The majority of building code development and implementation practices are normally connected with the progress of construction community changing awareness, needs and perspectives, advanced technology in construction and new level of knowledge. Unproven practices and the technology of building code development and implementation in case of insufficient and outdated codes, the use of unproven advanced codes of other countries, or the infringement of the existing codes, in most cases, could lead to a large number of shortcomings of minimum requirements of public health, safety and general welfare, and poor quality of buildings. Every aspect of a building code development and implementation practice could be influenced by insufficiencies and infringements in building codes/regulations that could cause buildings failures. Generally, the success of a building code development and implementation practice is directly connected with the involved insufficiencies and infringements in the framework of building code (legal, Administrative, technical, & social), i.e. faults of building code development and implementation should be successfully resolved in order to come to an end of a building project assuring code's objectives (public health, safety and general welfare). One of the early research problems of building code development and implementation practice was conducted by Productivity Commission (2004) where the research organized and categorized the causes of shortcomings of BC according to four main functions of building code, including legal, administrative, technical, and social functions. Productivity Commission Research had been the starting point of research problems of building codes in Kuwait. For the past 20 years, many researchers have high numbers of categories, components and rankings to explain different types of insufficiencies and infringements in building codes/regulations. However, these categories and rankings produce inconsistent and overlapping cause and impact factors. In addition, researchers and practitioners at this point tend to focus on the technical and administrative sides related to the issues of building codes development and implementation, and neglecting the importance of legal and social sides. Legal issues like finding a law to prepare and enforce building codes, cover of insurance companies, building materials testing system, weak regulations related issues, building specifications, and clarity of regulation texts; as well as social issues like community awareness, issuing and enforcing legal court rules, deterrent punishments for violators, violations or cheatings in related issues, all of these were deemed not that critical by most reviewers. The research is specifically concerned with the insufficiencies and infringements in building codes/regulations which cause shortcomings of minimum requirements of public health, safety and general welfare, and how related cause and impact factors are selected and organized. Existing research highlights the need for further researches of how to relate between research and building regulations that are at present. There is evidence that construction industries around the world have little experience in this area (CIB TG37, 2001). The proposal within this research is to address this aspect of the debate by seeking to clarify the role of the four functions of building code; legal, administrative, technical, and social function as a frame of reference that stakeholder parties (building officials, design and construction professionals) might agree with and which should act as the basis for the selection and formation of occurrences of cause factors, and their iv impact on public health, safety and general welfare. The focus on the four functions of building code as a fault (cause) frame of reference potentially leads to a common, practical view of the (multi) dimensionality setting of fault (cause) within which cause factors may be identified and which, we believe, could be grounded across a wide range of practices specifically in this research of building code development and implementation. The research surveyed and examined the opinions of building officials, design and construction professionals. We assess which fault (cause) factors are most likely to occur in building and construction projects; evaluate fault (cause) impact by assessing which fault (cause) factors that building officials, design and construction professionals specifically think are likely to arise in the possibility of shortcomings of minimum requirements of public health, safety and general welfare. The data obtained were processed, analyzed and ranked. By using the EXCEL and SPSS for factor analysis, all the fault (cause) factors were reduced and groups into clusters and components for further correlation analysis. The analysis was able to prove an opinion on fault (cause) likelihood, the impact of the fault (cause) on the objectives of building code. The analysis indicates that it is possible to identify grouping of insufficiencies and infringements in building codes/regulations that is correspondent to the different parts of the framework of building code (legal, Administrative, technical, & social) these suggest three identified groups when viewing cause from the likelihood occurrence and four identified groups and their impact for each building code objective. The evidence related to the impact of building code objectives, view of cause, and provides a stronger view of which components of cause were important compared with cause likelihood. The research accounts for the difference by suggesting that a more selection and formation of cause and impact, offered by viewing cause within the context of a framework of building code, and viewing impact within the context of building code objectives (public health, safety and general welfare) allows those involved in building code development and implementation to have an understandable view of the relationships within cause factors, and between cause and impact factors. It also allows the various cause components and the associated emergent clusters to be more readily identified. The contribution of the research relates to the assessment of cause within a construction that is defined in the context of a fairly broad accepted view of the framework of building code (legal, Administrative, technical, & social). The fault (cause) likelihood construction is based on the building code framework proposed in this research and could facilitates a focus on roles and responsibilities, and allows the coordination and integration of activities for regular development and implementation with the building code goals. This contribution would better enable building officials and code writers to identify and manage faults (causes) as they emerge with BC aspects/parts and more closely reflect building and construction activities and processes and facilitate the fault (cause) administration exercise.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Antonio da Silva.pdf: 636545 bytes, checksum: 01d796f7dc35c87c361fdc44d56900b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-23 / This work presents an analysis of basically all forms of punishment and prisons that there has been in homeland legislation, taken as a requirement for obtaining allowance benefit aid-imprisonment, whether as a result of criminal or civil illegal practices. Because it is a benefit aimed at protecting the dependents of the insurected inmate in prison in reason of that are examined with circumspection, the meaning of the utterance and the dependent relationship of dependents exhaustive and lectured about the usefulness of the existence of exceptions contained in it. Other regulatory requirements are also analyzed, as e.g., subjects, initial term, the final term suspension, termination, initial monthly rent, allowance, accumulation, effects of death, even assumed. As a scientific work, due to the academic environment at a fast pace and well combined, and the subtle questions of intellectual stimulation that living in an academic graduate stricto sensu between faculty and students, to encourage thought and provoke new thoughts and research, as well as the fruit of experience in practice of the application of Social Relations, including the sub area of Social Security Law, it contains criticism, including unconstitutionality of rules and suggestions for regulatory changes (additions and revisions), always under the pretext of improving the benefit under discussion / Apresenta este trabalho uma analise praticamente de todas as modalidades de penas e de prisões existentes na legislação pátria, tidas como um dos requisitos para a obtenção do benefício auxílioreclusão, seja este decorrente de práticas de ilícitos criminais ou civis. Por se tratar de um benefício que objetiva a proteção dos dependentes do segurado recluso, em razão da prisão deste, são examinados com circunspeção, o significado do enunciado dependentes e a relação taxativa de dependentes, bem como dissertado com proficuidade sobre a existência de exceções nela constantes. Outros requisitos normativos também são analisados, como v.g., sujeitos, termo inicial, termo final suspensão, cessação, renda mensal inicial, abono, acumulação, efeitos da morte, ainda que presumida. Como trabalho científico, fruto do ambiente acadêmico em ritmo acelerado e bem conjugado, de indagações sutis e de estímulos intelectuais que o convívio no ambiente acadêmico de pós-graduação stricto sensu entre o corpo docente e discente, incitam ao pensamento e provocam novos pensamentos e pesquisas, bem como fruto da experiência vivida no plano prático da aplicação do Direito das Relações Sociais, incluindo a sub área do Direito Previdenciário, ele contém críticas, incluindo inconstitucionalidade de normas e, sugestões de mudanças normativas (acréscimos e revisões), sempre sob o pretexto de aperfeiçoamento do benefício em comento

Cette thèse porte sur la tradition philanthropique aux États-Unis et sur la place qu’occupent les institutions philanthropiques, c’est à dire les fondations caritatives, au sein de la société américaine contemporaine. La tradition philanthropique américaine s’exprime, en partie, à travers les divers organismes non lucratifs formant le « troisième secteur » américain, le nonprofit sector. Elle est représentée par une société civile américaine promouvant les notions de charité, d’autonomie individuelle vis à vis du pouvoir fédéral et d’entraide sociale. Toutefois, ce sont les fondations caritatives, du fait de leurs importantes ressources financières, qui sont devenues des interlocutrices majeures dans la gestion de l’intérêt général aux États-Unis. De nombreux débats quant à leur efficacité et leur légitimité apparaissent aujourd'hui. L’étude de terrain menée auprès de treize dirigeants de fondations dans le Massachusetts et en Californie a contribué à apporter quelques réponses aux principales interrogations sur l’impact réel des fondations dans la société américaine. Ces observations, réalisées à la fin 2009 et au début 2011, permettent de souligner le fait que la philanthropie est ancrée dans le capitalisme américain, ce qui la rend dépendante de la conjoncture économique. On conclut également que, tandis que la philanthropie est souvent perçue comme un vecteur de valeurs démocratiques, les fondations ne semblent pas toujours prendre en compte l’intérêt général dans le financement de leurs projets. Enfin, en même temps que les richesses se sont accrues depuis les années 1980, les inégalités sociales se sont creusées, et la philanthropie n’a en rien comblé ces inégalités. Pourtant, les enjeux des actions philanthropiques sont considérables et il ne tient qu’aux philanthropes et aux institutions philanthropiques d’agir en faveur du progrès social. / This dissertation focuses on the philanthropic tradition in the United States and on the role of philanthropic institutions, or charitable foundations, in contemporary society. The American philanthropic tradition can be displayed through the various nonprofit organizations that make the « third sector » or nonprofit sector. This tradition is characterized by a strong civil society that promotes ideas such as charity, individualism and mutual aid. However, foundations have become the main agents for the management of the ‘general welfare’ in the United States, which creates new debates regarding their efficiency and their legitimacy. The case studies of foundations in Massachusetts and California helped bring new answers to questions about the social and economic impact of foundations on U.S. society. Final conclusions emphasize the idea that philanthropy represents an integral part of U.S. capitalism and depends on the economic situation of the country. Moreover, whereas philanthropy is often viewed as a tool for democratic advocacy, it appears that foundations do not always promote the general welfare when supporting philanthropic programs. Last but not least, since the 1980s, significant wealth has been accumulated by some individuals and while social inequalities have widened substantially, American philanthropy has not done much to reduce them. Yet, philanthropic activity can significantly impact U.S. society, provided that philanthropists and philanthropic foundations act for social progress.

The work deals with the complicated problems of solving homelessness in Prague for the period 2013-2020. It analyzes the ethics of the proposals addressing homelessness in this period and compares it with the Action Plan, which preceded it. Ethical problems are defined on the basis of examples of social work practice with homeless people. The conclusion of my work is a proposal of possible solutions defined by ethical problems that arise from the analyzed concept.