Beitrag anläßlich einer Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Prof. Reinhard Dietrich.

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Am 24. September 2014 hat Professor Reinhard Dietrich sein 65. Lebensjahr vollendet. Zurückblicken kann er auf eine überaus reiche Lehr- und Forschungstätigkeit. Fast genau 20 Jahre war er Professor für Theoretische und Physikalische Geodäsie an der TU Dresden, bevor er zum 1. Oktober 2012 in den Ruhestand eintrat. Sein Geburtstag ist uns, die während dieser Zeit mit ihm zusammen forschen und lehren durften, Anlass, eine Festschrift zu verfassen und dem Jubilar sowie allen Kollegen und Freunden an die Hand zu geben. Eine Würdigung seiner Lehr- und Forschungstätigkeit können Sie auf den folgenden Seiten nachlesen.

The thermal structure of subduction zones depends on the age-controlled thermal state of the subducting slab and mantle wedge flow. Observations indicate that the shallow part of the forearc mantle wedge is stagnant and the slab-mantle interface is weakened. In this dissertation, the role of the interface strength in controlling mantle wedge flow, thermal structure, and a wide range of subduction zone processes is investigated through two-dimensional finite-element modelling and a global synthesis of geological and geophysical observations. The model reveals that the strong temperature-dependence of the mantle strength always results in full slab-mantle decoupling along the weakened part of the interface and hence complete stagnation of the overlying mantle. The interface immediately downdip of the zone of decoupling is fully coupled, and the overlying mantle is driven to flow at a rate compatible with the subduction rate. The sharpness of the transition from decoupling to coupling depends on the rheology assumed and increases with the nonlinearity of the flow system. This bimodal behaviour of the wedge flow gives rise to a strong thermal contrast between the cold stagnant and hot flowing parts of the mantle wedge. The maximum depth of decoupling (MDD) thus dictates the thermal regime of the forearc. Observed surface heat flow patterns and petrologically and geochemically estimated mantle wedge temperatures beneath the volcanic arc require an MDD of 70-80 km in most, if not all, subduction zones regardless of their thermal regime of the slab. The common MDD of 70-80 km explains the observed systematic variations of the petrologic, seismological, and volcanic processes with the thermal state of the slab and thus explains the rich diversity of subduction zones in a unified fashion. Models for warm-slab subduction zones such as Cascadia and Nankai predict shallow dehydration of the slab beneath the cold stagnant part of the mantle wedge, which provides ample fluid for mantle wedge serpentinization in the forearc but little fluid for melt generation beneath the arc. In contrast, models for colder-slab subduction zones such as NE Japan and Kamchatka predict deeper dehydration, which provides greater fluid supply for melt generation beneath the arc and allows deeper occurrence of intraslab earthquakes but less fluid for forearc mantle wedge serpentinization. The common MDD also explains the intriguing uniform configuration of subduction zones, that is, the volcanic arc always tends to be situated where the slab is at about 100 km depth. The sudden onset of mantle wedge flow downdip of the common MDD overshadows the thermal effect of the slab, and the resultant thermal field and slab dehydration control the location of the volcanic arc. The recognition of the fundamental importance of the MDD has important implications to the study of geodynamics and earthquake hazard in subduction zones.

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Memoria para optar al título de Geógrafa / Se evalúa la susceptibilidad de remoción en masa en la localidad de El Ingenio, comuna de San José de Maipo, lugar en donde se contempla una extensión urbana por parte de los instrumentos de planificación, lo que podría significar un aumento del riesgo en la zona, ya que dicho asentamiento se emplaza a los pies de laderas con evidentes procesos de remoción en masa que dan cuenta de la inestabilidad en la que se encuentran éstas. La metodología consistió en identificar y analizar la geomorfología de la zona, levantar un inventario a detalle de las remociones en masa, para luego, realizar una modelización de la susceptibilidad de ocurrencia de remoción a través de análisis estadísticos en el que se relacionan los factores condicionantes con los registros de remociones. Los resultados obtenidos dan cuenta de la geodinámica moderna de la zona, en donde las características estructurales de la Cordillera de los Andes determinan un ambiente morfoclimático de montaña que condiciona la estabilidad de las laderas. Se elaboró un Mapa de Susceptibilidad que muestra que casi el 40% de la zona presenta una alta susceptibilidad, lo mismo que ocurre con la mediana susceptibilidad, mientras que la baja susceptibilidad no alcanza el 20%. Se concluye que el área de estudio presenta un alto grado de inestabilidad, en donde los procesos de denudación favorecen la disponibilidad de material que es movilizado a través de diversos tipos de remociones en masa, traduciéndose en potenciales escenarios de desastres si es que no se considera la evaluación geodinámica del relieve en la planificación urbana. / The landslide susceptibility is assessmented for the locality of El Ingenio in the San José de Maipo commune, where an urban extension is contemplated by the planning instruments, which could mean an increase in the risk in the area, since this settlement is located at the foot of slopes with evident processes of landslides that account for the instability in which they are located. The methodology consisted of identifying and analyzing the geomorphology of the area, taking an inventory in detail of the landslides found, and then modeling the susceptibility of landslides in a statistical analysis of the determining factors of landslides, work processed by GIS. The methodology consisted of identifying and analyzing the geomorphology of the area, taking an inventory in detail of the landslides found, then making a modeling of the landslides susceptibility through statistical analysis where the conditioning factors are related to the records of landslides. The results obtained account for the current geodynamics of the area, where the structural characteristics of the Andes mountain range determine a morphoclimatic mountain environment that conditions the stability of the slopes. A Susceptibility Map was drawn up showing that almost 40% of the area presents a high susceptibility, as occurs with the medium susceptibility, while the low susceptibility doesn’t reach 20%. It is concluded that the study area presents a high degree of instability, where denudation processes favor the availability of material that is mobilized through various types of landslides, translating into potential disaster scene if it isn’t considered the geodynamic assessment of concerns in urban planning.

Am 24. September 2014 hat Professor Reinhard Dietrich sein 65. Lebensjahr vollendet. Zurückblicken kann er auf eine überaus reiche Lehr- und Forschungstätigkeit. Fast genau 20 Jahre war er Professor für Theoretische und Physikalische Geodäsie an der TU Dresden, bevor er zum 1. Oktober 2012 in den Ruhestand eintrat. Sein Geburtstag ist uns, die während dieser Zeit mit ihm zusammen forschen und lehren durften, Anlass, eine Festschrift zu verfassen und dem Jubilar sowie allen Kollegen und Freunden an die Hand zu geben. Eine Würdigung seiner Lehr- und Forschungstätigkeit können Sie auf den folgenden Seiten nachlesen.:Vorwort 7 „Grenzen setzt uns nur die eigene Phantasie“ Reinhard Dietrich – Versuch einer Würdigung 9 GNSS – ein Werkzeug für globale und regionale geophysikalische Forschung 17 Zum Stand des Höhenbezugsrahmens in Deutschland 37 Geodätische Erdsystemforschung mittels Satellitenfernerkundung 53 Wasser und Eis – Satellitendaten zur Bilanzierung von Massentransporten 69 Geodätische Bestimmung glaziologischer Parameter in Grönland 83 Geodätische Arbeiten im Gebiet des subglazialen Lake Vostok 93 Feuerland: Symptome einer aktiven Plattengrenze 107 Anhang A – Verzeichnis der Promotionen 117 Anhang B – Publikationsliste R. Dietrich 119

Beitrag zu GNSS anläßlich einer Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Prof. Reinhard Dietrich.

Beitrag zum Thema "Geodätische Bestimmung glaziologischer Parameter in Grönland" anläßlich einer Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Prof. Reinhard Dietrich.

El text del Capítol 3 ha estat retirat seguint instruccions de l’autor de la tesi, en existir participació d’empreses, existir conveni de confidencialitat o existeix la possibilitat de generar patents / The text of Chapter 3 has been withdrawn on the instructions of the author, as there is participation of undertakings, confidentiality agreement or the ability to generate patent / The Bicorb-Quesa salt wall is located on the external Prebetics, an excellent natural laboratory to observe the diapir evolution because of their excellent outcrops. This area, located on the limit between the Iberian Massif, the Betic Range and the Valencian Trough; preserves the deformation caused by four deformation stages: two extensional and two extensive phases. The complexity and changing geometry of the salt wall lead us to use different techniques, some of them rarely used on salt tectonics studies, in order to provide significant information on the knowledge of the salt wall kinematics. The Magnetotelluric data shows the wide range of electrical resistivity materials values. This technique allowed us to recognize a basement fault with a vertical throw of 1000 m. which was active during the Triassic to Lower Cretaceous and likewise elucidate about the salt wall shape and the salt location. The Paleomagnetic data provide valuable information about the rotation suffered on the area both the syn-diapiric basins and the diapir, revealing rotation on different areas. This information together with the internal diapir structure and the overburden structure makes possible to interpret the initiation and reactivation of salt wall as driven by thin-skinned contractional deformation of the overburden. These processes were preferentially developed on the top of a pre-existing basement fault. A comprehensive analysis brings into relief the role played by the propagation direction sense of the cover deformation and the dip sense of the basement fault. This thesis contributes on the scientific knowledge of the salt tectonics, in its kinematics and evolution in different tectonic settings. The salt tectonics is also a geological branch very attractive for the oil industry as it generates one of the most important trap sources. / La presència de materials evaporítics condiciona l’estructura que es desenvoluparà en un àrea ja que les propietats reològiques de les evaporites són molt diferents a les d’altres materials. Especialment la sal, que es deforma plàsticament, és menys densa i més dèbil que la majoria dels materials (Jackson i Talbot, 1986; Jackson i Vendeville, 1994). Aquestes propietats permetran la formació de coixins salins, diapirs salins, parets salines, llengües salines, etc. La generació d’aquestes estructures i el fet de que la sal sigui impermeable propicia la formació de trampes per hidrocarburs i la possibilitat d’emmagatzemar CO2 o altres residus. Aquest fet els hi dóna a les estructures salines interès econòmic i facilita l’avenç científic en la matèria, com mostra la publicació d’articles que han millorat el coneixement d’aquestes estructures a partir dels anys ‘90 (ex. Vendeville i Jackson 1992; Jackson 1995; Letouzey et al. 1995; Ge et al. 1997; Rowan et al. 2003; Stewart 2006; Hudec i Jackson 2007, etc.) L’efecte causat a una cobertora fràgil, pel moviment de una falla normal de basament sobre la qual tenim un nivell de desenganxament dúctil ha estat ampliament estudiat (Koyi et al. 1993; Nalpas i Brun 1993; Jackson i Vendeville 1994; Vendeville et al. 1995; Stewart i Clark 1999; Withjack i Callaway 2000; Dooley et al. 2003; 2005). També, amb la mateixa disposició de materials fràgils-dúctils, ha estat investigada la inversió de les falles normals de basament durant una etapa compressiva (Letouzey et al. 1995; Stewart i Clark 1999; Krzywiec 2004; Ferrer et al. 2012). Per altra banda, la deformació de pell prima provocada per una època compressiva a sobre de un nivell de desenganxament també ha estat estudiada (ex. Chapple 1978; Davis i Engelder 1985; Coward i Stewart 1995; Sans i Koyi 2001), i amb la mateixa geometria les conseqüències de una compressió en un diapir previ (Vendeville i Nilsen 1995; Canerot et al 2005; Roca et al 2006; Callot et al. 2007; Dooley et al. 2009). Tanmateix, no hi ha cap estudi previ publicat en revistes científiques internacionals que descrigui la deformació per compressió de la pell prima prèviament afectada per una falla de basament. Per tal d’omplir aquest buit, s’ha estudiat la paret salina de Bicorb-Quesa, molt adequada ja que està localitzada a sobre d’una falla de basament, en una zona afectada per compressió amb deformació de pell prima (Roca et al 1996, 2006).