Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the scale of marine poaching in the Table Mountain National Park by analysing the amounts of South African abalone, West Coast rock lobster, and shellfish, finfish and bait species confiscated from fishers operating in the park’s marine protected area between 2000 and 2009. The research objectives were fourfold, namely to strengthen conceptual frameworks on illegal harvesting in protected areas; identify the quantities of the various species seized by park officials over the decadal period; cartographically plot the areas in which confiscations took place; and distinguish the different resource users and stakeholders operating in the park and examine the roles they play in resource exploitation. Data was collected from offence logbooks maintained by SANParks rangers and managers, and from records kept by Marine and Coastal Management and the South African Police Services. GIS outputs indicated seizure events over the spatial area of the park. Further data relating to the levels of poaching was sourced from illegal fishers operating in the park who discussed their operations candidly. The research findings indicate that poaching of both abalone and rock lobsters has increased significantly over time. Other marine species show lesser amounts of resources poached over the ten-year period. Spatial outcomes suggest that confiscations of abalone occur predominantly on the east coast of the park, while higher seizure events occur on the west coast for lobsters. Shellfish, finfish and bait species were confiscated in equal amounts from illegal fishers on both the east and west coasts. Future research recommended includes garnering further confiscations data from the police services and undertaking contemporary baseline assessments to discover the effects poaching has had on the resource base since the previous stock assessment in 2001. The challenge laid out for the custodians of the Table Mountain National Park marine protected area is to provide and protect cultural and environmental resources, without compromising biodiversity management, community associations and conservation strategies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die skaal van marienebronstroping in die Tafelberg Nasionale Park te bepaal deur middel van die ontleding van die hoeveelhede Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen, Weskus-kreef en skulpvis, vinvis en aasspesies wat vanaf oortreders (2000 tot 2009), gekonfiskeer is. Die doel van die navorsing was viervoudig naamlik, die versterking van die navorser se konseptuele-basis rondom die stroping van hulpbronne in beskermde gebiede; die bepaling van die hoeveelhede en tipe spesies wat deur parkbeamptes in beslag geneem is; die plekke waar konfiskasies plaasgevind het; en om die verskillende hulpbron gebruikers en belanghebbendes te onderskei en hulle rolle in die mariene-hulpbron benutting te ondersoek. Primêre konfiskasie-data is verkry vanaf SANparke se logboeke wat deur beamptes instandgehou is en sekondêre data is verskaf deur Mariene en Kusbestuur en die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens. Beslagleggingsgebeure is dmv GIS tegnologie op kaarte vasgelê. Verdere inligting oor die vlakke van stroping is bekom deur openhartige gesprekvoering met vissers wat onwettig in die park bedrywig is. Die navorsing het bevind dat die stropery van perlemoen en kreef met die verloop van tyd aansienlik toegeneem het. Ander mariene spesies het kleiner hoeveelhede stropery van die hulpbron oor die studietydperk aangetoon. Ruimtelike voorstellings toon dat perlemoen-stropery hoofsaaklik aan die ooskus van die park voorkom, terwyl groter beslagleggings/konfiskerings van kreef aan die weskus van die park plaasgevind het. Skulpvis, vinvis en aasspesies is gekonfiskeer by vissers wat onwettig bedrywig is in ewe groot hoeveelhede op beide die ooskus en die weskus. Toekomstige navorsing moet meer inligting oor beslagleggings van die polisie bekom en die kontemporêre basislynassesserings moet meer gereeld onderneem word om veral die effek van stropery op die hulpbron bloot te lê. Die laaste basislyn-assessering het in 2001 plaasgevind. Die uitdaging voor die bewaarders van die park se marienebeskermde gebiede is om kulturele en omgewingshulpbronne toeganklik vir alle gebruikers te maak maar dit ter selfder tyd ook te beskerm, sonder om biodiversiteit, gemeenskapassosiasies en bewaring strategieë te kompromitteer.

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research problem addressed in this study is how to ascertain the primary determinants of house prices in Hout Bay. This overarching aim encompasses three interwoven aspects. The research attempts first to determine which factors generally affect property prices in Hout Bay; second, to assess the extent to which individual factors affect house prices; and third, to discover the role variables collectively play in determining house prices in Hout Bay. Four objectives emerge from this subdivision of the aim, namely identify potential house priceinfluencing factors in Hout Bay; quantify the selected locational variables; statistically analyse the variables to distinguish the significant and insignificant ones; and use regression analysis to deduce the collective and individual influences of the significant factors on house prices. Structured interviews were conducted with representatives of 12 estate agencies in Hout Bay to uncover factors affecting the local property market. Through insights gleaned from the literature, manipulation of municipal valuation and cadastral data and the structured interviews, 39 structural and site-related variables, 18 distance variables and 11 socioeconomic variables were constructed. Several preliminary and descriptive analyses performed on the variables gave a general impression of the distribution of data and assisted in identifying statistically significant variables for determining house prices. These analyses included measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode); measures of dispersion (minimum and maximum values, range, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis); the compilation of histograms for each variable; analysis of variance (ANOVA) on nominal data variables; and the creation of 2D scatterplots for ordinal data variables. Spearman rank order correlation was performed on the nominal and ordinal data variables. Statistically weak variables and those exhibiting signs of multicollinearity were eliminated. A best-subsets regression analysis was executed on the remaining variables. The regression model performed adequately, explaining close to 54% of the variation in house prices in Hout Bay. Among the individual factors, the size of the erf was the strongest predictor of the house price dependent variable, house size was the second most important factor, while distance to busy roads and quality of the house shared similar importance. Regression residuals were also mapped to expose spatial patterns. It is recommended that comparable research be conducted on a citywide scale, that variables be quantified differently and that new GIS techniques be incorporated in future studies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsingsprobleem wat hierdie studie aanspreek, is hoe om vas te stel wat die primêre faktore is wat huispryse in Houtbaai bepaal. Hierdie oorkoepelende doelwit vervat drie onderling verwante aspekte. Eerstens, poog die navorsing om te bepaal watter faktore in die algemeen huispryse in Houtbaai beïnvloed; tweedens, om te assesseer tot watter mate individuele faktore huispryse affekteer; en derdens, om te ontdek watter kollektiewe rol veranderlikes in die bepaling van huispryse in Houtbaai speel. Vanuit hierdie onderverdeling van die navorsingsdoelwit het vier doelstellings ontstaan, naamlik identifiseer die potensiële faktore wat huispryse in Houtbaai beïnvloed; kwantifiseer die geselekteerde liggingsveranderlikes; voer verskeie analises uit op die veranderlikes om die beduidende en onbeduidende veranderlikes te identifiseer; en benut regressie-analise om die kollektiewe en individuele invloed van beduidende faktore op huispryse in die studiegebied vas te stel. Gestruktureerde onderhoude is met verkoopslui van 12 eiendomsagentskappe in Houtbaai gevoer om die faktore te bepaal wat die plaaslike eiendomsmark beïnvloed. Deur middel van insigte verkry uit die akademiese literatuur, manipulasie van munisipale waardasie- en kadastrale data en die gestruktureerde onderhoude is 39 strukturele en liggingsverwante veranderlikes, 18 afstandsveranderlikes en 11 sosio-ekonomiese veranderlikes geskep. Verskeie analises wat op die veranderlikes uitgevoer is, het ‘n algemene indruk van die verspreiding van die data verskaf en het die identifisering van statistiesbeduidende veranderlikes bevorder. Hierdie analises het maatstawwe vir sentrale neiging (rekenkundige gemiddelde, mediaan en modus); maatstawwe vir dispersie (minimum en maksimum, variasiewydte, standaardafwyking, skeefheid en kurtose); die samestelling van histogramme vir elke veranderlike; die analise van variansie (ANOVA) op veranderlikes met nominale data; en die skep van 2D-spreidingstippe vir veranderlikes met ordinale data behels. Spearman se rangorde korrelasie is op beide die nominale en ordinale data uitgevoer. Statistiesonbeduidende veranderlikes, of dié wat tekens van multikollineariteit met ander veranderlikes getoon het, is geëlimineer. ‘n Beste deelversameling regressie-analise is uitgevoer op die oorblywende veranderlikes. Die regressiemodel het gepaste resultate behaal deurdat dit byna 54% van die variasie in Houtbaai se huispryse verklaar het. Van die individuele veranderlikes was die grootte van die erf die sterkste voorspeller van die huisprys afhanklike veranderlike, huisgrootte was die tweede belangrikste faktor, terwyl afstand van besige paaie en die kwaliteit van die huis soortgelyke invloed gedeel het. Die regressiemodel se residu’s is gekarteer om ruimtelike patrone vas te stel. Dit word aanbeveel dat soortgelyke navorsing op ‘n stadswye skaal uitgevoer word, dat die veranderlikes op ander wyses gekwantifiseer word en dat nuwe GIStegnieke in toekomstige studies aangewend word.

The Kohistan arc, situated in the northwestern Himalaya of North Pakistan, is a Cretaceous intra-oceanic island arc which was erected during subduction of the Tethys Ocean consequent on the northward flight of India. Following accretion to the Asian margin, the arc behaved as an Andean-type continental arc prior to the collision of India with the Asian continent, which uplifted the arc and tilted it, thus providing a unique opportunity to study a complete succession of rocks from the very earliest stages of arc evolution. A combination of fieldwork, geochemical and radiogenic isotope analysis, and rare earth element modelling are used to determine the main magma sources in the mantle beneath the arc. The Kamila Amphibolites fall into two successions. The 'E-type' rocks have a MORB-type signature and were formed from 6% partial melting of a primitive, garnet¬bearing, mantle source. The 'D-type' Kamila Amphibolites have an arc signature and represent the earliest arc volcanic rocks. They originated from 15.5% partial melting of a primitive spinel-bearing, mantle source. The Jaglot Group (Gashu Confluence Volcanics and Peshmal Volcanics) and Western Volcanics of the Chalt Volcanic Group were generated by 7.5%, 13% and 2.5% partial melting, respectively, of a primitive, garnet¬bearing, mantle source. The Hunza Valley Volcanics of the ChaIt Volcanic Group, which contain boninites, have MORB-type chemistries and an arc signature. These rocks were generated from 15% melting of a depleted, spinel-bearing mantle source which may be the residuum from partial melting which produced the 'E-type' Kamila Amphibolites. That the Hunza Valley Volcanics were generated from this source is consistent with the 'E-type' Kamila Amphibolites fonning the basement and the Hunza Valley Volcanics occurring in the back-arc. Radiogenic Nd, Sr and Pb isotope analyses address an hypothesis that the magmas were generated from 'Dupal' -type mantle. The results indicate that this is not the case, but show that the isotopic chemistry of the rocks is the result of fluids from dehydration and melting of sediments carried on the downgoing ocean crust into the subduction zone affecting magma chemistry. A recent controversy concerns the polarity of subduction beneath the arc. This is partly' based on the presence of boninites, and the prevalent understanding that this rock-type occurs solely in the fore-arc. Evidence from this thesis suggests that the boninites of the Hunza Valley Volcanics were erupted into a back-arc setting, and arguments are made that boninites may also be erupted into the back-arc, and that the polarity of subduction was to the north. A model is presented for the erection of the Kohistan arc in which subduction was initiated by gravitational instability at an oceanic transform fault which connected two mid-ocean spreading ridge segments. The first arc magmas were generated by decompression melting beneath extending lithosphere during initial subsidence, and as this turned into subduction, magmas were generated at progressively greater depths in the spinel and garnet lherzolite facies, respectively. Lithospheric extension and rifting behind the volcanic front provided the setting for deompression melting to produce the back-arc Hunza Valley Volcanics, including high-Mg basalts and andesites. The arc signature in these rocks became reduced as the spreading centre developed and became progressively removed from the vicinity of the subduction zone.

The 1986 Chernobyl accident resulted in distribution of Radiocaesium ([sup]137Cs) throughout much of the northern hemisphere. [sup]137Cs still persists in the environment, particularly in Belarus where up to 80% of the radioactive fallout occurred. Monitoring [sup]137Cs across space and through time is essential to remediate contamination and remote sensing, particularly imaging spectrometry has potential to provide information at appropriate spatial and temporal scales. This thesis explores that potential by assessing whether imaging spectrometry can be used to monitor [sup]137Cs content of vegetation. The research has three main components; field radiometry, laboratory experimentation and spaceborne hyperspectral imagery (EO-1 Hyperion). Field radiometry collected spectral and biochemical data from Pinus sylvestris growing on the Belarusian landscape contaminated with varying levels of [sup]137Cs, and investigated the links between foliar biochemistry, [sup]137Cs specific activity and spectral reflectance. Significant differences exist between spectra of Pinus sylvestris contaminated with different levels of [sup]137Cs as well as key foliar biochemicals of chlorophyll, nitrogen, cellulose, lignin and water. Partial correlation identified which parts of the electromagnetic spectrum [sup]137Cs contamination had impacts upon in relation to particular biochemicals. Prediction of leaf/needle biochemicals from spectra was possible using regression techniques, but predicting [sup]137Cs specific activity from biochemicals was not possible at a statistically significant level. Laboratory experimentation results supported fieldwork findings and exhibited significant differences in spectral response between contaminated and non-contaminated trees, also highlighting non-linearity in uptake and response of Pinus sylvestris to [sup]137Cs (with subsequent remote sensing implications). Spectra extracted from hyperspectral imagery also show significant difference in their spectra despite assumptions and constraints in interpretation of this imagery. The thesis concludes by suggesting that presently, the use of imaging spectrometry to monitor [sup]137Cs specific activity of vegetation (0.07 - 39.9 Bq/g) is not feasible; mainly due to immature understanding of [sup]137Cs impacts on plant biochemicals and the links between foliar biochemistry and [sup]137Cs content. Research limitations present opportunities for further research which may allow future monitoring of [sup]137Cs levels using imaging spectrometry.

The Lewisian complex of northwest Scotland contains the oldest known rocks of the British Isles and is commonly cited as a classical example of a high-grade gneiss terrane. The grey gneisses consist of a suite of tonalite, trondhjemite and granodiorite (TTG) rocks. The mainland Lewisian is divided into three - the northern, central and southern regions. The central region is known to have experienced a high-grade metamorphic event at 2490 Ma but may also have been affected by earlier events. The northern and southern regions only attained amphibolite grade. LILE depletion suggests that the Lewisian gneisses have partially melted.Additionally, published geothermometric and geobarometric estimates far exceed conditions required for anatexis of metatonalites, even in the absence of a fluid phase. There is also a suite of 'early' granite, trondhjemite and tonalite sheets (some of which contain garnet) in higher-grade parts of the complex that have been proposed as the products of this anatexis. A further suite of granitic rocks (late granite sheets) commonly occurs in the northern region. A series of fluid-absent, partial-melting experiments was carried out using three amphibolite-facies tonalitic and dioritic starting materials at P-T conditions thought to have been equivalent to the granulite-facies metamorphism (0.8-1.2 GPa and 800-1000 °C) in order to investigate the origins of these felsic sheets and the compositions of such partial melts. A series of H[sub]2 O-saturated experiments was carried out at temperatures around the wet solidus and 0.6 GPa. A further two experiments were carried out using a NaCI-H[sub]2 O fluid at 0.6 GPa to determine the affects that such a fluid would have at high grades. These experiments have been carried out in conjunction with petrographic studies into retrogression in the central region gneisses and a geochemical investigation into the compositions many rock types typical of the Lewisian. The experiments have produced thermometric estimates for the major granulite-facies and partial-melt-forming event of 950 ± 50 °c. Garnet stability in the restite leads to an estimate of maximum P of 1.1 ± 0.1 GPa. If the origin of the garnet in some of the early sheets can be shown to be the solid product of biotite breakdown then 0.9 < P < 1.1 GPa. For the Gruinard Bay area P < 0.9 GPa. The experiments and geochemistry show that it is unlikely that the early sheets are the products of partial melting of tonalitic protoliths. The limited extent of pristine granulites and the very high temperatures shown to have been attained suggest that the granulite-facies metamorphism was not a truly regional event and that temperature was locally higher where granulite-facies assemblages are preserved, probably in response to the introduction of mafic material. The late sheets are shown not to be the products of H[sub]2 O-saturated partial melting of tonalitic material similar to that exposed at the surface and it is likely that a layer containing significant quantities of K-feldspar lies beneath the northern region.

This study was designed to evaluate the status, distribution, spatial variability, controlling factors, storage, and change in the levels of soil organic carbon (SOC) in two major alluviums of Bangladesh. The two alluviums the Brahmaputra and the Ganges were selected because they occupy a large area of Bangladesh with a wide diversity of agro-ecosystems. SOC levels were studied across the four sub-sites in the aforementioned alluviums at 0-30 cm depths to evaluate their spatial and temporal variability. The sub-sites, Delduar and Melandah, are in the Brahmaputra alluvium. The other two sub-sites, Mirpur and Fultala, are in the Ganges alluvium. Additionally, SOC and total nitrogen (TN) distribution were studied across eight soil profiles (0-120 cm depths) under the two alluviums. The results revealed that the SOC contents were very low in all the sites. The classical statistics showed that the variability of the SOC was moderate across the four sub-sites. The SOC distribution was positively skewed across all the sub-sites except Fultala. A semivariogram model showed there was generally a weak spatial correlation (R2 < 0.5) of SOC in the study sites. A relatively large sampling grid (1600m) and intensive soil management were perhaps responsible for the observed weak spatial dependency. SOC variability is lower across the highland (HL) and medium highland (MHL) sites than the medium lowland (MLL) and lowland (LL) sites. Changes in land use and land cover were also more intensive in the HL and MHL sites than the MLL and LL sites. The reason for low SOC in the HL and MHL sites may be due to their lower inundation level, e.g., land levels in relation to flooding depths, together with greater intensity of use. Temporal variability of SOC datasets revealed that SOC has declined across all the sites during the last 20-25 years due to the intensive land use with little or no crop residue inputs. It is plausible that SOC has declined to an equilibrium level, and further decline may not occur unless land use intensity changes further. The findings show that SOC is positively related to the TN and clay contents in the soils. This is not surprising as SOC is a major pool of TN, and soil clay fraction is known to protect SOC degradation. SOC and TN storage is higher in the surface soil horizon (0-20 cm) than the sub surface soils. Topsoil horizon is tilled and receives greater crop residue inputs which are subsequently mineralized resulting in higher accumulation of SOC and TN. It appears that inundation land types and land management practices may be the major driving factors of SOC storage and distribution across the study sites.

The Kibali Granite-Greenstone Belt is located in the Northeast Democratic Republic of the Congo and is host to significant gold mineralisation in the form of the Kagaraba-Chaffeur-Durba (17 Moz Au), Pakaka (1.2 Moz Au), Mengu ( 0.7 Moz Au) and Pamao (0.7 Moz Au) ore bodies. The greenstone belt is composed of variably metamorphosed metasediments, banded iron formations and basalts intruded by 2.63-2.64 Ga igneous plutons ranging in composition from gabbroic to granitic. The greenstone belt is bounded to the south by the Upper Congo Granitic Massif, a polyphase intrusive complex dated to 2.62-2.64 Ga, and to the north by the West Nile Gneiss, a granitic gneiss complex dated to 985 Ma. The Kibali Granite-Greenstone Belt and Upper Granitic Massif are thought to have formed as part of an arc/back-arc complex that was active along the northern margin of the Proto-Congo Craton during the Neoarchean. The lithologies of the Kibali Granite-Greenstone Belt are thought to have been accreted to the northern margin of the craton at approximately 2.63 Ga. The West Nile Gneiss is hypothesized to have collided with, and over thrust, the Kibali Granite-Greenstone Belt in the period 600-400 Ma. This event is thought to have occurred as part of the Oubanguide orogeny in which the Saharan Metacraton and Congo Craton came together. This event is hypothesized to have reactivated old structures in the Kibali Granite-Greenstone Belt and resulted in largescale fluid flow which has been recorded in the U:Pb zircon record as a regional lead loss event, and by U:Pb monazite in the ore systems. Mineralisation in the Kibali Granite-Greenstone Belt is characterised by a pyrite(±gold)+arsenopyrite+ chalcopyrite+ pyrrhotite (±marcasite) assemblage occurring as both disseminated and vein-style mineralisation, hosted in deformed and altered volcano-sedimentary conglomerates, basalts and banded iron formation. Localised deformation of the host lithologies during regional metamorphism is thought to have created high permeability Fe-phyllosilicate-rich zones into which ascending CO2-rich fluids were focused. Interaction of these fluids with the Fe-rich host lithologies resulted in the widespread development of an Fecarbonate (ankerite±siderite)+quartz±aluminoceladonite alteration assemblage. Gold transporting fluids are inferred to have been H2S-rich, interacting with the Fe-rich host and alteration phases to form the Fesulphide-rich assemblage and deposit gold. Re:Os pyrite data indicate that mineralisation formed at approximately 2 Ga with a reactivation of the mineralising system identified through U:Pb monazite dating, occurring at 600-500 Ma.

The Net Primary Production (NPP) is one of the most important variables in terms of ecosystem inventory and management, because it quantifies its growth and reflects the impact of biotic and abiotic factors, which could affect it. Interest in NPP has increased recently because of the increasing interest in climate change and the need in understanding its impact on the environment. NPP is one of the most analysed key variables in this line of research. The importance of ecophysiological models, like FOREST-BGC, has also increased due to the above mentioned reasons. These types of models offer a possible methodology to test these phenomena, beyond temporal and spatial scales, not available with traditional inventory methodologies. Different methodologies to estimate NPP were tested in this project: the traditional inventory methods; the FOREST -BGC, one ecophysiological model; and the recently available NPP images (the MODIS NPP products). In terms of the traditional inventory methods, 31 and 34 sampling plots were established in a Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster stands, respectively in the North of Portugal, since those species constitute the two most important ecosystems in Portugal in terms of area. In terms of production, the results obtained from the traditional methodologies revealed that a Pinus stand is able to produce on average 14.6 ± 5.4 ton ha[sup]-1 year[sup]-1 (with 1062 trees ha[sup]-1 and 35 years old) and an Eucalyptus stand approximately 13.3 ± 4.3 ton ha[sup]-1 year[sup]-1 (with 1169 trees ha[sup]-1 and 7 years old). There are relatively few other ecosystems with the same pattern of stability and the same rates of production in Europe. In the Pinus stand litter production was extremely important and represented almost 50% while in the Eucalyptus, the arboreal component is the most important one, representing 43% of the overall NPP. Those results were extremely important and were used as reference values to compare the other methodologies used to estimate NPP. The results from those comparisons had shown that the worst results were achieved when NPP was estimated from remote sensing data exclusively. As NPP is undoubtedly a very complex variable, these results thus corroborated the claim that NPP is affected by a complex and vast number of factors and is not simply connected with the reflectance of a specific day. Out of all tested methodologies, the best results were achieved when FOREST-BGC was used to create NPP maps, after being parameterised for conditions in Portugal. Further more, the opportunity to estimate leaf area index, a key variable for the FOREST-BGC, exclusively from remotely sensed data was tested. LAI is the most important input for FOREST-BGC and this study has shown that it can be easily obtained from remotely sensed data. This broadens the range of applicability of this production model, which can now be run for smaller scale studies. Additionally several methodologies to estimate LAI were compared (measured with the ceptometer, from allometric equations) and also some corrections from the ceptometer estimations. A new correction was tested. The proposed methodology to correct the LAI ceptometer estimations constitutes one innovation in the present study, since the correction is more discriminatory than a simple constant value.

This thesis explores the dynamic social networks, economic development and cultural continuity of the female members of the diasporic Greek community of Halifax, Nova Scotia. In an effort to address a gap in gendered and regional Greek Canadian community studies, this study utilizes the intersection of gender and place through time for a defined social group, as it investigates the development of diverse social and economic relationships in addition to forms of cultural communication. Using an ethnographic approach, this study attempts to understand the lives and interactions through time, which constitute the social and economic networks and define the identities of the female members of the Halifax Greek community. Approximately forty people, mainly women, who indicated participation or membership in the Halifax Greek community, were recruited for life history interviews, while informal unstructured conversations or interviews were conducted with additional participants during participant observation. The participants ranged in age and represented both migrants and subsequent generations. This approach to fieldwork, conducted intermittently, provided an opportunity to witness and acquire diverse data on various community events and aspects of daily life. Moreover, with ethnographic engagement, the way people, particularly women, negotiated their identities across time and space was considered. The study supports the greater agency of post-World War 11 Greek female migrants in the decision-making process of their migration and rejects their migration as consequential or secondary; their shift from sponsored to sponsors facilitated further migration for co-ethnics of extended kin networks and their status as co-breadwinners was essential to the well-being of the Greek migrant family units. Socioeconomic networks have shifted from highly gendered and ethnic networks, initially established out of necessity to ones defined by individual preferences and needs, which do not discard the significance of kin and ethnic connections in their entirety. Concerns for cultural continuity persist for the dynamic community as they continue to redefine their unique hyphenated Greek-Haligonian identity, much like the Halifax donair delicacy, a variation of a Greek dish, influenced by characteristics of Halifax.

There is a growing interest in developing systems for displaying museum artefacts as well as historic buildings and materials. This work connects with this interest by creating a 3D interactive display for Fishbourne Roman Palace Museum, West Sussex, England. The research aimed to create a reconstruction of the Palace as it would have been at its height, a reconstruction that was interactive in the sense that museum visitors would be able to walk through the buildings and local grounds and experience the site in a way not possible through traditional museum displays. The inclusion of the interactive element prompted the incorporation of game engines as a means of visualising and navigating around the reconstructed 3D model of the Palace. There are numerous game engines available, and the research evaluated a selection with respect to their functionality, cost, and ease of use. It also applied a technology readiness method to assess potential users’ response to the incorporation of different degrees of interactivity. Research was undertaken regarding the appearance of the Palace and, based on the available archaeology and relevant artistic interpretations, a model was created using Autodesk Maya software. This model was exported into each of the possible game engines, and a comparison was made based of each engine’s audio, visual, and functional fidelity, as well as composability and accessibility. The most appropriate engine is chosen based on these results. With reference to the assessment criteria, the hardware and software is in preparation for installation at the Fishbourne Roman Palace Museum. The Technology Readiness Index was applied to determine the effectiveness of such a display compared to a non-interactive representation, a study that concludes that a highly interactive display may not be the most sensible solution for the majority of visitors.