Lors de la réalisation des pièces d’un mécanisme, le fabricant se doit de respecter les exigences géométriques exigées par le client. Ces exigences sont issues de besoins fonctionnels du mécanisme à tous les stades de son cycle de vie. Le fabricant lors des opérations successives d’usinage, avec ou sans enlèvement de matière, doit définir les exigences de la géométrie ajoutée au poste. La combinaison de ces exigences affectées de leur tolérance doit être comparée aux exigences géométriques du client. L’objectif du travail présenté est la définition d’une méthode optimisant, rationnellement, les exigences géométriques des surfaces créées. Nous définirons les spécifications géométriques, au sens de l’iso 1101, mais la valeur de ces tolérances ne sera pas abordée dans ce travail, d’autres équipes ayant réalisés des travaux de qualité. L’étude poussée de la méthode 1D utilisée dans l’ensemble du groupe Renault pour définir les fiches schéma nous a montré ses limites lors de la multiplication des posages orientés différemment. Par contre l’optimisation du choix des spécifications influentes a retenu notre intérêt. L’étude des méthodes du bureau d’études pour la recherche de spécifications des pièces composant un mécanisme nous a permis de faire l’analogie avec les phases d’usinages. En effet le passage successif de la pièce sur les différents postes d’usinage s’apparente à des assemblages temporaires qui mettent en œuvre des surfaces actives qu’elles soient de posage ou créées à l’opération. La modélisation du processus d’usinage à l’aide d’une représentation graphique est largement utilisée par la communauté travaillant dans le tolérancement. Nous avons développé dans notre travail un modèle de représentation appelé SPIDER GRAPH. Ce modèle essentiellement pédagogique nous permet de visualiser le déroulement de l’algorithme développé à l’occasion de ce mémoire. Il met en valeur la succession de liens entre les différentes surfaces intervenant pour réaliser une spécification exigée. Deux méthodes utilisant le concept SATT pour la mise en position des ensembles de surfaces de tolérancement de fabrication 3D sont décrites : « Recherche des chemins du process contraignant les degrés de liberté de la spécification fonctionnelle ». Nous avons identifié, en se référant aux résultats développés par DESROCHERS, toutes les combinaisons possibles entre des entités simples et leurs correspondances en termes de type de tolérance. Une validation par un exemple a été établie et un ensemble de spécifications géométriques de fabrication a été généré. Cette méthode qui s’appuie successivement sur les surfaces du système de référence ne permet pas une écriture se référant à des systèmes de référence. Nous avons donc développé une alternative à ce travail initial. « Méthode rationnelle de tolérancement de fabrication 3D » Cette méthode est représentée par un logigramme qui prend en compte la hiérarchie des surfaces lors des posages. Il prend également en compte les inversions de spécifications entre la référence et la surface spécifiée. Lors de la création de surfaces temporaires qu’elles soient de posage ou d’usinage, la méthode permet de spécifier ces surfaces dans les opérations considérées. Lors du développement de cette méthode originale, nous avons repris la totalité des fiches de cotations SATT, développées par CLEMENT et aussi les modélisations vectorielles de ces cas d’association décrites par GAUNET. A l’aide des lois d’identification des paramètres de mise en position relative entre SATT, nous avons pu générer, l’ensemble des spécifications géométriques capables de mener au respect de la spécification géométrique fonctionnelle. Cette méthode assure la traçabilité des liens successifs entre les surfaces actives lors des différentes opérations. [...] / During the realization of the mechanism pieces, the manufacturer must respect the customer geometrical requirements. These requirements arise from functional needs of the mechanism in all its life cycle stages. During the successive operations of manufacturing, with or without material removing, the manufacturer has to define the added geometry requirements in each phase. The combination of these requirements affected by their tolerance must be compared with the functional geometrical requirements. The objective the actual work is to define a method optimizing, in a rational way, the geometrical requirements of the created surfaces. We shall define the geometrical specifications, according to the standard “ISO on 1101”, but the quantification of the tolerance zones will not be approached on this work, other teams have given good results. The 1D method, used in the whole of the group Renault to define process cards, is limited during the reproduction of positioning surfaces directed differently. On the other hand the optimization of the influential specifications retained our interest. The study of the engineering consulting firm method, used for the search of the each pieces specification composing a mechanism, allowed us to make analogy with the manufacturing phases. Indeed the successive manufacturing operation on various posts is similar to temporary assemblies which implement active surfaces whether they are positioning or machined surfaces, existing in this phase. The modeling of the manufacturing process by means of a graphic representation is widely used on the tolerance filed. We developed in our work a model of representation called SPIDER GRAPH. This essentially educational model allows us to show the progress of the algorithm, developed in this these. It emphasizes the succession of links between the various surfaces with intervene in the generation of needed manufacturing specification. Two methods based on the TTRS concept to select all needed surfaces in 3D manufacturing tolerancing are described: « Search of the process links constraining the functional forbidden displacement ». In this method we identified, by referring to the results developed by DESROCHERS, all the possible combinations between simple entities and their tolerance type correspondences. An example of validation is afterward established and a set of geometrical manufacturing specifications were generated. With this previous method we are constrained to treat the surfaces that constitute the functional reference system independently, one by one, which is not conform to the standard. What urged us to look for another alternative able to remedy to this problem. « Rational method for 3D manufacturing tolerancing synthesis based on TTRS approach » This method is represented by an algorithm which takes into account the hierarchy of positioning surfaces and the specifications inversions between the reference and the specified surface. During the creation of temporary surfaces, whether they are used for positioning or they are machined, the method allows to generate the appropriate tolerance specification in the considered phase. During the development of this method, we took back the totality of the tolerancing process TTRS cards, developed by CLÉMENT and also the vectorial modelling of these associations’ cases, described by GAUNET. With the relatives positioning parameters rules, we were able to generate at the end of the treatment all the geometrical specifications capable to ensure the respect of the functional geometrical specification. This method insures the traceability of the successive links between the active surfaces during the various manufacturing operations. These links which can be represented on the SPIDER GRAPH will allow determining mathematically or in a probability way the consequence of these various pieces transfer between machines.

Esta dissertação apresenta, a partir da atividade de modelagem geométrica, uma proposta para o desenvolvimento de hábitos do pensamento matemático no Ensino Fundamental. Iniciamos o trabalho com reflexões que justificam a proposta: trouxemos a opinião de um grupo de professores acerca do trabalho com argumentações matemáticas na escola e as explicações apresentadas por um grupo de alunos do oitavo ano do Ensino Fundamental para justificar algumas propriedades matemáticas. Após estas reflexões, apresentamos os fundamentos teóricos da proposta: o trabalho de Goldenberg a respeito do desenvolvimento dos “hábitos do pensamento”, a serem entendidos como modos de pensar que contribuem para desenvolvimento do pensamento matemático. Avançamos com questões relativas à utilização de tecnologias no ensino e aprendizagem da Matemática e, em particular, tratamos do uso do software GeoGebra. Em continuidade, foi apresentado o site “Geometria em Movimento”, um material didático que trata de modelagem geométrica. Quanto à metodologia usada no desenvolvimento da proposta, nos inspiramos na Engenharia Didática e, com isso, concebemos, implementamos e validamos um experimento didático. Durante a realização do experimento, os alunos mostraram um gradativo desenvolvimento dos hábitos do pensamento. De início, construíram modelos apresentados no site “Geometria em Movimento” e ao final construíram seus próprios modelos e foram autores de projetos nos quais explicitaram, com desenvoltura, seus raciocínios matemáticos. / The aim of this work is to present an approach to the development of mathematical thinking in elementary school through the geometric modeling activity. In this study, we bring the opinion of a group of teachers about the work with mathematical arguments in school and the explanations that eighth grade students gave to justify some fundamental mathematical properties. This proposal is based on the work of Goldenberg about the development of learning habits, which contributes to the development of mathematical thinking. Also, in this study, we discuss technology in mathematics teaching and learning, using GeoGebra software, as well as the website Geometry on Motion, which is a teaching material about geometric modeling. We had look at Didactic Engineering to design, to implement, and to validate this teaching experiment. During this process, the students showed a gradual development of learning habits: initially they built models proposed, on the site Geometry in Motion and afterwards they built their own models and projects, when it was possible to observe their skills in mathematical reasoning.

Esta dissertação apresenta, a partir da atividade de modelagem geométrica, uma proposta para o desenvolvimento de hábitos do pensamento matemático no Ensino Fundamental. Iniciamos o trabalho com reflexões que justificam a proposta: trouxemos a opinião de um grupo de professores acerca do trabalho com argumentações matemáticas na escola e as explicações apresentadas por um grupo de alunos do oitavo ano do Ensino Fundamental para justificar algumas propriedades matemáticas. Após estas reflexões, apresentamos os fundamentos teóricos da proposta: o trabalho de Goldenberg a respeito do desenvolvimento dos “hábitos do pensamento”, a serem entendidos como modos de pensar que contribuem para desenvolvimento do pensamento matemático. Avançamos com questões relativas à utilização de tecnologias no ensino e aprendizagem da Matemática e, em particular, tratamos do uso do software GeoGebra. Em continuidade, foi apresentado o site “Geometria em Movimento”, um material didático que trata de modelagem geométrica. Quanto à metodologia usada no desenvolvimento da proposta, nos inspiramos na Engenharia Didática e, com isso, concebemos, implementamos e validamos um experimento didático. Durante a realização do experimento, os alunos mostraram um gradativo desenvolvimento dos hábitos do pensamento. De início, construíram modelos apresentados no site “Geometria em Movimento” e ao final construíram seus próprios modelos e foram autores de projetos nos quais explicitaram, com desenvoltura, seus raciocínios matemáticos. / The aim of this work is to present an approach to the development of mathematical thinking in elementary school through the geometric modeling activity. In this study, we bring the opinion of a group of teachers about the work with mathematical arguments in school and the explanations that eighth grade students gave to justify some fundamental mathematical properties. This proposal is based on the work of Goldenberg about the development of learning habits, which contributes to the development of mathematical thinking. Also, in this study, we discuss technology in mathematics teaching and learning, using GeoGebra software, as well as the website Geometry on Motion, which is a teaching material about geometric modeling. We had look at Didactic Engineering to design, to implement, and to validate this teaching experiment. During this process, the students showed a gradual development of learning habits: initially they built models proposed, on the site Geometry in Motion and afterwards they built their own models and projects, when it was possible to observe their skills in mathematical reasoning.

Esta dissertação apresenta, a partir da atividade de modelagem geométrica, uma proposta para o desenvolvimento de hábitos do pensamento matemático no Ensino Fundamental. Iniciamos o trabalho com reflexões que justificam a proposta: trouxemos a opinião de um grupo de professores acerca do trabalho com argumentações matemáticas na escola e as explicações apresentadas por um grupo de alunos do oitavo ano do Ensino Fundamental para justificar algumas propriedades matemáticas. Após estas reflexões, apresentamos os fundamentos teóricos da proposta: o trabalho de Goldenberg a respeito do desenvolvimento dos “hábitos do pensamento”, a serem entendidos como modos de pensar que contribuem para desenvolvimento do pensamento matemático. Avançamos com questões relativas à utilização de tecnologias no ensino e aprendizagem da Matemática e, em particular, tratamos do uso do software GeoGebra. Em continuidade, foi apresentado o site “Geometria em Movimento”, um material didático que trata de modelagem geométrica. Quanto à metodologia usada no desenvolvimento da proposta, nos inspiramos na Engenharia Didática e, com isso, concebemos, implementamos e validamos um experimento didático. Durante a realização do experimento, os alunos mostraram um gradativo desenvolvimento dos hábitos do pensamento. De início, construíram modelos apresentados no site “Geometria em Movimento” e ao final construíram seus próprios modelos e foram autores de projetos nos quais explicitaram, com desenvoltura, seus raciocínios matemáticos. / The aim of this work is to present an approach to the development of mathematical thinking in elementary school through the geometric modeling activity. In this study, we bring the opinion of a group of teachers about the work with mathematical arguments in school and the explanations that eighth grade students gave to justify some fundamental mathematical properties. This proposal is based on the work of Goldenberg about the development of learning habits, which contributes to the development of mathematical thinking. Also, in this study, we discuss technology in mathematics teaching and learning, using GeoGebra software, as well as the website Geometry on Motion, which is a teaching material about geometric modeling. We had look at Didactic Engineering to design, to implement, and to validate this teaching experiment. During this process, the students showed a gradual development of learning habits: initially they built models proposed, on the site Geometry in Motion and afterwards they built their own models and projects, when it was possible to observe their skills in mathematical reasoning.

Les Grès d’Annot préservés dans les chaînes subalpines méridionales sont des turbidites riches en sable déposées dans le basin d’avant pays alpin durant l’Eocène supérieur et l’Oligocène inférieur. La sédimentologie et la stratigraphie de ce système turbiditique ont déjà été étudiées, mais le contexte structural reste mal connu. Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude tectonique des Grès d’Annot, combinant un travail de terrain et l’utilisation d’outils de modélisation géométrique en 3D (gOcad) et cinématique (Trishear), centrés sur les sous-bassins d’Annot, du Grand Coyer et de Sanguinière. L’objectif est d’étudier l’héritage et l’évolution structural du bassin turbiditique et de le replacer dans le contexte régional du SE de la France. Les résultats indiquent que le remplissage du bassin périalpin précoce (Eocène et Oligocène) est bien plus complexe qu’une simple migration de la sédimentation (Grès d’Annot) et de la déformation vers l’avant pays. Ils révèlent des interactions entre tectonique et sédimentation à différentes échelles. A l’échelle de l’avant-pays, une coupe équilibrée illustre le contrôle primordial de la marge passive salifère préexistante sur la structure de la chaîne plissée. Le sel triasique constitue un décollement basal régional, qui de par sa faiblesse, a accommodé une déformation alpine précoce d’une large zone de l’avant-pays dès l’Éocène moyen et supérieur. Les variations de stratigraphie mécanique des séries mésozoïques sont à l’origine d’un changement de style structural : lors de la compression, plusieurs niveaux de décollement actifs se développent dans la partie orientale où les séries sont plus argileuses et plus fines. Ceci induit, en surface, une géométrie de bassin complexe avec des plis de longueurs d’ondes différentes et des migrations de charnière au cours de la sédimentation turbiditique. L’héritage structural du bassin d’avant-pays, jusqu’alors sous-estimé, est le résultat de l’ouverture de la Téthys alpine et d’une déformation précoce régionale exprimée par des plis d’axe E-W qui débute dès le Crétacé supérieur et s’accentue durant l’Éocène moyen. Des résultats préliminaires de thermochronologie (datations U-Th/He sur zircons détritiques de grès moyens à grossiers ou de granodiorites présentes dans les coulées de débris du dépocentre de Sanguinière) suggèrent une exhumation des reliefs à l’origine du matériel détritique liée à cette déformation crétacée. L’étude structurale détaillée de la série des Grès d’Annot et de son substratum dans les sous-bassins d’Annot et du Grand Coyer permet de définir en 3D les connections entre les dépocentres et de proposer une évolution structurale de ceux-ci à l’échelle du bassin. Les paléocourants montrent un parallélisme avec la direction des plis majeurs, indiquant un confinement alors que des directions divergentes à proximité des structures tectoniques plus mineures ou transverses suggèrent que ces dernières interagissent avec les écoulements. Les turbidites se déposent parallèlement dans plusieurs synclinaux alpins, actifs en alternance ou en même temps. A l’échelle des dépocentres, la modélisation géométrique 3D du dépocentre d’Annot en utilisant gOcad permet d’identifier les structures héritées et de démontrer la contemporanéité du plissement alpin et des dépôts turbiditiques. La migration de l’onlap des dépôts de grès et la variation des pendages à l’intérieur des membres turbiditiques sont associées à une migration du dépocentre. Cette géométrie est liée à une migration de la charnière synclinale qui favorise une tendance des dépôts à migrer latéralement plutôt qu’à s’empiler.D’un point de vue sédimentologique et stratigraphique, les Grès d’Annot sont connus pour être un bon analogue des réservoirs des grands fonds de type « riches en sable », situés sur les marges passives en aval de deltas. / The Annot Sandstone, exposed in the southern sub-alpine chains, consists of sand-rich turbidites deposited in the Tertiary Alpine foreland basin (Upper Eocene – Lower Oligocene Annot Sandstone basin). While the sedimentology and stratigraphy of this turbidite system have been largely described and discussed, its structural framework remains unconstrained. This thesis presents a study of the tectonics of the Annot Sandstone basin based on field surveys and 3D geometrical (gOcad) and kinematic modelling (Trishear), focusing in particular on the Annot, Grand Coyer and Sanguinière sub-basins. Objectives were to determine the structural evolution of the sub-basins, including the role of inherited features, and to use these data to better constrain the alpine tectonic history of SE France.Infill of the early alpine foreland basin is more complex than a simple foreland migration of sedimentation and deformation. Results reveal complex interactions of tectonics and sedimentation at different scales during deposition of the Annot Sandstone.•At the foreland scale, a balanced cross-section illustrates the critical control by the pre-existing salt-based passive margin architecture on the structure of the fold and thrust belt. Triassic evaporates regionally acted as a weak basal detachment, accommodating an early alpine deformation phase of the whole foreland from the Middle to Upper Eocene. Variations in mechanical stratigraphy within the Mesozoic sediments generated a change in structural style. For example, the eastern region is characterized by a thinner, shalier Mesozoic succession, leading to several active detachments during alpine compression. Multiple fold wavelengths and synsedimentary rolling hinges generated by these active detachments led to complex depocentres. The previously under-estimated structural heritage of the foreland basin derived from rifting and spreading of the Alpine Tethys and from an early regional deformation responsible for E-W trending folds, which began in the Late Cretaceous and increased during the Middle Eocene. Preliminary thermochronology results (U-Th/He datings on detrital zircons of medium to coarse sandstone blocks and granodiorite blocks from debris flows of the Sanguiniere depocentre) suggest an exhumation of source areas during this Cretaceous deformation.•A detailed study of structures within the Annot and Grand Coyer sub-basins and their Cretaceous substrate revealed connected depocentres evolving in 3D at the basin scale. Paleocurrent directions are mainly parallel to the main alpine fold axes recording structural confinement, while some diverging directions indicate flow interaction with minor or oblique tectonic features. Turbidites were deposited along the axis into several alpine synclines, which were simultaneously or successively active.•Concerning the depocentre infill, 3D geometrical modelling of the Annot depocentre (using gOcad) was used to identify inherited structures and to constrain alpine fold activity during turbidite deposition. The onlap migration and the specific stacking and dip pattern within turbidite members (laterally rather than vertically stacked deposits) record depocentre migration linked with a rolling synclinal hinge. Due to its sedimentology and its stratigraphy, the Annot Sandstone is well-known as an analogue for sand-rich reservoirs deposited at delta toes in deep-water passive margins. This study reveals that, structurally, it is also a good example of axially-sourced turbidite depocentres developed on a multi-detachement fold and thrust belt