The study of synthetic gene regulatory networks allows the isolation and investigation of components and motifs in natural regulatory networks. Many synthetic gene networks are regulated at the transcriptional level. In this work, two methods of regulating gene expression at the transcriptional level were studied with the objective of gaining finer control over network behaviour. The first approach focuses on activation and repression of promoters by transcription factors. A synthetic repressor-activator network was engineered using the cI and cro genes and the PRM promoter from bacteriophage λ. The cI and cro genes activated and repressed PRM, respectively, and the monomeric red fluorescent protein (mrfp) gene reported PRM activity. Experimental testing showed an increase in mrfp expression in response to CI, a decrease in mrfp expression in response to Cro, and a differential output that reflected the relative concentrations of CI and Cro when both inputs were applied together. A positive feedback network was then created by placing a cI gene downstream of PRM. The network showed increased expression in response to CI and decreased expression in response to Cro. A negative feedback network was created by placing a cro gene downstream of PRM. Experimental testing showed decreased mrfp expression in response to both inputs. The second approach employed two methods for tuning expression levels without modifying the genes or promoters. First, using a series of networks with tandem mrfp genes under the control of the PLtet0-1 promoter, it was demonstrated that magnitude and range of expression levels could be tuned by adjusting the number of genes in the operon. A network was tuned using this principle by placing luxR genes in tandem to increase the activity of the luxPR promoter. It was then demonstrated that the level of gene expression could be varied through the placement of the gene within an operon. Operons that were three, five and seven genes and contained one green fluorescent protein gene in the first, middle, or end position were created. By comparing green fluorescence levels in induced and uninduced networks, it was found that the gene closest to the promoter was the most inducible.

The study of synthetic gene regulatory networks allows the isolation and investigation of components and motifs in natural regulatory networks. Many synthetic gene networks are regulated at the transcriptional level. In this work, two methods of regulating gene expression at the transcriptional level were studied with the objective of gaining finer control over network behaviour. The first approach focuses on activation and repression of promoters by transcription factors. A synthetic repressor-activator network was engineered using the cI and cro genes and the PRM promoter from bacteriophage λ. The cI and cro genes activated and repressed PRM, respectively, and the monomeric red fluorescent protein (mrfp) gene reported PRM activity. Experimental testing showed an increase in mrfp expression in response to CI, a decrease in mrfp expression in response to Cro, and a differential output that reflected the relative concentrations of CI and Cro when both inputs were applied together. A positive feedback network was then created by placing a cI gene downstream of PRM. The network showed increased expression in response to CI and decreased expression in response to Cro. A negative feedback network was created by placing a cro gene downstream of PRM. Experimental testing showed decreased mrfp expression in response to both inputs. The second approach employed two methods for tuning expression levels without modifying the genes or promoters. First, using a series of networks with tandem mrfp genes under the control of the PLtet0-1 promoter, it was demonstrated that magnitude and range of expression levels could be tuned by adjusting the number of genes in the operon. A network was tuned using this principle by placing luxR genes in tandem to increase the activity of the luxPR promoter. It was then demonstrated that the level of gene expression could be varied through the placement of the gene within an operon. Operons that were three, five and seven genes and contained one green fluorescent protein gene in the first, middle, or end position were created. By comparing green fluorescence levels in induced and uninduced networks, it was found that the gene closest to the promoter was the most inducible.

One major challenge in synthetic biology is how to design genetic circuits with predictable behaviors in various biological contexts. There are two limitations to addressing this challenge in mammalian cells. First, models that can predict circuit behaviors accurately in bacteria cells cannot be directly translated to mammalian cells. Second, upon interconnection, the behavior of a module, the building block of a circuit, may be different from its behavior in a standalone setting. In this thesis, I present a bottom-up modeling framework that can be used to predict circuit behaviors in transiently transfected mammalian cells (TTMC). The first part of the framework is based on a novel bin-dependent ODE model that can describe the behavior of modules in TTMC accurately. The second part of the framework rests upon a method of modular composition that allows model-based design of circuits. The efficacies of the bin-dependent model and the method of modular composition are validated via experimental data. The effects of retroactivity, a loading effect that arises from modular composition, on circuit behaviors are also investigated.

La conception et la construction de "parts" en biologie synthétique n'est pas triviale et nécessite de nombreuses conditions. Les "parts" utilisées dans des circuits génétiques devraient être modulaires, bien caractérisées avec un devenir précis et robustes aux changements de l'environnement. Elles devraient être résistantes aux interférences avec l'environnement et aux mutations. Aussi, elles devraient être proprement modélisées sur la base de paramètres dérivés d'expériences au niveau d'une seule cellule. Dans ma thèse, j'ai cherché en détails les conditions nécessaires à l'ingénierie de "parts" individuelles telles que promoteurs, sites de fixation de ribosomes, facteurs de transcription et quelques importants types de dispositifs. De plus, j'ai établi une plate-Forme pour la caractérisation de dispositifs génétiques au niveau d'une cellule unique. Tout le matériel et savoir-Faire nécessaires à l'ingénierie de dispositifs microfluidiques ont été acquis. Le procédé complet depuis la conception de dispositifs microfluidiques de leur fabrication à leur utilisation fonctionnelle pour des expériences microbiennes a été développée avec succès. Un outil d'analyse d'images acquises à partir d'expériences de microscopie parallélisé sur ordinateur a aussi été developpé. Les résultats expérimentaux ont prouvé que les dispositifs développés avaient un comportement conforme aux attentes théoriques. De plus, les protocoles expérimentaux, de fabrication et l'analyse automatique de données se sont avérés être adaptés et efficaces pour la caractérisation au niveau d'une cellule unique des bactéries développées. / The task to design and construct parts for the synthetic biology is not simple and needs to meet a number of requirements. The parts utilized for the construction of genetic circuits should be modular, well-Characterized, well-Behaved and robust to changes in the environment. They should be insulated from cross-Talk with the environment and be resilient to mutations. Finally, they should also be properly modeled based on parameters derived from single-Cell level experiments. In my thesis, i researched in detail the general requirements for the engineering of individual parts like promoters, ribosome binding site, transcription factors and of some important type of devices. Furthermore, i established a complete platform for the single-Cell level characterization of engineered genetic devices. All the required hardware and know-How for the fabrication of microfluidics devices capable of sustained bacterial growth was acquired. The whole process from the design of microfluidics devices that aimed functionality to their fabrication and utilization for microbial experiments was successfully developed. An efficient image-Processing tool for distributed computational analysis of the data acquired during the microscopy experiments was also developed. The experimental results proved that the engineered genetic devices were behaving according to theoretical expectations. Furthermore, the established experimental procedures, fabrication process and automated data analysis showed to be well-Adapted to the task of single-Cell characterization of engineered bacteria and efficient.

Temperature-sensitivity (TS) is often used as a way to attenuate microorganisms to convert them into live vaccines. Studies indicate that live vaccines are often necessary for the complete clearance of certain pathogenic organisms. In this work we explore the use of TS genetic circuits that express lethal genes for their potential utility as a widely applicable approach to TS attenuation. Here, we use restriction endonucleases as the lethal gene products. We tested different combinations of TS repressors and cognate promoters controlling the expression of genes encoding restriction endonucleases inserted at four different non-essential sites in the Escherichia coli chromosome. We found that the presence of the restriction endonuclease genes did not affect the viability of the host strains at the permissive temperature, but that expression of the genes at elevated temperatures killed the strains to varying extents. The location of the genetic circuit cassette in the chromosome was critical, and insertion at the ycgH site led to minimal cell death. Induction of the TS circuit in a growing culture led to a pre-mature leveling off of the optical density, and a shift in the number of cells that could exclude a dye that indicated cell viability. Incubation of cells initially grown at low temperature and then suspended in phosphate buffered saline at high temperature, led to about 100-fold loss of cell viability per day compared to minimal loss of viability for the parental strain. The Dual strain containing two different genetic circuits was found to have reduced escape frequency compared to single circuit strains. However, strains carrying either one or two TS lethal circuits could generate mutants that survived high temperature. These mutants included start codon deletions as well as upstream deletions of the TetRD1 encoding gene as well as complete deletions of the lethal gene circuits. / Graduate

Synthetic genetic regulatory networks (or genetic circuits) can operate in complex biochemical environments to process and manipulate biological information to produce a desired behavior. The ability to engineer such genetic circuits has wide-ranging applications in various fields such as therapeutics, energy, agriculture, and environmental remediation. However, engineering multilevel genetic circuits quickly and reliably is a big challenge in the field of synthetic biology. This difficulty can partly be attributed to the growing complexity of biology. But some of the predominant challenges include the absence of formal specifications -- that describe precise desired behavior of these biological systems, as well as a lack of computational and mathematical frameworks -- that enable rapid in-silico design and synthesis of genetic circuits. This thesis introduces two major frameworks to reliably design genetic circuits. The first implementation focuses on a framework that enables synthetic biologists to encode Boolean logic functions into living cells. Using high-level hardware description language to specify the desired behavior of a genetic logic circuit, this framework describes how, given a library of genetic gates, logic synthesis can be applied to synthesize a multilevel genetic circuit, while accounting for biological constraints such as 'signal matching', 'crosstalk', and 'genetic context effects'. This framework has been implemented in a tool called Cello, which was applied to design 60 circuits for Escherichia coli, where the circuit function was specified using Verilog code and transformed to a DNA sequence. Across all these circuits, 92% of the output states functioned as predicted. The second implementation focuses on a framework to design complex genetic systems where the focus is on how the system behaves over time instead of its behavior at steady-state. Using Signal Temporal Logic (STL) -- a formalism used to specify properties of dense-time real-valued signals, biologists can specify very precise temporal behaviors of a genetic system. The framework describes how genetic circuits that are built from a well characterized library of DNA parts, can be scored by quantifying the 'degree of robustness' of in-silico simulations against an STL formula. Using formal verification, experimental data can be used to validate these in-silico designs. In this framework, the design space is also explored to predict external controls (such as approximate small molecule concentrations) that might be required to achieve a desired temporal behavior. This framework has been implemented in a tool called Phoenix. / 2021-02-28T00:00:00Z

abstract: The fundamental building blocks for constructing complex synthetic gene networks are effective biological parts with wide dynamic range, low crosstalk, and modularity. RNA-based components are promising sources of such parts since they can provide regulation at the level of transcription and translation and their predictable base pairing properties enable large libraries to be generated through in silico design. This dissertation studies two different approaches for initiating interactions between RNA molecules to implement RNA-based components that achieve translational regulation. First, single-stranded domains known as toeholds were employed for detection of the highly prevalent foodborne pathogen norovirus. Toehold switch riboregulators activated by trigger RNAs from the norovirus RNA genome are designed, validated, and coupled with paper-based cell-free transcription-translation systems. Integration of paper-based reactions with synbody enrichment and isothermal RNA amplification enables as few as 160 copies/mL of norovirus from clinical samples to be detected in reactions that do not require sophisticated equipment and can be read directly by eye. Second, a new type of riboregulator that initiates RNA-RNA interactions through the loop portions of RNA stem-loop structures was developed. These loop-initiated RNA activators (LIRAs) provide multiple advantages compared to toehold-based riboregulators, exhibiting ultralow signal leakage in vivo, lacking any trigger RNA sequence constraints, and appending no additional residues to the output protein. Harnessing LIRAs as modular parts, logic gates that exploit loop-mediated control of mRNA folding state to implement AND and OR operations with up to three sequence-independent input RNAs were constructed. LIRA circuits can also be ported to paper-based cell-free reactions to implement portable systems with molecular computing and sensing capabilities. LIRAs can detect RNAs from a variety of different pathogens, such as HIV, Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and norovirus, and after coupling to isothermal amplification reactions, provide visible test results down to concentrations of 20 aM (12 RNA copies/µL). And the logic functionality of LIRA circuits can be used to specifically identify different HIV strains and influenza A subtypes. These findings demonstrate that toehold- and loop-mediated RNA-RNA interactions are both powerful strategies for implementing RNA-based computing systems for intracellular and diagnostic applications. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biochemistry 2019

[ES] La biología sintética tiene como objetivo diseñar y construir nuevos sistemas biológicos con funciones deseadas. Los circuitos basados en el control transcripcional han tenido preponderancia en este campo tras el trabajo pionero del toggle switch y del repressilator. Sin embargo, para avanzar en la creación de tecnologías transformadoras que utilicen circuitos genéticos sintéticos, es esencial una combinación de mecanismos de control confiables en todo el flujo de la información genética. Esta combinación es necesaria para alcanzar el nivel de integrabilidad y complejidad funcional observado en la naturaleza. En tal sentido, recientemente han ganado atención los circuitos basados en regulación postranscripcional. En particular, se ha aprovechado la gran programabilidad de ARN para crear circuitos reguladores para la biodetección de señales ambientales o para controlar la vía metabólica en la bioproducción. En esta tesis, por el contrario, proponemos explotar las proteínas de unión a ARN para diseñar circuitos sintéticos que operen a nivel de traducción en la bacteria Escherichia coli. Esta tesis pretende estudiar como surge y se propaga el ruido cuando la expresión genética está regulada por un factor de traducción, y la ampliación de la caja de herramientas de la biología sintética con una nueva caracterización de proteínas de unión a ARN adecuadas. Por un lado, hemos diseñado un circuito de control postrancripcional utilizando la proteína de cápside del fago MS2. Mediante una meticulosa monitorización a nivel unicelular tanto del regulador como del gen regulado, hemos cuantificado el comportamiento dinámico del sistema, así como su estocasticidad. Si bien los esfuerzos anteriores se centraron en comprender la propagación del ruido en las regulaciones transcripcionales, el comportamiento estocástico de los genes regulados a nivel de la traducción sigue siendo en gran medida desconocido. Nuestros datos han revelado que un factor de traducción de proteínas ha permitido una fuerte represión a nivel unicelular, ha amortiguado la propagación del ruido de un gen a otro y ha conducido a una sensibilidad no lineal a las perturbaciones globales en la traducción. Estos descubrimientos han mejorado significativamente nuestra comprensión de la expresión genética estocástica y han proporcionado principios de diseño fundamentales para aplicaciones de biología sintéticas. Por otro lado, aprovechamos el motivo de reconocimiento de ARN (RRM), el dominio proteico de unión a ARN mas prevalente en la naturaleza, a pesar de su predominio en los filos eucariotas, para diseñar un sistema de control postranscripcional ortogonal en Escherichia coli. Aprovechando la proteína de unión a ARN de mamífero Musashi-1, que contiene dos RRM canónicos, desarrollamos un circuito sofisticado. Musashi-1 ha funcionado como represor de la traducción alostérico a través de su interacción especifica con la región codificante N-terminal del ARN mensajero, mostrando capacidad de respuesta a los ácidos grasos. La caracterización integral tanto a nivel poblacional como unicelular ha destacado un cambio significativo en la expresión del reportero. Se obtuvieron conocimientos moleculares a través de la cinética de unión in vitro y evaluaciones de funcionalidad in vivo de una serie de mutantes de ARN. Este trabajo ha mostrado la adaptabilidad de la regulación basada en RRM a organismos mas simples, introduciendo una nueva capa regulatoria para el control de la traducción en procariotas y, en ultima instancia, ampliando los horizontes de la manipulación genética. / [CA] La biologia sintètica té per objectiu dissenyar i construir nous sistemes biològics amb funcions desitjades. Els circuits basats en el control transcripcional han tingut preponderancia en aquest camp després del treball pioner del toggle switch i del repressilator. Tot i això, per avançar en la creació de tecnologies transformadres que utilitzin circuits genètics sintètics, és esencial una combinació de mecanismes de control fiables en tot el flux de la información genètica. Aquesta combinació és necessària per assolir el nivel d'integrabilitat i complexitat funcional observat a la natura. En aquest sentit, recentement han guanyat atenció els circuits basats en regulació posttranscripcional. En particular, s'ha aprofitat la gran programabilitat d'ARN per crear circuits reguladors per a la biodetecció de senyals ambientals o per controlar la via metabólica a la bioproducció. En aquesta tesi, per contra, proposem exlotar les proteïnes d'unió a ARN per dissenyar circuits sintètics que operin a nivel de traducció al bacteri Escherichia coli. Aquesta tesi pretén estudiar com sorgeix i es propaga el soroll quan l'expressió genètica està regulada per un factor de traducció, il'ampliació de la caixa d'eines de la biología sintètica amb una nova caracteriació de proteïnes d'unió a ARN adequades. D'una banda, hem dissenyat un circuit de control postranscripcional utilitzant la proteína de càpsid del fag MS2. Mitjançant una meticulosa monitorització a nivel inucel·lular tant del regulador com del gen regulat, hem quantificat el comportament dinàmic del sistema, així com la seva estocasticitat. Tot i que els esforços anteriors es van centrar a comprendre la propagació del soroll en les regulacions transcripcionals, el comportament estocàstic dels gens regulats a nivell de la traducció continua sent en gran mesura desonegut. Les nostres dades han revelat que un factor de traducció de proteïnes ha permès una forta repressió a nivell unicel·lular, ha esmorteït la propagació del soroll d'un gen a un altre i ha conduït a una sensibilitat no lineal a les pertorbacions globals a la traducció. Aquest descobriments han millorat significativament la nostra comprensió de l'expressió genètica estocástica i han proporcionat principis de sisseny fonamentals per a aplicacions de biología sintètiques. D'altra banda, aprofitem el motiu de reconeixement d'ARN (RRM), el domini proteic d'unió a ARN més prevalent a la natura, malgrat el seu predomini als talls eucariotes, per dissenyar un sistema de control posttranscripcional ortogonal a Escherichia coli. Aprofitant la proteína d'unió a ARN de mamífers Musashi-1, que conté dos RRM canònics, hem desenvolupat un circuit sofisticat. Musashi-1 va funcionar com un repressor de la traducció al·lostèric a través de la seva interacció específica amb la regió codificant N-terminal de l'ARN missatger, mostrant capacitat de resposta als àcids grassos. La caracterització integral tant a nivel poblacional com unicèl·lular va destacar un canvi significatiu a l'expressió de l'informador. S'obtingueren coneixements moleculars a través de la cinètica d'unió in vitro i avaluacions de funcionalitat in vivo d'una sèrie de mutants d'ARN. Aquest treball va mostrar l'adaptabilitat de la regulació basada en RRM a organismos més simples, introduint una nova capa regulatòria per al control de la traducció en procariotes i, en darrer terme, ampliant els horitzons de la manipulació genètica. / [EN] Synthetic biology seeks to design and construct new biological systems with desired functions. Circuits based on transcriptional control have been preponderant in the field following the pioneering work of the toggle switch and repressilator. However, to advance the creation of transformative technologies using synthetic genetic circuits, a blend of dependable control mechanisms throughout the genetic information flow is essential. This combination is necessary to attain the level of integrability and functional complexity observed in nature. In this regard, circuits based on post-transcriptional regulation have recently gained attention. In particular, the great programmability of RNA has been exploited to create regulatory circuits for biosensing of environmental signals or for controlling metabolic pathway in bioproduction. In this thesis, in contrast, we propose to exploit RNA-binding proteins to engineer synthetic circuits that operate at the level of translation in the bacterium Escherichia coli. This thesis intends to study how noise emerges and propagates when gene expression is regulated by a translation factor, and the expansion of the synthetic biology toolbox with new characterization of suitable RNA-binding proteins. On the one hand, we engineered a post-transcriptional control circuit using the phage MS2 coat protein. Through meticulous single-cell level monitoring of both the regulator and the regulated gene, we quantified the dynamic behavior of the system, as well as their stochasticity. While previous efforts focused on understanding noise propagation in transcriptional regulations, the stochastic behavior of genes regulated at the translation level remain largely unknown. Our data revealed that a protein translation factor enabled strong repression at the single-cell level, buffered noise propagation from gene to gene, and led to a nonlinear sensitivity to global perturbations in translation. These findings significantly enhanced our understanding of stochastic gene expression and provided foundational design principles for synthetic biology applications. On the other hand, we harnessed the RNA recognition motif (RRM), the most prevalent RNA-binding domain in nature, despite its predominance in eukaryotic phyla, to engineer an orthogonal post-transcriptional control system in Escherichia coli. Leveraging the mammalian RNA-binding protein Musashi-1, which contains two canonical RRMs, we developed a sophisticated circuit. Musashi-1 functioned as an allosteric translation repressor through its specific interactions with the N-terminal coding region of messenger RNA, exhibiting responsiveness to fatty acids. Comprehensive characterization at both population and single-cell levels highlighted a significant fold change in reporter expression. Molecular insights were gleaned through in vitro binding kinetics and in vivo functionality assessments of a series of RNA mutants. This work showcased the adaptability of RRM-based regulation to simpler organisms, introducing a novel regulatory layer for translation control in prokaryotes, ultimately expanding the horizons of genetic manipulation. / Dolcemascolo, R. (2023). Engineering post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression with RNA-binding proteins [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202194