experiment, a variety of computational models, and an analysis of a real-world dataset with highly motivated agents. I also introduce two new games, the Mod Game and the Runway Game. By bridging human higher-level reasoning and animal collective behavior, this work challenges attitudes in economics that complex social dynamics can--or even should--be designed away. </p>

<p> This study explored authentic leadership behaviors to determine if the behaviors would relate to follower satisfaction with supervisor, overall job satisfaction and the intent to quit and in age groups of 20-24, 25-34 and 35 and over and predict the same relationships in age groups of 20-24 and 25-34. The intent was to determine if authentic leaders could positively affect the intent to quit in younger workers that in turn may attenuate turnover. This non-experimental quantitative study significantly supported the relationship to and the prediction between authentic leadership behaviors, follower satisfaction with supervisor, overall job satisfaction and a lower intent to quit. Age groups did not significantly moderate the relationships. This study demonstrated that authentic leaders significantly related to and predicted follower satisfaction with supervisor, overall job satisfaction and the intent to quit with all age groups, suggesting that authentic leaders may attenuate turnover, including younger workers.</p>

<p> This study examined the relationship between compassion fatigue, how Cognitive Behavioral oriented therapists are, self-efficacy, how positively respondents viewed their time spent in therapy, and caseload. Surveys were mailed out to 400 doctorate level clinical psychologists licensed in Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri. Respondents completed the Compassion Fatigue Self-Test for Psychotherapists, a demographics form, and a self-efficacy measure. Results indicated that the more positive therapists viewed their time spent in therapy, the lower their risk for compassion fatigue. Also, analyses found that clinicians who reported having a higher percentage of clients with a personality disorder diagnosis would be a higher risk for compassion fatigue.</p>

<p>Little research has been conducted examining the use of dream interpretation in brief psychotherapy. This study examined the efficacy of transpersonal dream interpretation methods taught in a brief workshop. A mixed-method, control-group design was used. Participants included male and female Americans of European, Hispanic and Asian descent. The mean age of participants was 39.5 with most having some college education. Quantitative data was collected using the Outcome Measures 30 (OQ30), the State of Hope Scale (SHS), and the Gains from Dream Session Questionnaire (GDSQ). Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interview questions and thematic analysis of participant dream journals. Repeated measures ANOVAs conducted on the OQ30 failed to demonstrate significant improvements within the dream work group compared to the control group. A paired sample t test failed to demonstrate measurable improvement within the dream work group compared to the control group. Participants noted some improvement in their responses to the GDSQ. The qualitative data collected indicated, based on subjective participant commentaries, that the dream work was considered useful by most of the workshop participants. Implications for further research are discussed. </p>