The forest contributes to many ecosystem services and Sweden places great hope in the forest for the green transition, which has created a debate in society concerning how the forest should be used. Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control were investigated amongst the Swedish foresters to evaluate their intention to continue with tract logging in favour of introducing alternative methods. Through a web-based survey, data was collected and analysed and the main results from the present study show that attitudes have the strongest influence on the intention. This finding can be explained by the fact that attitudes have been formed and developed over a long time, strengthened by the Forest Protection Act promoting high production, the culture, the market incentives towards bioeconomy and forestry education in Sweden.

Climate change concerns have led to the settlement of agreements and policies that aim to bring nations and industries together to keep global warming under 1.5 degrees Celsius. Diverse strategies have been implemented in the last decades to achieve this goal, such as investment in near-zero emissions technologies and the implementation of carbon markets. This study explores the role of sustainable start-ups as project developers in the voluntary carbon market and provides guidance, through the structure of the business model and assessment of relevant stakeholders, for their successful entry into this emergent market. A case study about the voluntary carbon market and the perspective of start-ups was the approach given to this work. Twelve semi- structure interviews with key stakeholders were conducted and through a thematic analysis, key factors for start-ups to consider were identified. These factors include access to information, barriers to entry, financial resources, innovation and technology, market dynamics, motivation and perception, regulatory environment, and stakeholders’ engagement. The findings were the foundation to develop and structure a business model canvas as well as a technological roadmap to assist start-ups in navigating through the voluntary carbon market. Despite the challenges encountered, positioning in the voluntary carbon market enables start-ups to play a vital role in the decarbonization efforts and the transition to a low- carbon economy.

Potato has played a major role as staple food in Sweden since Jonas Alströmer brought it intothe country in the 18th century and is considered by many to be one of the essences of”swedishness”. About 826.000 tonnes are produced yearly on an area of approximately 20.000 –25.000 ha today and potatoes are mostly grown in the southern parts of Sweden(www.jordbruksverket.se). Potato is best grown in light textured soils with good drainage, but thisalso leads to irrigation being necessary to provide enough moisture for the sensitive potato duringa normal Swedish year. Normally, drip irrigation is used since it enables the farmer to control theexact volumes of water and nutrition being applied.This study was conducted in 2007-2008 (the report was finished in spring 2022 though) at whatwas then known as The Department for Soil Sciences (today Department of soil and environment)at SLU, Uppsala. There was an ongoing project aimed at finding suitable strategies for irrigatingpotato, and the aim of this study was to investigate which one of the following strategies is bestsuited for the soils used in the experiments:• 1 hour every day or 4 hours every four days• Placing the dripperlines on the soil surface or bury them 30 cm into the soil.The study was conducted in two parts, where the first part tested the two time intervals with thedripperlines on the soil surface and the second part with the dripperlines buried into the soil.Measurements of soil water content and infiltration were performed during both parts and for thesecond part, soil water tension was also measured. When the measurements were finished, thesame strategies were modelled in Hydrus-2D with similar soil parameters to see if the programcould be a useful tool when simulating similar scenarios. Water content was measured after thefirst part of the experiment was finished, but no distinct wetting front could be seen and nodifference in water content could be seen since measurements were delayed due to bad weatherconditions. The water content was measured throughout the second part and a water front couldbe detected directly after an irrigation event, but all signs of irrigation were gone 24 hours later.The results of the Hydrus2D simulations did not agree completely with the experimental datasince the sand used in the model differ from the ones used in the experiments.Conclusions that could be drawn were that soils with water holding capacities as poor as the onesused in the experiments should rather be irrigated often than with longer intervals. Also, themodelling with Hydrus2D did not give the same results for these soils and therefore, no directconclusions about the program’s applicability could be drawn in this study.Key words: potato, drip irrigation, strategies, sand, simulations, Hydrus-2D, infiltration, water holdingcapacity.

Global warming exceeding 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels will very likely lead to unavoidable increases of several climate hazards in the coming decades. Climate change phenomena can increase the risk of several extreme weather events, leading to risks of what is commonly considered as natural hazards, for instance landslides and forest fires. These chains or networks of events are termed natural multi-hazards or compound natural events, referring to a primary event or a driver that directly triggers or increases the probability of one or more secondary events by changing the environment. The very likely increase of single and compound natural hazards due to climate change require increased attention since it may imply new challenges to emergency response systems and new threats to society. Especially, how emergency response systems can prepare for and respond to these hazards by using knowledge of the interactions between different natural events.    The purpose of this thesis is to increase the knowledge on interactions between natural hazards, investigate how multiple natural hazards lead to challenges for emergency response systems, and how these challenges can be addressed. The purpose can be further divided into three objectives: (i) to identify relevant multiple natural hazards in a Swedish context, (ii) to identify planning and decision-making challenges these hazards may imply for emergency response systems, and (iii) to develop a decision support tool addressing one of these challenges.   The objectives have been addressed in three sub-studies, one for each of the objectives, leading to the production of four papers. The first sub-study focused on the first objective and resulted in the construction of a national natural hazard interaction framework for Sweden, which is presented in Paper 1. The second sub-study focused on the second objective, leading to the identification of needs for information, planning, and decision support systems in the Swedish emergency response system. The results from this study are presented in Paper 2 and 3. The third and last sub-study focused on the development of a decision support tool addressing one of the needs identified in the second sub-study. The sub-study led to the development of an optimization model for resource preparedness location planning, presented in Paper 4.   This thesis contributes to the emergency management field, both scientifically and practically. The scientific contributions are the development of a national natural hazard interactions framework and a resource preparedness location model for wildfires, both filling gaps in the current knowledge. Also, the thesis contributes scientifically through the alternative applications of theory, which can inform the research community in future studies. The natural hazard interaction framework and the resource preparedness location model for wildfires are also considered practical contributions. The former can support the extension of regional and local risk and vulnerability analyses to also include multiple natural hazards, while the latter sheds light on the potential of optimization-based decision support tools to increase preparedness to natural hazards. / <p><strong>Funding agencies:</strong> Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, and FORMAS, a Swedish research council for sustainable development.</p>

I Sverige renas totalt cirka 1,5 miljarder m3 avloppsvatten per år. Reningsverken i Sverige ärväldigt bra på att rena avloppsvatten, globalt sett är de bäst i världen på att exempelvis rena fos-for från avloppsvattnet. Rening av avloppsvatten är otroligt viktigt och om detta inte genomförspå ett effektivt sätt kan konsekvenser uppkomma såsom övergödning, smitta m.m. Ett exempelär Sverige under 1900-talet då allt avloppsvatten släpptes ut till recipienter utan att renas. Medtiden fick detta konsekvenser på sjöar och kustområden runt om i landet vilket skapade storamiljöproblem. Tyvärr är reningsverken i dagsläget väldigt linjära. Dagens VA-system är beroendeav vatten som transportmedium, vilket bidrar till att mycket vatten går till spillo. Dessutom ärdagens reningsverk relativ dåliga på att återföra exempelvis näringsämnen till jorbruket. Däravbehövs mer innovativa lösningar som kan ta tillvara på näringsämnena samt minska användningenav vatten. Harvest Moon är ett företag som jobbar just med nya och innovativa källsorterandeVA-lösningar. De vill undersöka hur stor påverkan decentraliserade lösningar kan ha på samhälletsamt veta mer om vilka fördelar och nackdelar som kan finnas med olika källsorterande VA-system. Syftet med studien var att undersöka olika källsorterande VA-reningstekniker som finns tillgäng-liga i marknaden just nu och jämföra de mot varandra utifrån ett helhetsperspektiv. Urinhante-ringsmetoder jämfördes mot varandra och fekaliehanteringsmetoder mot varandra. Tekniker somundersöktes var fekalietorkning vid två olika temperaturer, urinlagring samt urinevaporation. Tek-nikerna sattes in i verklighetsbaserade system. För att få en mer realistisk bild användes Södrastaden i Uppsala som ett scenario för att implementera de olika systemen. En multikriterieanalysimplementerades för att undersöka de olika teknikerna utifrån olika samhällskrav och kriterier.Exempelvis utsläpp av växthusgaser, övergödningspotential, vattenanvändning m.m. Resultatetvisade på att fekalietorkning är en teknik som har goda egenskaper samt stor potential utifrån deundersökta kraven, dock är tekniken inte lika etablerad som kompostering och studien visade ävenatt acceptansen kring det undersökta systemet med fekalietorkning är bristande. För urintekniker-na var systemet med urinlagring bäst utifrån undersökta krav. Anledningen till det var främst atturinevaporation kräver mer material, högre elförbrukning samt att urinlagring är en mer etableradteknik. Dock visade studien att decentraliserade urin tekniker har en högre acceptans jämfört medfekalier tekniker vilket gör att urin evaporation har stora potentialer om vissa specifika åtgärderimplementeras.

This study’s aim was to investigate the decision-making process of consumers when purchasing seafood, with a specific focus on the role of the Marine Stewardship Council eco-label. The Means-End Chain theoretical framework is used to analyse this process. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining laddering interviews to construct a Hierarchical Value Map, and semi-structured thematic interviews to gain a deeper understanding of consumer perceptions and behaviour. The Hierarchical Value Map analysis identified price, origin, and freshness/frost status as the primary factors influencing consumer choices. While eco-labels were considered, they often played a secondary role compared to these attributes. The study revealed varying levels of consumer awareness and trust in eco-labels, highlighting an uneven level of eco-label literacy among different consumer segments. The findings demonstrated that although eco-labels are significant, they face competition from more immediate attributes such as price and origin in shaping consumer behaviour. Trust and education regarding eco-labels are essential in guiding consumers towards more sustainable choices. Future research should focus on strategies to enhance trust in eco-labels and examine the influence of cultural factors on consumer perceptions of sustainable practices. Contributions of this project are seen in valuable insights into the complexities of consumer decision-making in sustainable seafood purchases. It emphasizes the importance of eco-labels in promoting environmental stewardship through market mechanisms.

The study of euarthropod evolution in the Cambrian is challenging due to controversies surrounding the identification of various anatomical features. Radiodontans are supported to be a monophyletic group to the lower stem of euarthropods. Radiodontans have complex bodies made up of powerful frontal appendages called “long” great appendages and an oral opening. Similarly, megacheirans are also a group of Cambrian marine organisms, however, with an uncertain placement in the arthropod family tree. They are characterized by their “short” great appendages. Megacheirans are thought to either be stem-group chelicerates or the basal upper stem-group euarthropods. Parapeytoia yunnanensis, which shows morphological aspects of both radiodontans and megacheirans, could be the “missing link” between the megacheirans and the radiodontans, and shed light on what stem-group the megacheirans belong to.  P. yunnanensis frontal appendages share great similarity between the frontal appendages of megacheirans suggesting that P. yunnanensis might have been a stem-group chelicerate. However, the gnathobases of P. yunnanensis resemble closely that of radiodontans. Furthermore, P. yunnanensis oral morphology is deeply rooted in stem-group euarthropods. Therefore, it is indicated that megacheirans were stem-group euarthropods, and not chelicerates. Completing a transition in the euarthropod stem-group with P. yunnanensis as a transition from radiodontans to megacheirans. / Att forska på utvecklingen hos kambriska äkta leddjur är utmanande på grund av svårigheter kring identifieringen av olika anatomiska egenskaper. Radiodonter ses som en monofyletisk grupp under stammen äkta leddjur. Radiodonter har komplexa kroppar som består av kraftfulla frontallemmar, som kallas ”långa” stora lemmar, samt en distinkt mun. Å andra sidan är megacheiraner en grupp av kambriska marina organismer med en osäker placering i leddjurens släktträd. De kännetecknas av sina ”korta” stora lemmar. Megacheiraner tros antingen vara del av stamgruppen palpkäkar eller stamgruppen äkta-leddjur. Parapeytoia yunnanensis, som visar morfologiska aspekter av både radiodonter och megacheirans, kan vara länken mellan dem. P. yunnanensis kan i sådana fall avgöra vilken grupp megacheirans tillhör. P. yunnanensis frontallem delar stor likhet mellan frontallemmen hos megacheirans, vilket skulle kunna innebära att P. yunnanensis kan ha varit en stamgrupp till palpkäkarna. Gnatobaserna hos P. yunnanensis liknar dock gnatobaserna hos radiodonterna. Dessutom är morfologin av P. yunnanensis mun vanligt förekommande i stamgruppen äkta-leddjur. Ett rimligt antagande är därför att megacheiraner hör till stamgruppen äkta-leddjur och inte stamgruppen palpkäkar. Därmed skulle P. yunnanensis utgöra en tydlig övergång mellan radiodontanerna och megacheiranerna.

Production and consumption of food have several environmental impacts, regardless of the type of food production. However, food production can have a particularly large impact on the environment, as it often causes pollution and spreads harmful contaminants in nature. Additionally, a lot of food is produced today, which leads to a significant amount being wasted and contributing to environmental problems. In Sweden, approximately 1.3 million meals are served daily in schools. There is a need to study food waste, its causes, amounts, and what can be done to reduce it. Therefore, the factors affecting food waste in school cafeterias must be known, and different methods can be used, such as interviews and surveys. By investigating the causes of food waste, problem areas can be identified, and solutions can be found to reduce food waste. The study underscores the importance of studying food waste and increasing awareness to promote sustainability. It is an important task that requires cooperation and commitment from all involved parties and can have positive effects on both the environment and society as a whole. In this study, several factors contributing to the problem were identified, and suggestions for measures to reduce waste were presented. One of the major challenges is the lack of awareness and education about food waste among both students and teachers. The results indicated that the topic is rarely discussed in the classroom, resulting in insufficient knowledge about how to reduce waste. Another important factor is students' dissatisfaction with the taste of the food, which leads to incomplete meals or leftovers on their plates. To address students' needs, improvements in menu planning are proposed, including collaboration with professional chefs and dieticians to offer a diverse menu that can reduce waste. A short lunchtime and the pressure to return to classes on time also contribute to food waste. To mitigate waste, measures such as increasing awareness through classroom discussions and information campaigns are suggested. Involving students in menu planning and ensuring they have sufficient time to eat can also contribute to waste reduction. Education on nutrition, healthy eating habits, and portion control is emphasized as crucial.

Cleaning of PFAS and metals from the leachate at Degermyran's landfill, Skellefteå The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentration of PFAS in the leachate water from Degermyrans landfill in Skellefteå and find and compare various techniques for remediation. Additionally some metals were examined but they were not the main focus. PFAS is a collection of synthetic chemicals that can be detrimental to health and environment. Degermyran has high concentrations of these chemicals and since Degermyran is in the process of expanding PFAS will most likely have to be reduced to attain permission. A literature study was conducted to identify goal concentrations for different PFAS and metals. Calculations of leachate water amount and substance concentrations were made and compared to the literature to identify which substances needed to be reduced and by how much.  The techniques surveyed for reduction of PFAS were compared through the factors: short-chain removal, technology readiness level, general deficiencies, leachate water amount compatibility and costs. The conclusions drawn were that granulated active carbon (GAK) and ion exchange combined or foam fractionation and ion exchange combined would give the highest reduction of PFAS with the least amount of complications. Phytoremediation could be an alternative if combined with GAK but its cost and reduction-level can be unpredictable. Ozonation is not a good option due to high costs, varying effectiveness and operational complications. Membrane filtration is incredibly effective for reduction, but it has many operational difficulties and can be very expensive. Two possible techniques were identified for metal reduction, both were relevant options for Degermyran.

Underground mining of the Kiirunavaara iron mineralization is causing large-scale deformation of the hangingwall of the orebody. To understand and possibly predict future deformation, a structural model of the hanging wall and a good understanding of the petrophysical and mechanical properties of the constituent rocks is necessary. This thesis presents results from the study of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS), magneto-mineralogy, fracture frequency (F/m), rock quality (RQD), rock strength (Point Load) and P-wave velocity and anisotropy of the rocks from the hanging wall, as well as seismic reflection surveying and gravity modelling. The results are combined into a structural model of the hanging wall and further used for analysis of the correlation between petrophysical and rock mechanical parameters.In total, 76 samples from 12 outcrops and 295 samples from three drillcores in the hanging wall have been included in the AMS study. Axial and diametrical P-wave velocity was measured on 25 water-saturated samples and 156 samples were used for the Point Load tests. F/m and RQD data for the drillcores already existed. The drillcores are located along the eastern end of the seismic profiles and consist of both crystalline and sedimentary rocks.A high degree of magnetic anisotropy observed in the crystalline rocks indicates a low degree of metamorphism. AMS data also indicates the presence of a magnetic foliation in the rocks. The dip of the magnetic foliation plane (F) and the degree of magnetic anisotropy (Pj) measured in samples from outcrops was plotted as iso-maps and shows that both F and Pj decreases towards the east, which was confirmed by data from the drillcores. The decrease in both parameters is primarily a reflection of a change in rock type, but is also changing within the crystalline rock sequence.A good correlation (r > 0.6) between Pj, and F and RQD, and F and F/m was observed in one drillcore for both crystalline and sedimentary rocks; and between the shape parameter (T) and F/m in crystalline rock in another drillcore. This suggests the AMS parameter may be used as an indicator of rock mechanical properties. AMS data was also correlated to joint strike orientations and it was concluded that AMS can also be used to predict joint orientation.Two parallel reflection seismic profiles were shot within the town of Kiruna i order to locate deformation zones and lithological boundaries in the hangingwall. No deformation zones were found, but five seismic reflectors corresponding to five lithological boundaries were located, and their strike and dip calculated. The result of the seismic survey was used to constrain the gravity model, as was density measurements of 230 samples from the drillcores. The gravity model has a depth of three km, and indicates that the crystalline rock in the hanging wall can be separated into two parallel N-S trending blocks. / Godkänd; 2011; 20111021 (maimos); DISPUTATION Ämnesområde: Tillämpad geofysik/Applied Geophysics Opponent: PhD Satu Mertanen, Geological Survey of Finland, Åbo Ordförande: Professor Sten-Åke Elming, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Måndag den 19 december 2011, kl 10.00 Plats: F531, Luleå tekniska universitet