SUMMARY: The diploma thesis is focused on application of natural science methods - geophysics and above all geochemistry - in archaeology. Geophysical and geochemical techniques have become an integral part of non-destructive archaeology over time. While geophysical methods have been practiced in a wide array of archaeological surveys for many decades, geochemical methods have been used to a greater extent up to in recent years. In addition, the application of geochemistry in archaeology is, in most cases, limited only to the analysis of phosphates in soil applied to small spatial units. The potential of geochemistry in dealing with archaeological issues remains still unused due to the limited understanding of the context. This is also reflected in the absence of publications that would allow a good-quality interpretation of geochemical data in connection with archaeology. Geophysical and geochemical procedures were applied during the survey of the selected area in the locality of Hillfort Vinoř, located on the northeastern outskirts of Prague. The aim of this survey was to contribute to the widening of the existing knowledge of the locality with an emphasis on the wider context. Two methods were chosen for the geophysical survey - dipole electromagnetic profiling (DEMP) and electrical resistivity...

The Schlumberger array, or Schlumberger, was one of the first resistance arrays to be used to detect buried archaeological features. The early work used fixed probes and widely spaced traverses. Recent simulation work, ýhowever, suggested that the array should give improved resolution and depth penetration over the Twin-Probe array. This thesis is an attempt to operationalise the Schlumberger for use in archaeological prospection. This has been achieved via a co-ordinated use of laboratory simulation and-field studies. Initial fieldwork in England suggested. that the. - use of point electrodes created response patterns that were dependent upon the relative direction of linear targets. This was verified using a simulation tank modified to represent field procedure. The recognition of this response, therefore, required each survey area to be surveyed twice. The re-survey requires the two current probes to be positioned at right angles to the original survey points. The Schlumberger was then used in a battery of methods to investigate the problem of the archaeological interpretation of- small, discrete scatters of ceramic sherds that cover the landscape in Greece. The research has indicated a variation of intra-site patterning that may be significant to the function of these sites. Overall, the results suggest that the relationship between the 'site' and its environment is a complex one, one that can be oversimplified when the ceramic evidence is viewed in isolation. The Schlumberger indicated possible structural elements within some of these sites.

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No / In archaeological prospection, computer processing is essential for all stages of data manipulation. This article investigates the contributions which informatics has made in the past and looks at its potential for the future. It is shown how the workflow of satellite imagery, aerial photography and geophysical prospection can be broken down into measurements, acquisition, processing, visualisation and interpretation. Based on these categories, the advantages of digital data manipulations are explored with individual examples. It is shown that informatics can greatly assist with the final archaeological analysis of the measurements but that human experience and assessments are crucial for a meaningful interpretation.

The Schlumberger array, or Schlumberger, was one of the first resistance arrays to be used to detect buried archaeological features. The early work used fixed probes and widely spaced traverses. Recent simulation work, ýhowever, suggested that the array should give improved resolution and depth penetration over the Twin-Probe array. This thesis is an attempt to operationalise the Schlumberger for use in archaeological prospection. This has been achieved via a co-ordinated use of laboratory simulation and-field studies. Initial fieldwork in England suggested. that the. - use of point electrodes created response patterns that were dependent upon the relative direction of linear targets. This was verified using a simulation tank modified to represent field procedure. The recognition of this response, therefore, required each survey area to be surveyed twice. The re-survey requires the two current probes to be positioned at right angles to the original survey points. The Schlumberger was then used in a battery of methods to investigate the problem of the archaeological interpretation of- small, discrete scatters of ceramic sherds that cover the landscape in Greece. The research has indicated a variation of intra-site patterning that may be significant to the function of these sites. Overall, the results suggest that the relationship between the 'site' and its environment is a complex one, one that can be oversimplified when the ceramic evidence is viewed in isolation. The Schlumberger indicated possible structural elements within some of these sites.

Yes / Two seasons of geophysical prospection (magnetic, resistance and ground-penetrating radar) were conducted at the Iron Age oppidum of Le Castellan, Istres, Bouches-du-Rhône, in order to determine the utility of these techniques for sites in this region. The survey revealed numerous strong anomalies, of which many ran parallel or perpendicular to one another. These are the sorts of responses one might expect from the remains of buried stone wall foundations; this interpretation is supported by the presence, on the west side of the site, of exposed walls on the same alignment as certain of the geophysical anomalies. Overall, the evidence suggests a network of buried buildings and road-ways across the oppidum. One particularly substantial building was identified towards the centre of the site, through the presence of a strong resistance anomaly of distinctly rectilinear form. It appears to represent the remains of a buried stone building with three rooms. In conclusion, the results provide strong encouragement for the further application of geophysical survey in this region

Η γεωφυσική διασκόπηση αποτελεί μια τεχνική διερεύνησης που χαρακτηρίζεται ως μη καταστροφική, με δυνατότητα εφαρμογής σε μεγάλη πλειονότητα προβλημάτων. Πραγματοποιήθηκε γεωφυσική έρευνα με εφαρμογή ηλεκτρικής χαρτογράφησης, ηλεκτρικής τομογραφίας, γεωραντάρ και καταγραφών εδαφικού θορύβου σε περιοχή της Πανεπιστημιούπολης. Σκοπός ήταν η λεπτομερής γεωφυσική διερεύνηση για τον εντοπισμό γεωλογικών ασυνεχειών στον ευρύτερο χώρο του Πανεπιστημίου. Οι προαναφερόμενες τεχνικές εφαρμόστηκαν στο πεδίο σε προκαθορισμένα γεωφυσικά δίκτυα (κάνναβοι) που απείχαν μεταξύ τους απόσταση 100 μέτρων, με σάρωση επάλληλων διατομών παράλληλα και κάθετα στην διεύθυνση του γεωμαγνητικού Βορρά. Ως πρώτη τεχνική επιλέχτηκε η ηλεκτρική χαρτογράφηση με χρήση της δίδυμης διάταξης και άνοιγμα ηλεκτροδίων 0.5-3 μέτρων, που απέδωσε την κατανομή της ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης του εδάφους επί οριζόντιου επιπέδου. Ως δεύτερη τεχνική εφαρμόστηκε η ηλεκτρική τομογραφία. Με χρήση 25 συνευθειακών ηλεκτροδίων σε απόσταση 1 μέτρου, μέσω της διάταξης Wenner-Schlumberger, επιτεύχθηκε η καταγραφή της κατανομής της φαινόμενης ειδικής αντίστασης επί κατακόρυφου επιπέδου και σε 8 διαφορετικά βάθη. Μέσω του ειδικού λογισμικού Res2DINV, υπολογίστηκε η τιμή της ειδικής ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης, με δημιουργία μαθηματικού προτύπου δύο διαστάσεων βασιζόμενο στα ελάχιστα τετράγωνα. Με την βοήθεια του ειδικού λογισμικού Geosoft Oasis Montaj, πραγματοποιήθηκε η επεξεργασία των δεδομένων της ηλεκτρικής χαρτογράφησης και της ειδικής ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης. Ως αποτέλεσμα ήταν η παραγωγή έγχρωμων χαρτών κατανομής της ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης, ενώ από την δεύτερη τεχνική παρήχθησαν οριζόντιες κατόψεις της ειδικής αντίστασης σε ορισμένο βάθος καθώς και τρισδιάστατη απεικόνιση αυτής. Οι γεωφυσικές έρευνες με χρήση του γεωραντάρ και των καταγραφών εδαφικού θορύβου χρησιμοποιήθηκαν επικουρικά για να ταυτοποιήσουν τα παραγόμενα αποτελέσματα των ηλεκτρικών μεθόδων γεωφυσικής διασκόπησης. Από την ερμηνεία των παραγόμενων χαρτών έγινε σαφής ο εντοπισμός της υπάρχουσας γεωλογικής ασυνέχειας στην παραπάνω περιοχή και κατασκευάστηκε τρισδιάστατο μοντέλο απεικόνισης κατανομής της ειδικής ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης. / Geophysical prospecting is a non catastrophic technique, which is applicable on a wide range of problems, including archaeological, environmental and geological problems. At Campus University of Patras, a detailed geophysical investigation applied in order to detect possible geological discontinuities, which produced serious problems at buildings and main roads of the Campus. As main technique used the electric mapping and electric imaging, which applied on already prepared geophysical grids by measuring parallel profiles with direction along and perpendicular to the geomagnetic north, while the two geophysical grids were 100 meters away each other. Firstly, an electric mapping procedure took place by using twin-probe array with four electrodes in distance between 0.5-3 meters. As a result was the recording of soil resistance on horizontal layer with constant depth. By processing the data through Geosoft Oasis Montaj software, the distribution of soil resistance was illustrated on color scale maps. Secondly, electric imaging technique applied with twenty-five equal space electrodes along straight lines, with one meter space by using the hybrid arrangement Wenner-Schlumberger. As a result was the recording of distribution of soil apparent resistivity on a vertical layer in eight separated depths. Resistivity calculated by processing imaging data with 2D mathematical algorithm based on least squares inversion (Res2Dinv). Further processing by Oasis Montaj, had as a result the production of horizontal slices and 3D maps, where the resistivity distribution was illustrated on separated depths, in color and grey schedule format. The combined geophysical investigation with the aid of ground penetrating radar and the HVSR (Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio) technique confirmed the existence of geological discontinuity.

Dans le cadre d’un projet d’aménagement, la reconnaissance du sous-sol est une étape prépondérante pour la construction d’un bâtiment. Le géotechnicien se doit de définir le comportement mécanique des sols à partir d’un nombre limité de sondages. La problématique soulevée par les prospections géotechniques est qu’il est difficile d’une part d’étendre une information ponctuelle dans l’environnement proche des sondages, et d’autre part d’estimer la variabilité latérale des matériaux. Dans cette optique, cette thèse développe une approche novatrice de combinaison de méthodes géophysiques aidant à la quantification de la variabilité spatiale des structures géoélectriques du sous-sol. Dans un second temps, au regard des limites rencontrées dans la modélisation 3D des structures géoélectriques du sous-sol, nous avons mis au point un processus innovant de modélisation 3D des propriétés physiques du sous-sol par combinaison de méthodes géophysiques. Les travaux menés ont permis de caractériser les paramètres régissant le positionnement et la quantité de données sources nécessaires.Enfin, un dispositif innovant de mesure de Tomographie de Résistivité Electrique en Cinématique (TREC) a été développé. La validation du dispositif sur trois sites différents a permis de mettre en évidence sa capacité à détecter les structures géoélectriques des sols sur un linéaire de plusieurs centaines de mètres. Ce dispositif constitue un outil précieux pour l’étude des structures géoélectriques du sous-sol dans le cadre de prospections géophysiques à grand rendement. / The geotechnical study of a building project is a decisive step for the construction of it. The geotechnical engineer must define the mechanical behavior of soils from a limited number of drills. The problem of the geotechnical surveys is, on the one hand that difficult to extend a punctual data in the near space to the drills,and on the other hand to estimate the lateral variability of materials. In this context, this thesis develops an innovative approach by combination of geophysical methods to quantify the spatial variability of geoelectrical structures. In asecond time, against the known limits of the 3D modeling of soil geoelectrical structures, we have developed an innovative process of 3D modeling of the physical properties of soil by geophysical methods combination. These works allow characterizing the parameters who governing the positioning and the number of necessary primary data.Finally, an innovative measuring device of Kinematic Electrical Resistivity Tomography (KERT) has been developed. The validation of the device on three different site has allowed to highlight its ability to detect the soil geoelectrical structures within a linear of hundreds meters. This device is a valuable tool for studying soil geoelectrical structures in the context of high yield geophysical prospection.