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Science can define what is practicable, what can be done, but it cannot determine which developments it is right to pursue- this is largely an ethical judgment attempting to answer ‘ought we to do it’? The most sensible approach to making an ethical assessment is to try and weigh up the benefits of a novel technology against its potential to do harm. Deciding whether GM technology is acceptable in ethical terms involves a judgment about both the plausibility and moral weight of competing sets of claims, beginning with an assessment of the possible benefits and risks. Using four main guiding principles as the basis of my discussion and point of evaluation, I focus firstly on the principle of general welfare to examine the debate what would amount to an adequate safety assessment of GM foods and its possible ecological risk. The right of consumers to freedom of choice is addressed by exploring both the arguments against and for labelling. The principle of justice then questions the claims whether food security can indeed be improved by using GM technology and how patents, bioprospecting and biopiracy can be judged ethically justifiable. Finally the ethical status of the natural world is raised by attempting to answer whether modern biotechnology could be considered blasphemous and whether it is ethically permissible to breach the natural integrity of the species. Using these guiding principles do not make such as assessment straightforward as they cannot be rigidly applied in an abstract way to reflect absolutes on what is right or wrong and their operation depends on context. My approach is normative and presented in a way to stimulate dialogue as an explorative ethical travel through the genetically modified zone with the recognition that the debate remains inconclusive and controversial. Keywords: GM; Genetically Modified Foods; GM Technology; Transgenic.

The Biotech dispute at WTO received a great deal of attention, and reopened a wide-ranging debate over the benefits of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their effects on human health and the environment. The dispute was complex and involved a high level of political sensitivity. It brought attention to procedural and substantive issues in which the roles of science and precaution, and the interrelationship between trade law and international law took centre stage. It raised questions as to the degree of risk acceptable to society, as well as questions regarding the regulation of GMOs in the face of continuing uncertainty about the risks they may pose to human health and the environment. This thesis explores both the conceptual foundations and the legal aspects of this debate. It argues that extending the scope of the SPS Agreement in the manner the Biotech decision did is problematic, and overburdens the EU with demonstrating that its GMO authorisation framework is based on scientific risk assessments and not otherwise disguised restrictions on trade. This thesis also highlights that the conflict surrounding GMOs is not limited to the World Trade Organization. By leaving little room for the application of precautionary approaches and non-scientific factors, the Panel largely failed to recognise the institutional and discursive complexity in which the conflict about GMOs is embedded. The thesis concludes that increased sensitivity of WTO law to environmental and non-scientific factors will reduce the existing tension allowing it to coexist with other international treaties.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-99). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-99). Also available on the Internet.

Genetiškai modifikuoti augalai kuriami siekiant sukurti naujas veisles, t.y pagerinti augalų technologines ir maistines savybes. Genų inžinerijos metodais sukurta tūkstančiai naujų veislių. Tai augalai atsparūs herbicidams ir insekticidams. Nors pirmieji komerciniai GM pasėliai užauginti 1994 metais (pomidorai), 1996 metai laikomi metais, kuomet GM pasėliai pradėti auginti plačiu mastu (1,66 milijono hektarų). Nuo tada GM pasėlių auginimas augo labai staigiai ir 2005 metais tokie pasėliai užėmė 87,2 milijonus hektarų ploto. Didžiausią GM pasėlių plotą užima: soja, javai, medvilnė ir rapsai. Genetiškai modifikuoti augalai – produktas naujų technologijų. Tokie ugalai įgauna savybių kurios jiems iki tol nebuvo būdingos. GM maisto saugumas dar nėra įroditas. Tyrimai nebuvo ilgalaikiai ir pakankami. Šie augalai gali būti pavojingi tiek žmogaus sveikatai, tiek ir aplinkai. Siekiant užtikrinti, kad GM augalai ir GM produktai atitiktų nustatytas žmonių ir gyvūnų saugos bei aplinkos apsaugos reikalavimus, būtina atlikti rizikos aplinkai, žemės ūkiui, gyvūnų ir žmonių sveikatai įvertinimą ir vykdyti monitoringą. / Genetically modified plants (GM plants) are being engineered in order to develop different new species, i.e. enhancing technological and nutrient traits. There have been engineered thousands of new plants species, employed genetic engineering methods. The dominant plants are GM herbicide tolerant plants and GM insecticide tolerant plants. Although the first commercial GM crops were planted in 1994 (tomatoes), 1996 was the first year in which a significant area 1.66 mln.ha of crops were planted containing GM traits. Since then there has been a dramatic increase in plantings and by 2005, the glogal planted area reached almost 87,2 million hectares. Almost all of the global GM crop area derives from soybeans, corn, cotton and canola. Genetically modified plants are products of new technologies. Plants develop new characteristics which were not typical of them before. Safety of GM food has not been proved. The research wasn’t long-term and sufficient enough. This plants can be dangerous for human health and for environment. In order to ensure the requirement established for safe handling, use and control of the GM plants and GM products for human and animal health end environmental protection, it is necessary to perform risk assessment posed by GM plants and GM products to the environment, agriculture and human health and to organize constant monitoring.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Canterbury, 2008. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 202-219). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.A. in agribusiness)--Washington State University. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2007. / "Graduate Program in Sociology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 154-167).

Thesis (M.Sc.(Agric))(Agricultural Economics)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Title from opening screen (viewed March 22, 2006). Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references.