A arte de dimensionar pilares em minas subterrâneas de carvão tem sido objeto de pesquisa há mais de 100 anos no mundo inteiro. A maioria dos métodos de dimensionamento de pilares para a lavra segundo o método \"câmara e pilares\" se vale de parâmetros de resistência e geométricos das camadas de carvão. A resistência in situ da camada de carvão (S1) é um desses parâmetros. No Brasil, na Bacia Carbonífera Sul-Catarinense, uma nova camada de carvão, a Bonito, passou a ser minerada em volume considerável a partir da década de 1990. A sua resistência in situ ainda hoje é uma incógnita. Tendo como campo experimental a camada de carvão Bonito presente na mina Fontanella, no município de Treviso - SC, foram desenvolvidos diferentes estudos de laboratório e em subsolo, visando à caracterização mecânica, estrutural e geofísica dessa camada. Adicionalmente, foram realizadas investigações sobre uma segunda camada de carvão, a Irapuá, já relativamente conhecida, presente em outras duas minas na mesma bacia carbonífera. Os estudos realizados serviram de base para a proposição de uma nova metodologia para a estimativa da resistência à compressão uniaxial in situ de camadas de carvão (S1), levando em consideração a resistência de laboratório e informações geofísicas de laboratório e in situ. Com o uso da nova metodologia, são propostos valores de resistência à compressão uniaxial in situ da camada de carvão Bonito, para diferentes condições geológico-estruturais observadas na mina Fontanella, e para a camada Irapuá, nas minas Morozini Norte e Santa Augusta Norte. / Researchers in all over the world have spent a lot of time in developing techniques for pillar design in coal underground mines that use room and pillar method. Almost all the available methods are based on strength and geometric parameters of the coal seam. One of the most important is the coal seam in situ strength (S1). In Brazil, at Sul-Catarinense Carboniferous basin, a new coal seam (Bonito seam) is being mined since the last decade. Many instability problems have occured during mining. The coal seam strength is not very well known so far. Using the Bonito seam present at Fontanella mine in Treviso - SC, different studies were performed in laboratory and in situ. In adition, another coal seam, Irapuá, was also studied. The compilation of data at different sites was used to propose a new approach to estimates of the in situ uniaxial compressive strength of coal seams (S1) using three parameters. The uniaxial compressive strength and compressional wave ultra sonic velocity are determined in laboratory using small samples, while seismic velocity is measured in large scale conditions directly at the coal seam in situ. Using the new approach, values for in situ strength at Fontanella mine are proposed and also for two mines at Irapuá coal seam, Morozini Norte and Santa Augusta Norte.

A arte de dimensionar pilares em minas subterrâneas de carvão tem sido objeto de pesquisa há mais de 100 anos no mundo inteiro. A maioria dos métodos de dimensionamento de pilares para a lavra segundo o método \"câmara e pilares\" se vale de parâmetros de resistência e geométricos das camadas de carvão. A resistência in situ da camada de carvão (S1) é um desses parâmetros. No Brasil, na Bacia Carbonífera Sul-Catarinense, uma nova camada de carvão, a Bonito, passou a ser minerada em volume considerável a partir da década de 1990. A sua resistência in situ ainda hoje é uma incógnita. Tendo como campo experimental a camada de carvão Bonito presente na mina Fontanella, no município de Treviso - SC, foram desenvolvidos diferentes estudos de laboratório e em subsolo, visando à caracterização mecânica, estrutural e geofísica dessa camada. Adicionalmente, foram realizadas investigações sobre uma segunda camada de carvão, a Irapuá, já relativamente conhecida, presente em outras duas minas na mesma bacia carbonífera. Os estudos realizados serviram de base para a proposição de uma nova metodologia para a estimativa da resistência à compressão uniaxial in situ de camadas de carvão (S1), levando em consideração a resistência de laboratório e informações geofísicas de laboratório e in situ. Com o uso da nova metodologia, são propostos valores de resistência à compressão uniaxial in situ da camada de carvão Bonito, para diferentes condições geológico-estruturais observadas na mina Fontanella, e para a camada Irapuá, nas minas Morozini Norte e Santa Augusta Norte. / Researchers in all over the world have spent a lot of time in developing techniques for pillar design in coal underground mines that use room and pillar method. Almost all the available methods are based on strength and geometric parameters of the coal seam. One of the most important is the coal seam in situ strength (S1). In Brazil, at Sul-Catarinense Carboniferous basin, a new coal seam (Bonito seam) is being mined since the last decade. Many instability problems have occured during mining. The coal seam strength is not very well known so far. Using the Bonito seam present at Fontanella mine in Treviso - SC, different studies were performed in laboratory and in situ. In adition, another coal seam, Irapuá, was also studied. The compilation of data at different sites was used to propose a new approach to estimates of the in situ uniaxial compressive strength of coal seams (S1) using three parameters. The uniaxial compressive strength and compressional wave ultra sonic velocity are determined in laboratory using small samples, while seismic velocity is measured in large scale conditions directly at the coal seam in situ. Using the new approach, values for in situ strength at Fontanella mine are proposed and also for two mines at Irapuá coal seam, Morozini Norte and Santa Augusta Norte.

La variabilité spatiale des formations géologiques rend difficile la détermination des paramètres géotechniques nécessaires pour l'évaluation des aléas naturels (sismiques et gravitaires). Les méthodes d'imagerie géophysique, non-destructives et rapides, sont de plus en plus utilisées pour la reconnaissance de telles structures hétérogènes. Une campagne d'essais géophysiques et géotechniques a été réalisée dans la plaine alluviale de Beyrouth (Liban), ville soumise à un fort risque sismique, en vue de caractériser la variabilité des couches alluviales. Les résultats combinés ont permis de caractériser la structure 3D du site et de détecter la présence d'une couche d'argile molle, peu profonde et d'épaisseur variable. Cette couche de faible compacité, qui a rendu complexe l'interprétation des courbes de dispersion des ondes de surface, a une influence importante sur la réponse sismique du site. Les incertitudes reliées à la variabilité spatiale des propriétés géotechnique (N60) et géophysiques (Vs, ρ) ont pu être quantifiées au sein des couches rencontrées et les fonctions de distribution de ces paramètres ont été déterminées dans chaque couche à partir de ces essais, à la fois verticalement et horizontalement. Les valeurs de distance d'autocorrélation verticale (Vs, N60) et horizontale (ρ) obtenues ainsi que les valeurs de coefficient de variation se situent dans la gamme de valeurs trouvées dans la littérature. La réponse dynamique (amplification spectrale) de la plaine alluviale de Beyrouth a été simulée avec des modèles probabilistes unidimensionnels, et l'effet des trois paramètres statistiques (loi d'autocorrélation, distance d'autocorrélation et coefficient de variation) décrivant les variabilités des propriétés élastiques du sol (Vs) a été quantifié. Pour obtenir des réponses sismiques réalistes, un critère de sélection des profils Vs générés de façon probabiliste a été introduit afin de ne retenir que les profils compatibles (dans une gamme d'incertitude) avec la courbe de dispersion établie. Les modélisations probabilistes ont montré des différences significatives par rapport aux modélisations déterministes. Le principal paramètre probabiliste contrôlant l'amplification spectrale est le coefficient de variation, suivi de la distance d'autocorrélation, alors que le type de loi a peu d'influence. Enfin, nous avons vu que l'activité humaine peut avoir une influence significative sur l'application des méthodes géophysiques en site urbain. La compréhension d'un milieu complexe dans ce contexte nécessite de combiner toutes les méthodes géotechniques et géophysiques d'investigation afin d'obtenir un modèle robuste 2D/3D de la structure du sol / The spatial variability of geological formations makes it difficult to determine the geotechnical parameters necessary for the evaluation of natural hazards (seismic and gravity). The geophysical imaging methods, non-destructive and fast, are now increasingly used for heterogeneous structures of sub-surface recognition. Geophysical and geotechnical tests were carried out in the alluvial plain of Beirut (Lebanon), city with high seismic risk, to characterize the variability in the alluvial layers. Analyses of these tests were used to characterize the 3D structure of the site and to detect the presence of a shallow soft clay layer of variable thickness. This layer of low compactness, which made the interpretation of dispersion curves of surface waves complex, could be of prime importance for seismic response of the site. Using all the collected data, the uncertainties related to the spatial variability of geotechnical (N60) and geophysical (Vs, ρ) properties of soil were quantified in the layers encountered and the distribution functions of these parameters were determined in each layer, in both directions (vertical and horizontal). The autocorrelation distance in the vertical (Vs, N60) and horizontal (ρ) directions and the coefficient of variation are within the range of values founded in the literature. The dynamic response (spectral amplification) of the alluvial plain of Beirut was modeled by one dimensional probabilistic model and we quantified the effect of the three statistical parameters (autocorrelation function, autocorrelation distance and coefficient of variation) describing the elastic variability properties of soil (Vs). To obtain realistic seismic responses, we proposed a probabilistic (Vs) profile selection criteria in order to retain only compatible profiles (in a range of uncertainty) with the obtained dispersion curve. Probabilistic modeling showed significant differences from the deterministic modeling. It appeared that the main factor controlling probabilistic spectral amplification is the coefficient of variation (COVVs) followed by the autocorrelation distance, while the type of autocorrelation function has little influence. Finally, Human activity was also found to have a significant influence on the application of geophysical prospecting at this urban site. This case illustrates the need of combining investigation methods in order to understand the geophysical measurements in a complex medium and to reach a robust 2D/3D model.