This study introduces an approach that seeks a possible relationship between settlement locations, water resources and rock types. The method is applied to &Ccedil / ankiri province (central-north Anatolia) which covers approximately an area of 8380 km2. Three main data sets used in this study. These are settlement, water and rock type data.The methodology of the study is composed of five steps. The first step is the conversion of all water data into a standardized point data. Total number of point data for water is 23911 after this step. The second step is to find the distances between water resources and settlements. In the third step the densities of water resources and settlements are derived and then tested for the rock types in particular areas. The fourth step is the overlay analysis in which all three data sets are combined to find preferred and avoided regions of settlements in relation to water resources and rock types. In the last step all analyses are integrated to extract information on effect of two parameters on the selection of a site. The main conclusions derived from the analysis are that: a) the mean and median distances between settlements and water resources are, 285 m and 163 m respectively, b) there is a strong relationship between water resources and settlement area, c) old clastics is the mostly preferred rock type whereas the carbonate rocks are mostly avoided.

Storage of freshwater in saline aquifers has a strategic importance in water deficit countries. The freshwater stored in these aquifers may be the only source of water available during times of crisis. Coupled simulation and optimization type groundwater management models have been developed that will achieve the optimal control of the storage of freshwater in a stagnant manner for constant density and variable density flows in hypothetical single- and multi-layered saline aquifers. The study is carried out in two stages. In the first stage, a transient model of five years is simulated that allows sufficient time for the freshwater mound to be created. In the second stage, an optimization model is formulated which minimizes the pumping/injection rates of a set of hydraulic gradient control wells subject to a set of constraints consisting of systems response equations, demand requirements, hydraulic gradient controls, pumping and injection limitations. The optimization models select which wells to be pumped and which ones to be injected and decide on their pumping/injection schedules to maintain the freshwater mound from migration. The results of the optimization models showed that the mound is successfully contained in its original location by controlling the hydraulic gradient via pumping/injection wells.

Thermal maturity modeling is widely used in basin modeling. Of the available models, Easy%Ro has gained acceptance. Thermal gradients (TG) at seventy wells in the Thrace Basin are calibrated against vitrinite reflectance (%Ro). A 90% confidence interval is used to assess the uncertainty. Best paleo-TG are obtained from the MSR curves. Comparison of the paleo-TG with the actual ones showed that thermal regime of the Thrace Basin did not dramatically change during geologic history. A correlation between geological and thermal properties of the basin is established. Thermal regime of the Thrace Basin is controlled by 1) basement edge affect / 2) crustal thickness variations ad basement heat flow / 3) lateral thermal conductivity variations within the stratigraphic column / 4) transient heat flow affect / and 5) influence of the tectonic features. Basement edge affect is traced at the steep northern margin. Central part of the basin demonstrates lower TG. THe Eocene Ceylan Formation with relatively lower thermal conductivity plays a thermal reducing role. Areas of high sediment influx are associated with low TG due to the transient effect of the immature sediments. Fault systems of the Thrace Basin do not possibly have influence on paleo-thermal gradients.

This study comprises analysis of geological, geomorphological constraints that played role in the site selection of caravanserais. In order to do this, 15 caravanserais located along a route from NevSehir-Aksaray-Konya to BeySehir were used. The data used in the study include a caravanserai database, lithological maps, and digital elevation model of the area. GIS analyses performed in the study are proximity, visibility, and probability distribution (PDA). The first step is the generation of the ancient trade route which is used as a reference in other analysis. Results of the analysis indicate that the average distance between consequent caravanserais is 10 km. PDA suggests that there should be two more caravanserais between BeySehir - Yunuslar and one caravanserai between Obruk - Sulatnahani hans. Caravanserais are very close to a water source but not at their immediate vicinity. Groundwater is not considered in this study / dominant water sources are streams, springs and lakes. Their visibility tested in an area of 78 km2 shows a great variation suggesting that visibility is not considered during the site selection. Ignimbrite, limestone and marble are preferred rocks types although other rocks such as clastic rocks are exposed in closer distances.

The purposes of this study are to extract lineaments from satellite images in order to contribute to the understanding of the faults. Landsat image is used for the analysis which is processed for both automated and manual extraction. During manual extraction four methods (filtering, PCA, band rationing and color composites) are used. Comparison of the two output maps indicated that manual extraction produced better results. Manually extracted lineament map is tested with the fault map of the area compiled from eight studies. The accuracy of the lineament map for the whole area is 38.69 % which increases to 50.28 % in the vicinity of North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). Evaluation of the length, density and orientation of the lineaments indicated that: a) there are fault zones in the area other than the NAFZ, b) Several fault segments are identified in the region which are absent in the fault map due the difficulty in mapping during the field studies / c) the dominant lineament trend is NE-SW (parallel to the NAFZ), however, a second trend is obvious in NW-SE direction.

The water and coal samples from the Manisa-Soma-DeniS region were studied on the basis of their basic characteristics, inorganic and organic parameters. Coal samples were determined as low-quality lignite. They have high concentrations of arsenic, uranium and lead. The organics in the coal samples are of aliphatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives (alkanes and alcohols), methyls, phthalates, naphtalenes and benzenes. They are inactive and low in concentrations. Water samples have basic characteristics within the range of drinking waters. They also have high arsenic and uranium concentrations indicating a possible leaching. Their organic compounds are similar to those in the coal samples. However, these organic compounds are not as toxic as those found in endemic samples and their concentration is also very low. Therefore, they are considered not to be a potential for Balkan Endemic Nephropathy (BEN)-disease. On the basis of the findings of this study, the area can be concluded as non-endemic region.

Geothermal reservoirs have become very popular in the last decades due to their renewable energy contents. Turkey has a high geothermal energy potential / especially Western Anatolia is a promising region in terms of its highest energy. B&uuml / y&uuml / k Menderes Graben system is a tectonically active extensional region and is undergoing a N&ndash / S extension leading to form geothermal fields in the graben. In the last decade, geothermal exploration, investigations and investments have been increased rapidly through the law related to geothermal energy assigned. The aim of this study is to analyze the geothermal fields located in the graben system in order to investigate their geological, hydrogeological and geochemical features and reservoir characteristics. A data set is compiled from the accessible archives, published papers and documents and several variables have been searched at every field in the graben. The variables include the fluid temperature, the distance to sea, the depth to the reservoir, the reservoir lithology, the chemical constituents, etc. In view of these variables the fields are compared and constrasted and their common characterisrics have been noted. Interpretation of the data set reveals that the fields have some common features and characters however some fields have got notable differences.

The aim of this study is to establish the planktonic foraminiferal biozonation, to construct the sequence stratigraphical framework and to determine the foraminiferal response to sedimentary cyclicity in the sedimentary sequence spanning Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene in the Haymana basin (Central Anatolia, Turkey). In order to achieve this study, the stratigraphic section was measured from sedimentary sequence of the Haymana, Beyobasi and YeSilyurt formations. The sedimentary sequence is mainly characterized by flyschoidal sequence that is composed of alternating of siliciclastic and carbonate units. On the account of the detailed taxonomic study of planktonic foraminifers, the biostratigraphic framework was established for the Maastrichtian-Paleocene interval. The biozonation includes 7 zones / Pseudoguembelina hariaensis, P&amp / #945 / , P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 zones. The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/P) boundary was delinated between the samples HEA-105 and 106. In order to construct the sequence-stratigraphical framework, the A, B, C and D-type meter-scale cycles were identified. Based on the stacking patterns of them, six depositional sequences, six third and two second order cycles were determined. Third order cycles coincide with the Global Sea Level Change Curve. On the account of the conducted petrographic analysis sandstone, mudstone, marl, limestone and muddy-limestone lithofacies were recorded in the studied samples. In order to demostrate the response of foraminifers to cyclicity, quantitative analysis has been carried out by counting the individuals of planktonic, benthonic foraminifers and ostracods. The best response to sedimentary cyclicity was revealed from planktonic foraminifers. The average abundance of planktonic foraminifers increases in the transgressive systems tract and decreases in the highstand systems tract.

The research area is located to the northern tip of Tuzgolu fault zone in the junction of neotectonic structures, namely, EskiSehir-Cihanbeyli, Sungurlu-Kirikkale and Tuzg&ouml / l&uuml / fault zones (Central Anatolia). The study is carried out in Paleocene sequences of PaSadag group on the structural analysis of bed, gash vein, fault and fault plane slippage data. The method of study based on i) the rose and stereo analysis of the planar structure (beds, gash veins and faults) on ROCKWORKS 2009 software and ii) on fault slip analysis on ANGELIER 1979 software. The bed analyses done on 605 measurements manifest N10&deg / -20&deg / E bedding attitude. The analysis done on 64 gash veins shows a general trend of NNE-SSW (N15&deg / E). The final analysis done on 160 fault planes pointed out a general trend of NNWSSE (N20&deg / W). Analysis based on the fault plane slip data manifest two stages of faulting under almost NE-SW compression during post-Paleocene &ndash / pre-Miocene period and one stage of faulting under WNW-ESE extension most probably during post-Miocene. To conclude, the Paleocene sequences are deformed continuously under WNW-ESE directed compression which is followed by a NE-SW to N-S compression resulted in the development of a reverse to dextral strike slip faulting during post-Paleocene &ndash / pre-Miocene period.

The main scope of this thesis is to select alternative landfill sites for Ankara based on the growing trends of Ankara towards the Sincan and G&ouml / lbaSi municipalities and to eventually select the best alternative. Landfill site selection was carried out utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria-Decision-Analysis (MCDA). A number of criteria were gathered in a GIS environment. Each criterion was assigned a weight value by applying the Pairwise Comparison Method (PCM). &ldquo / The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)&rdquo / , was applied and the best landfill site alternative was determined. The geotechnical properties of the clay samples, obtained from selected locations in G&ouml / lbaSi and Sincan were determined in order to design a landfill liner system using compacted &ldquo / Ankara Clay&rdquo / as the liner material. The permeability values for the clay samples were determined by performing falling head tests and consolidation tests. The coefficient of permeability value of the compacted clay was determined to be in the order of 10-10 m/s for the G&ouml / lbaSi samples and 10-11 m/s for the Sincan samples for both of the tests performed. These tests indicated that the native clay was suitable to be utilized as a landfill liner material. The HELP and POLLUTE was employed for the purpose of landfill design and predicting the landfill hydrological processes. The landfill profile with a double lining system composed of geomembrane/compacted clay composite top and bottom liners with a drainage layer was determined to show the best performance amongst the others.