The geology at the southern end of Lake Mistassini was studied during the summers of 1956 and 1957. This thesis is a presentation of information gathered in the field, and deals with the problem of the Grenville front in the McOuat - Gauvin area.

This thesis deals with the geological settings of the gold deposits of the four producing mines of the Malartic district, Quebec. The mines are the Canadian Malartic, East Malartic, Barnat (formerly Sladen Malartic), and Malartic Gold Fields. These mines form the largest camp devoted solely to the mining of gold in the Province of Quebec.

Essentially, this work is a petrographical study of 504 feet of drill core taken from the top of the Potsdam sandstone at the Mallet well near Sainte-Thérèse, Québec. It is hoped that from this study additional information will be obtained concerning: The original rock types from which the material forming this part of the Potsdam sandstone was derived. The type of weathering undergone by this material and the conditions under which it was deposited. The number of cycles of erosion and deposition represented by the material in the Potsdam sandstone. [...]

The area which La Chaloupe River drains, as well as the surrounding terrain, was mapped geologically during the four summer months of 1954 by M.A. Klugman. The writer acted as assistant to Mr. Klugman, on a party put in the field by the Quebec Department of Mines.

In recent years valuable contributions have been made to the study of hydrothermal wall rock alteration associated with ore deposits in a number of districts. ( Review of previous work on pp 152-194). A more complete understanding and correlation of wall rock alteration trends can be accomplished only by undertaking detailed chemical and mineralogical studies in various types of deposits from as many mining districts as possible.

Specimens of stilbite, heulandite, mordenite, chabazite and gmelinite were chemically analysed and their chemical compositions correlated with their optical properties. Thirty specimens were analysed chemically using a rapid method of silicate analysis. The elements silicon, aluminum, potassium, calcium, strontium, barium and iron were determined quantitatively by x-ray fluorescence and sodium was determined by flame photometry. [...]

Massive and disseminated sulphides occur at Kennco Clearwater deposit and the Caribou Ore Body. The geological setting and mineralogy of the Kennco Clearwater deposit were studied in the field and in thin and polished sections, and wall rock alteration of both deposits was studied by X-ray diffraction.

Bibliography: leaves 69-76. / Knowledge of nutrient dynamics within aquatic ecosystems are of fundamental importance for water quality management, especially in cultivated areas where irrigation farming pose a salinization and eutrophication risk to water bodies. A range of water quality problems is associated with eutrophication, which is generally controlled by the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. The lower Olifants River is situated in an arid region with intensive irrigation agriculture. This study set out to investigate the loading and fate of nitrogen and phosphorus in the lower Olifants River.

Bibliography: pages 78-81. / The Cape Fold Belt is a 250Ma orogenic belt comprised of rocks of the Cape Supergroup, an Ordovician to Devonian sedimentary sequence. The mountainous areas, which reach over 2000m, are composed of the faulted and highly jointed quartzites and sandstones of the Table Mountain Group, which acts as the main deep aquifer. It is from the secondary porosity of this aquifer that over ten thermal springs issue forth, ranging in temperature from ~27°C to 64°C. Samples of the integrated total monthly rainfall were taken for several months at each of four stations around the Cape Fold Belt. Values ranged from δ¹⁸O=- 8.3⁰/₀₀ and 6δ=-37⁰/₀₀ to 1.2⁰/₀₀ and 7⁰/₀₀, respectively. Integrated recharge values based on a full year of observation at UCT, Cape Town, are δ¹⁸O =- 3. 7o/oo and 6δ = -10⁰/₀₀. Eleven thermal springs were sampled in 1995, four of which were sampled once a month for several months, over the same period that the rain was being sampled. The average discharge values for the four springs sampled monthly are, for δ¹⁸O and δD respectively, at Malmesbury - 3.9⁰/₀₀, -18⁰/₀₀; at Citrusdal -4.9⁰/₀₀, - 20⁰/₀₀; at Brandvlei - 5.6⁰/₀₀, - 30⁰/₀₀ and at Calitzdorp -7.3⁰/₀₀,-40⁰/₀₀. A meteoric water line for the Cape Mediterranean climate area was calculated by the general form of a structural regression, using the monthly data weighted by rainfall amount. It has the equation δD = 7.38δ¹⁸O + 18.6. Using the same calculation technique, but not weighting the data, the data for the thermal springs yield a water line with the equation δD = 8.32δ¹⁸O + 16.5. The difference in gradient suggests that the springs are recharged from a colder and isotopically more fractionated weather system, such as during a previous colder climate regime, or at high altitude. There is no evidence for isotope exchange between the groundwater and host rocks; rather, the shift of the spring water line to less negative δ¹⁸O values suggests evaporation prior to recharge. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios from the discharged spring water are clearly more negative than those expected for rain falling at the spring, which can be explained by recharge at much higher altitudes. The springs are therefore believed to be recharged high on mountains in the near vicinity. A continental effect was observed in the spring data, with respect to the distance from the west coast, which is the direction from which weather systems approach. Most of the thermal springs of the Cape Fold Belt seem to be recharged at high altitude in nearby mountains, whereafter the water is heated by geothermal gradient upon reaching depths of two to three kilometres via the secondary porosity of the Peninsula Formation, finally reaching the surface by means of various faults, which allow passage through the impermeable Cedarberg Formation. Isotopically light carbon is released at some springs in the form of CO₂ and CH₄ (total carbon δ¹³C≈- 21⁰/₀₀). These gases could come from near surface bog environments, however, at Malmesbury, where H₂S is also released, a possible geological source is indicated for the CO₂ and the CH₄.

A groundwater chemistry sampling campaign was run over two sampling seasons in 2018. Groundwater samples were taken across the region of southern Mozambique, between the towns of Namaacha, Catuane, Ponta do Ouro and Marracuene. Major anions and cations were analyzed by two labs at Stellenbosch University, and stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, and radiogenic isotopes of strontium were analyzed at the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Cape Town. The aim of this study was to characterize the isotopic and hydrochemical composition of groundwater in the southern Mozambique study area, using major ions and stable isotopes. Samples were categorized into different zones based on the underlying geology in which the borehole was sited. Overall, the dominant anions and cations are: Cl>HCO3>SO4 and Na> Ca=Mg>K. 68% of samples plotted in the Na-Cl water type, whilst 30% plotted in the Na-HCO3 water type of the Piper and Chadha diagrams. Salinization is the mechanism controlling the Na-Cl water types, whilst recharge is mechanism controlling the Na-HCO3 water types. Saturation indices of calcite, dolomite, halite, and gypsum. Saturation indices were calculated using the thermodynamic software PHREEQC. All samples were undersaturated with respect to gypsum and halite, suggesting that the conditions were thermodynamically favored for their dissolution. Samples that were from boreholes that plotted in the limestone layers and >40m depth in basalts, and quaternary sediments were oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite, indicating that the conditions were thermodynamically favored for their precipitation out of solution. Samples that plotted in the rhyolite, shallow basalts and quaternary sediments were undersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite, suggesting dissolution into solution. Sixty-two percent of sample had an NA/Cl ration greater than one, indicating silicate weathering as a major process affecting the chemical character of the water. Samples in the basalts however had Na/Cl ratios less than one, and δ 2H and δ 18O values out of the range of seawater, suggesting ion exchange as a process affecting the chemistry of groundwater in these areas. Since there is no established Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) in the area, LMWL from Pretoria and Durban were used as proxies, and the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) was also plotted. Samples in the rhyolites, basalts and quaternary sediments has high d-excess values, and showed a strong evaporation trend. The mechanisms for groundwater salinization in these areas is strongly influenced by evapoconcentaion effects. Geographical features such as seasonal variation, latitude, elevation and distance from coast do not appear to be a major factor affecting the isotopic composition of the groundwaters. The strontium isotopes and elemental strontium concentrations indicate that groundwater mixing likely occurred in each zone, however no end-members were established.