This thesis considers some issues regarding geotechnical monitoring of settlement of subsoils on roads, highways in the Czech Republic. The first part try to explain process of construction embankments with following standards and prescriptions. Second part belongs to geotechnical monitoring of settlement of subsoils, where author had selected 7 measuring profiles for further work on archive exploration. From these exploration were excluded information about exact location. Third part is creation of 9 geotechnical models in 2D - Plaxis software, comparison with real data and short part about using this kind of work for practice use.

A experiência acumulada quanto à análise do comportamento de fundações, em relação aos diversos perfis de solos, vem confirmando a necessidade de realizar ensaios em verdadeira grandeza para avaliação de desempenho desses elementos. Aplicação de metodologias empíricas e semi-empíricas, limitadas à prática construtiva regional e às condições específicas que contemplaram o seu estabelecimento, resultam em incertezas nos métodos de previsão e dispersão entre valores de capacidade de carga medidos e previstos. Com base nessas evidências, os ensaios de prova de carga representam a técnica mais comumente empregada para previsão e avaliação da capacidade de suporte em estacas. Como resultado, obtém-se uma curva carga versus deslocamento a partir de um carregamento estático no topo do elemento. Quando executadas em estacas instrumentadas ao longo do fuste, permitem avaliar a mobilização (transferência) de resistências (cargas) ao longo da profundidade e dos carregamentos. Alternativamente, o uso de células expansivas bidirecionais, comumente denominadas de “O-cell”, vem crescendo em nível internacional e confirmando seu potencial de aplicação, embasado por vantagens que incluem a ausência de um sistema de reação e a obtenção de forma direta da resistência de ponta e atrito lateral durante os carregamentos. No intuito de contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos de transferência de carga envolvidos em ensaios estáticos, o presente estudo comparou resultados dessas duas metodologias através de três de ensaios estáticos convencionais e um bidirecional realizados em duas estacas escavadas de grande diâmetro em areia. A distribuição dos carregamentos medidos em função do deslocamento em termos de carga total e de atrito lateral ao longo desses quatro ensaios caracterizou-se por resultados similares. Pequenas diferenças foram observadas entre o ensaio de topo e bidirecional executados em um mesmo elemento de fundação e estão possivelmente associadas aos diferentes níveis de deformação obtidos com as duas técnicas. As condições de limpeza e integridade da ponta em estacas moldadas in loco estão associadas a incertezas ainda que os procedimentos usuais de controle e limpeza tenham sido executados. Divergências entre a parcela de contribuição de ponta ao longo dos ensaios avaliados podem estar associadas a esses fatores e a pequenas variações da geometria descritas em detalhes no trabalho. Deformações medidas pelos strain gages instalados ao longo do fuste da estaca permitiram avançar no entendimento dos mecanismos de transferência de carga existentes durante os carregamentos impostos. Os resultados indicam que o atrito começa a ser mobilizado desde os primeiros incrementos de carga e permanece se desenvolvendo com o aumento das deformações que não são constantes ao longo da profundidade. O comportamento medido ao longo do fuste varia em função do nível de confinamento e ainda da densidade relativa do solo subjacente. Os resultados permitem concluir também que ainda que existam esforços residuais atuantes, sua ordem de grandeza não reflete mudanças importantes no comportamento de elementos de fundação moldados in loco. / The gained experience in foundations behavior analysis on different soil profiles confirms the need to perform tests on full-scale elements to evaluate pile performance. Application of empirical and semi-empirical methodologies, limited to the regional constructive practice and the specific conditions that led to its establishment, result in uncertainties in the prediction and dispersion methods between measured and predicted load capacity values. Based on these evidences, the load tests represent the most commonly used technique for predicting and evaluating pile capacity. As a result, a load versus displacement curve is obtained from a static load at the top of the element. When carried out in piles instrumented along the shaft, it is possible to evaluate the mobilization (transfer) of resistances (loads) along the depth and the loads. Alternatively, the use of bidirectional expansive cells, commonly referred to as "O-cell", has been growing internationally, which confirms its potential, based on advantages that include the absence of a reaction system and obtaining the toe resistance and lateral friction directly during loading. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the load transfer mechanisms involved in static loading tests, the present study compared the results of these two methodologies through three conventional and one bidirectional load tests carried out on two large diameter bored piles. The distribution of loadings measured as a function of the displacement in terms of total load and lateral friction over these four tests was characterized by similar results. Small differences were observed between conventional top-down and bidirectional tests performed on the same foundation member and are possibly associated with the different deformation levels obtained with the two techniques. Cleaning conditions and pile toe integrity in bored piles are associated with uncertainties even though the usual control and cleaning procedures have been performed. Divergences between the contributions of the pile toe resistance along the evaluated tests may be associated with these factors and small variations of the geometry. Deformations measured by the strain gages installed along the pile shaft allowed improving the understanding of the load transfer mechanisms during the loading procedures. The results indicate that shaft friction begins to be mobilized since the first load increments and continues to increase with the strains, which are not linear along the pile shaft. The behavior measured along the shaft is a function of vertical effective stress and relative density. The results also show that although there are active residual stresses, their magnitude does not reflect important changes in the behavior of bored piles.

A experiência acumulada quanto à análise do comportamento de fundações, em relação aos diversos perfis de solos, vem confirmando a necessidade de realizar ensaios em verdadeira grandeza para avaliação de desempenho desses elementos. Aplicação de metodologias empíricas e semi-empíricas, limitadas à prática construtiva regional e às condições específicas que contemplaram o seu estabelecimento, resultam em incertezas nos métodos de previsão e dispersão entre valores de capacidade de carga medidos e previstos. Com base nessas evidências, os ensaios de prova de carga representam a técnica mais comumente empregada para previsão e avaliação da capacidade de suporte em estacas. Como resultado, obtém-se uma curva carga versus deslocamento a partir de um carregamento estático no topo do elemento. Quando executadas em estacas instrumentadas ao longo do fuste, permitem avaliar a mobilização (transferência) de resistências (cargas) ao longo da profundidade e dos carregamentos. Alternativamente, o uso de células expansivas bidirecionais, comumente denominadas de “O-cell”, vem crescendo em nível internacional e confirmando seu potencial de aplicação, embasado por vantagens que incluem a ausência de um sistema de reação e a obtenção de forma direta da resistência de ponta e atrito lateral durante os carregamentos. No intuito de contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos de transferência de carga envolvidos em ensaios estáticos, o presente estudo comparou resultados dessas duas metodologias através de três de ensaios estáticos convencionais e um bidirecional realizados em duas estacas escavadas de grande diâmetro em areia. A distribuição dos carregamentos medidos em função do deslocamento em termos de carga total e de atrito lateral ao longo desses quatro ensaios caracterizou-se por resultados similares. Pequenas diferenças foram observadas entre o ensaio de topo e bidirecional executados em um mesmo elemento de fundação e estão possivelmente associadas aos diferentes níveis de deformação obtidos com as duas técnicas. As condições de limpeza e integridade da ponta em estacas moldadas in loco estão associadas a incertezas ainda que os procedimentos usuais de controle e limpeza tenham sido executados. Divergências entre a parcela de contribuição de ponta ao longo dos ensaios avaliados podem estar associadas a esses fatores e a pequenas variações da geometria descritas em detalhes no trabalho. Deformações medidas pelos strain gages instalados ao longo do fuste da estaca permitiram avançar no entendimento dos mecanismos de transferência de carga existentes durante os carregamentos impostos. Os resultados indicam que o atrito começa a ser mobilizado desde os primeiros incrementos de carga e permanece se desenvolvendo com o aumento das deformações que não são constantes ao longo da profundidade. O comportamento medido ao longo do fuste varia em função do nível de confinamento e ainda da densidade relativa do solo subjacente. Os resultados permitem concluir também que ainda que existam esforços residuais atuantes, sua ordem de grandeza não reflete mudanças importantes no comportamento de elementos de fundação moldados in loco. / The gained experience in foundations behavior analysis on different soil profiles confirms the need to perform tests on full-scale elements to evaluate pile performance. Application of empirical and semi-empirical methodologies, limited to the regional constructive practice and the specific conditions that led to its establishment, result in uncertainties in the prediction and dispersion methods between measured and predicted load capacity values. Based on these evidences, the load tests represent the most commonly used technique for predicting and evaluating pile capacity. As a result, a load versus displacement curve is obtained from a static load at the top of the element. When carried out in piles instrumented along the shaft, it is possible to evaluate the mobilization (transfer) of resistances (loads) along the depth and the loads. Alternatively, the use of bidirectional expansive cells, commonly referred to as "O-cell", has been growing internationally, which confirms its potential, based on advantages that include the absence of a reaction system and obtaining the toe resistance and lateral friction directly during loading. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the load transfer mechanisms involved in static loading tests, the present study compared the results of these two methodologies through three conventional and one bidirectional load tests carried out on two large diameter bored piles. The distribution of loadings measured as a function of the displacement in terms of total load and lateral friction over these four tests was characterized by similar results. Small differences were observed between conventional top-down and bidirectional tests performed on the same foundation member and are possibly associated with the different deformation levels obtained with the two techniques. Cleaning conditions and pile toe integrity in bored piles are associated with uncertainties even though the usual control and cleaning procedures have been performed. Divergences between the contributions of the pile toe resistance along the evaluated tests may be associated with these factors and small variations of the geometry. Deformations measured by the strain gages installed along the pile shaft allowed improving the understanding of the load transfer mechanisms during the loading procedures. The results indicate that shaft friction begins to be mobilized since the first load increments and continues to increase with the strains, which are not linear along the pile shaft. The behavior measured along the shaft is a function of vertical effective stress and relative density. The results also show that although there are active residual stresses, their magnitude does not reflect important changes in the behavior of bored piles.

A experiência acumulada quanto à análise do comportamento de fundações, em relação aos diversos perfis de solos, vem confirmando a necessidade de realizar ensaios em verdadeira grandeza para avaliação de desempenho desses elementos. Aplicação de metodologias empíricas e semi-empíricas, limitadas à prática construtiva regional e às condições específicas que contemplaram o seu estabelecimento, resultam em incertezas nos métodos de previsão e dispersão entre valores de capacidade de carga medidos e previstos. Com base nessas evidências, os ensaios de prova de carga representam a técnica mais comumente empregada para previsão e avaliação da capacidade de suporte em estacas. Como resultado, obtém-se uma curva carga versus deslocamento a partir de um carregamento estático no topo do elemento. Quando executadas em estacas instrumentadas ao longo do fuste, permitem avaliar a mobilização (transferência) de resistências (cargas) ao longo da profundidade e dos carregamentos. Alternativamente, o uso de células expansivas bidirecionais, comumente denominadas de “O-cell”, vem crescendo em nível internacional e confirmando seu potencial de aplicação, embasado por vantagens que incluem a ausência de um sistema de reação e a obtenção de forma direta da resistência de ponta e atrito lateral durante os carregamentos. No intuito de contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos de transferência de carga envolvidos em ensaios estáticos, o presente estudo comparou resultados dessas duas metodologias através de três de ensaios estáticos convencionais e um bidirecional realizados em duas estacas escavadas de grande diâmetro em areia. A distribuição dos carregamentos medidos em função do deslocamento em termos de carga total e de atrito lateral ao longo desses quatro ensaios caracterizou-se por resultados similares. Pequenas diferenças foram observadas entre o ensaio de topo e bidirecional executados em um mesmo elemento de fundação e estão possivelmente associadas aos diferentes níveis de deformação obtidos com as duas técnicas. As condições de limpeza e integridade da ponta em estacas moldadas in loco estão associadas a incertezas ainda que os procedimentos usuais de controle e limpeza tenham sido executados. Divergências entre a parcela de contribuição de ponta ao longo dos ensaios avaliados podem estar associadas a esses fatores e a pequenas variações da geometria descritas em detalhes no trabalho. Deformações medidas pelos strain gages instalados ao longo do fuste da estaca permitiram avançar no entendimento dos mecanismos de transferência de carga existentes durante os carregamentos impostos. Os resultados indicam que o atrito começa a ser mobilizado desde os primeiros incrementos de carga e permanece se desenvolvendo com o aumento das deformações que não são constantes ao longo da profundidade. O comportamento medido ao longo do fuste varia em função do nível de confinamento e ainda da densidade relativa do solo subjacente. Os resultados permitem concluir também que ainda que existam esforços residuais atuantes, sua ordem de grandeza não reflete mudanças importantes no comportamento de elementos de fundação moldados in loco. / The gained experience in foundations behavior analysis on different soil profiles confirms the need to perform tests on full-scale elements to evaluate pile performance. Application of empirical and semi-empirical methodologies, limited to the regional constructive practice and the specific conditions that led to its establishment, result in uncertainties in the prediction and dispersion methods between measured and predicted load capacity values. Based on these evidences, the load tests represent the most commonly used technique for predicting and evaluating pile capacity. As a result, a load versus displacement curve is obtained from a static load at the top of the element. When carried out in piles instrumented along the shaft, it is possible to evaluate the mobilization (transfer) of resistances (loads) along the depth and the loads. Alternatively, the use of bidirectional expansive cells, commonly referred to as "O-cell", has been growing internationally, which confirms its potential, based on advantages that include the absence of a reaction system and obtaining the toe resistance and lateral friction directly during loading. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the load transfer mechanisms involved in static loading tests, the present study compared the results of these two methodologies through three conventional and one bidirectional load tests carried out on two large diameter bored piles. The distribution of loadings measured as a function of the displacement in terms of total load and lateral friction over these four tests was characterized by similar results. Small differences were observed between conventional top-down and bidirectional tests performed on the same foundation member and are possibly associated with the different deformation levels obtained with the two techniques. Cleaning conditions and pile toe integrity in bored piles are associated with uncertainties even though the usual control and cleaning procedures have been performed. Divergences between the contributions of the pile toe resistance along the evaluated tests may be associated with these factors and small variations of the geometry. Deformations measured by the strain gages installed along the pile shaft allowed improving the understanding of the load transfer mechanisms during the loading procedures. The results indicate that shaft friction begins to be mobilized since the first load increments and continues to increase with the strains, which are not linear along the pile shaft. The behavior measured along the shaft is a function of vertical effective stress and relative density. The results also show that although there are active residual stresses, their magnitude does not reflect important changes in the behavior of bored piles.

Le changement climatique et les événements climatiques sévères tels que les périodes de sécheresse/humidification prolongées sont à l'origine du phénomène de retrait-gonflement dans les sols argileux. Ce phénomène est affecté par les interactions sol-végétation-atmosphère (SVA) et peut causer d’importants dommages structurels aux constructions légères telles que les bâtiments résidentiels. L’objectif de ce travail de recherche est de modéliser le comportement in situ du retrait-gonflement des sols gonflants dans un contexte SVA en se basent sur des outils numériques. Une méthode d'interaction sol-atmosphère est initialement présentée accompagnée d’un modèle couplé hydro-thermique du sol. Cette approche a été principalement mise en place afin de déterminer les conditions aux limites temporelles à la surface du sol en se basent sur la notion du bilan de masse et d'énergie pour déterminer a posteriori, les modifications spatio-temporelles de la succion du sol, de la teneur en eau et de la température. Cette approche a été validée à l'aide des observations in situ des sites instrumentés. Par la suite, l’influence de l’absorption d’eau par les végétations a été intégrée dans le terme source de l’écoulement de l’eau dans un milieu non saturé, à l’aide d’un modèle d’absorption d’eau de racine existant.Les variations temporelles de succion ont été postérieurement reliées au comportement volumique du sol en appliquant une approche simple développée à partir des résultats expérimentaux des essais de séchage/humidification réalisés dans la littérature. Les indices associés dans le plan indice des vides-log succion, ainsi que les paramètres complémentaires du modèle linéaire ont été corrélés aux paramètres géotechniques de base. L'approche proposée a été ultérieurement validée avec des données in situ fournies par la surveillance d’un site expérimental. Le site expérimental de Roaillan a été instrumenté afin de surveiller les modifications physiques du sol ainsi que le comportement structurel du bâtiment. Les comparaisons entre les résultats de la modélisation et les observations in situ de la succion du sol, la teneur en eau, la température et les mouvements du sol dans le temps ont montré une performance acceptable du modèle. L’approche a ensuite été appliquée pour étudier l’influence des projections climatiques futures (2050) sur les variables physiques et les mouvements du sol sur ce site. Trois scénarios RCP relatifs aux changements climatiques ont été examinés dans cette étude, qui ont révélé des différents comportements possibles à court terme et à long terme. Finalement, l'approche développée a été appliquée au territoire français en le divisant en six régions climatiques. Différents paramètres de sol ont été attribués à chacune de ces régions climatiques afin de définir les conditions de référence. En conséquence, l’influence de différents facteurs externes sur les mouvements du sol a été analysée sur une période donnée. Enfin, l’étude suggère les mesures adéquates à prendre pour minimiser l’amplitude du phénomène de retrait et de gonflement dans un contexte SVA. / Climate change and severe climatic events such as long drought/rehydration periods are at the origin of the shrinkage and swelling phenomenon in expansive soils. This phenomenon is affected by Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere (SVA) interactions and can cause severe structural damage to lightly loaded constructions such as residential buildings. The objective of this re-search work is to simulate the in-situ behavior of the shrinkage-swelling in expansive soils in a SVA context using numerical tools. A soil-atmosphere interaction method is primarily presented along with a coupled hydro-thermal soil model. This approach was established in order to determine primarily, the natural time variable boundary conditions at the considered soil surface based on the mass and energy balance concept, and secondly to determine the spatial-temporal changes of the soil suction, water content and temperature. This approach was validated using in situ observations of monitored sites. Thereafter, the influence of the water uptake by vegetation was incorporated in the source term of the unsaturated water flow theory, using an existing root water uptake model. Subsequently, the temporal variations of the soil suction were related to the volume change behavior using a simple approach developed based on the experimental results of drying/wetting tests performed in the literature. The associated volumetric indices in the void ratio-log suction plan, along with the complementary parameters of the linear model were correlated with basic geotechnical parameters. The proposed approach was validated with in situ data provided from an experimental site. The Roaillan experimental site was instrumented in order to monitor the soil’s physical changes along with the structural behavior of the building. Comparisons between the simulated and observed soil suction, soil water content, temperature and soil movements in time and depth showed an acceptable performance of the predictions. The approach was then extended to study the influence of future climate projections (2050) on the soil’s physical variables and movements. Three RCP climate change scenarios were considered in this analysis which revealed different possible behavior in both short term and long term. Finally, the developed approach was applied to the French territory by dividing it to six different climatic regions. Different soil parameters were attributed to each of these climatic regions in order to set the reference condition. Thereafter, the influence of different external factors was analyzed on the soil movements over a chosen period. The study finally suggests the adequate actions to take for minimizing the amplitude of the shrinkage and swelling phenome-non in a SVA context.

The focus of this thesis is to deal with reverse engineering of high-rise building settlements. This is modeled via the finite element method performed in the Plaxis 3D program. In the first part of this thesis, a calibration of input parameters of an appropriate material model – Hardening soil – is conducted. This calibration is a result of oedometric test data which were obtained within a geotechnical survey. An influence of soils over consolidation affecting calibration and the material model choice is described. Final values of reference stiffness parameters are used in a mathematical model of the focused area. This model is created for one half of the high-rise building plan, including vestibule. The high-rise building is founded in a foundation pit. The foundations of this building consist of raft foundation and piles of jet grouting. In the model, there are also changes in pore pressure during an excavation of foundation pit included. The functional model is used for parametric analyses, namely examining cases of object´s foundations and the possible influence of foundation pit´s symmetry on the object´s settlement. All the calculated processes in the object´s settlements are then compared to data obtained from geotechnical monitoring of the structure.

The aim is to design economical and above all safe securing a deep notch, both in the construction phase and throughout the use of the building. In the first part of the thesis Background research will be given an idea of the construction of the geotechnical point of view. The second part will contain the geotechnical design calculation. The third part will be proposed safety recommendations in terms of geotechnical monitoring.

The presented thesis focuses primarily on issues of geotechnical survey and geotechnical monitoring for underground line constructions. It deals with the current practice of geotechnical survey and monitoring. Based on the knowledge gained from specific buildings in the Czech Republic (Královopolské tunnels, tram tunnel Žabovřeská) and based on the author's practical local and foreign experience submits suggestions regarding their mutual optimization in order to improve outputs and reduce financial costs.

Geotechnical monitoring (GTM) is an essential part of the observation method. In the principle it is the measurement and monitoring of preselected magnitudes – their changing values in the course of the constructing process and their partial evaluation. On the measured values basis the correctness of designed structures and technological processes is verified, optionally new technical and organizational measures are adopted in order to guarantee the continuous and safe constructing course. The main goal of the dissertation is to analyze the current state of the problematics and evaluate the methods of GTM in underground structures with low overburden, including suggestions and recommendations for procedures. In the framework of knowledge, practical experience and data analysis, the basic types and procedures of monitoring elements of underground structures with low overburden will be defined.